Java: Difference between revisions

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{{Contains special characters|Sundanese|compact=yes}}

'''Java'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|'|dZ|a:|v|@|,_|'|dZ|æ|v|@}};<ref>{{Dictionary.com|Java|accessdate=2022-09-26}}</ref> {{langx|id|Jawa}}, {{IPA|id|ˈdʒawa|pron}}; {{langx|jv|ꦗꦮ}}; {{langx|su|{{sund|ᮏᮝ}}}}}} ({{Langx|jv|ꦗꦮ}}) is one of the [[Greater Sunda Islands]] in [[Indonesia]]. It is bordered by the [[Indian Ocean]] to the south and the [[Java Sea]] (a part of [[Pacific Ocean]]) to the north. With a population of 156.9&nbsp;million people (including [[Madura]]) in mid 2024, projected to rise to 158&nbsp;million at mid 2025, Java is the world's [[List of islands by population|most populous island]], home to approximately 56% of the [[Demographics of Indonesia|Indonesian population]] while constituting only 7% of its [[Geography of Indonesia|land area]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bps.go.id/website/materi_ind/materiBrsInd-20210121151046.pdf |page=9 |publisher=[[Statistics Indonesia]] |title=Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020 |language=id |date=21 January 2021 |access-date=21 January 2021}}</ref> Indonesia's capital city, [[Jakarta]], is on Java's northwestern coast.

Many of the best known events in Indonesian history took place on Java. It was the centre of powerful Hindu-Buddhist empires, the Islamic sultanates, and the core of the colonial [[Dutch East Indies]]. Java was also the center of the [[History of Indonesia|Indonesian struggle for independence]] during the 1930s and 1940s. Java dominates Indonesia politically, economically and culturally. Four of Indonesia's eight [[UNESCO]] world heritage sites are located in Java: [[Ujung Kulon National Park]], [[Borobudur Temple]], [[Prambanan Temple]], and [[Sangiran Early Man Site]].

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==Geography==

{{See also|Volcanoes of Java}}

[[File:MountGUNUNG BromoBROMO (2012)INDONESIA.JPGjpg|thumb|[[Mount Bromo]] in [[Malang]], East Java]]

Java lies between [[Sumatra]] to the west and [[Bali]] to the east. [[Borneo]] lies to the north, and [[Christmas Island]] is to the south. It is the world's 13th largest island. Java is surrounded by the [[Java Sea]] to the north, the [[Sunda Strait]] to the west, the [[Indian Ocean]] to the south and [[Bali Strait]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://geography.name/java/|title=Java|publisher=geography.name|access-date=27 June 2024|archive-date=27 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627082947/https://geography.name/java/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Madura Strait]] in the east.<ref name="worldatlas">{{cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/islands/java-island.html|title=Java Island|date=24 August 2021 |publisher=WorldAtlas.com|access-date=27 June 2024}}</ref>

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Islam became the dominant religion in Java at the end of the 16th century. During this era, the Islamic kingdoms of [[Demak Sultanate|Demak]], [[Sultanate of Cirebon|Cirebon]], and [[Banten Sultanate|Banten]] were ascendant. The [[Mataram Sultanate]] became the dominant power of central and eastern Java at the end of the 16th century. The principalities of Surabaya and Cirebon were eventually subjugated such that only Mataram and Banten were left to face the Dutch in the 17th century.

Java’s Islamic tradition is known for its tolerance and harmony among faiths. Local religious organizations actively promote peace and inclusivity, reflecting broader values of coexistence in Indonesian society.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://ecommons.cornell.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/39aeba42-aa85-48b0-9e51-5bfac8de8ae4/content |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319050724/https://ecommons.cornell.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/39aeba42-aa85-48b0-9e51-5bfac8de8ae4/content |archive-date=2025-03-19 |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=ecommons.cornell.edu |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Page001 img001.png|thumb|"The Champion" (Sang Agul-agul). Sketch of a Javanese soldier leader by Swiss painter J. ScheissSchiess (1799-18441799–1844), from J.J.X. Pfyffer's 1829 "Sketches from Java," Plate VI. Photo: Leiden Univ. Library. Sources and related content]]

===Colonial periods===

[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Thee-kweekbeddenSoendanese zonder afdak Javatheepluksters TMnr 1001193110011963.jpg|thumb|Tea plantation in Java during [[Dutch East Indies|Dutch colonial period]], in or before 19261936]]

Java's contact with the European colonial powers began in 1522 with [[Luso-Sundanese padrão|a treaty]] between the Sunda kingdom and the [[Portuguese Malacca|Portuguese in Malacca]]. After its failure, the [[Portuguese colonialism in the East Indies|Portuguese presence]] was confined to Malacca and to the eastern islands.

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| style="text-align:right;"|''1,110''

|-

| [[File:Coat of arms of East Java.svg|center|65x65px]]<br />[[East Java]]<br />(Include Madura Islands)

| [[File:Indonesia East Java ___location.svg|150px]]

| [[Surabaya]]

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| style="text-align:right;"|41,814,499

| style="text-align:right;"|870

|-

|

:Java Island ⁽²¹⁾

|

| –

| style="text-align:right;" |127,190.32

| style="text-align:right;" |95.92

| style="text-align:right;" |118,063,445

| style="text-align:right;" |132,987,827

| style="text-align:right;" |147,586,696

| style="text-align:right;" |152,771,143

| style="text-align:right;" |1,201

|-

|

:[[Madura]] Island ⁽¹²⁾ of East Java

|

| –

| style="text-align:right;" |5,408.45

| style="text-align:right;" |4.08

| style="text-align:right;" |3,230,300

| style="text-align:right;" |3,622,763

| style="text-align:right;" |4,004,564

| style="text-align:right;" |4,156,661

| style="text-align:right;" |769

|-

| Region Administered as ''Java''

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| style="text-align:right;"|156,927,804

| style="text-align:right;"|1,183

|-

|

:[[Madura]] Island ⁽¹⁾ of East Java

|

| –

| style="text-align:right;"|5,408.45

| style="text-align:right;"|4.08

| style="text-align:right;"|3,230,300

| style="text-align:right;"|3,622,763

| style="text-align:right;"|4,004,564

| style="text-align:right;"|4,156,661

| style="text-align:right;"|769

|-

|

:Java Island ⁽²⁾

|

| –

| style="text-align:right;"|127,190.32

| style="text-align:right;"|95.92

| style="text-align:right;"|118,063,445

| style="text-align:right;"|132,987,827

| style="text-align:right;"|147,586,696

| style="text-align:right;"|152,771,143

| style="text-align:right;"|1,201

|}

<sup>(1) including the neighbouring small archipelagos of the [[Kangean Islands]] (648.55&nbsp;km²), the [[Sapudi Islands]] (167.41&nbsp;km²), [[Talango Island]] (50.278&nbsp;km²), [[Masalembu]] (40.85&nbsp;km²), the [[Gili Genteng|Giligenteng Islands]] (30.32&nbsp;km²) - all the foregoing within [[Sumenep Regency]].