Central African rock python: Difference between revisions

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{{Speciesbox

| name = Central African rock python

| image = AdultAfrican FemaleRock Python sebaeconstricting 1.33aspecta Cormorant, Lake Naivasha, Kenya.jpg

| image_caption = AdultCentral femaleAfrican (noterock thepython thickafter body)hunting a cormorant, [[Lake Naivasha]], Kenya

| status = NT

| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Python sebae'' |name-list-style=amp |author=Alexander, G.J. |author2=Tolley, K.A. |author3=Penner, J. |author4=Luiselli, L. |author5=Jallow, M. |author6=Segniagbeto, G. |author7=Niagate, B. |author8=Howell, K. |author9=Beraduccii, J. |author10=Msuya, C.A. |author11=Ngalason, W. |year=2021 |title=''Python sebae'' |page=e.T13300572A13300582 |accessdatedoi=2 December 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T13300572A13300582.en}}</ref>

| status_system = IUCN3.1

| genus = Python

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| range_map = Natural Range of Python sebae.svg

| range_map_caption = <div style="text-align:left;">

{{legend|#48DF38|border=1px solid #48DF38|Range of '''''Python sebae'''''}}

{{legend|#F07647|border=1px solid #F07647|Range of ''[[Python natalensis]]''}}

{{legend|#F4EA31|border=1px solid #F4EA31|Range of hybrids}}</div>

| range_map_alt = Map of Africa showing highlighted range of two subspecies covering much of the continent south of the Sahara Desert

| synonyms = {{collapsible list |{{species list

| synonyms_ref = <ref name="McD99">[[:fr:Roy Wallace McDiarmid|McDiarmid RW]], [[Jonathan A. Campbell|Campbell JA]], Touré TA (1999). ''Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1''. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. {{ISBN|1-893777-00-6}} (series). {{ISBN|1-893777-01-4}} (volume).</ref>

|Coluber sebae |[[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1789

| synonyms = {{hidden begin|title=Synonymy}}

*'' |Coluber sebae''speciosus <small>|[[JohannPierre FriedrichJoseph GmelinBonnaterre|GmelinBonnaterre]], 1789</small>1790

*'' |Boa hieroglyphica'' <small>|[[Johann Gottlob Schneider|Schneider]], 1801</small>

*''Coluber speciosus'' <small>[[Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre|Bonnaterre]], 1790</small>

*'' |Python houttuyni'' <small>|[[François Marie Daudin|Daudin]], 1803</small>

*''Boa hieroglyphica'' <small>[[Johann Gottlob Schneider|Schneider]], 1801</small>

*'' |Python liberiensis'' <small>|[[Edward Hallowell (herpetologist)|Hallowell]], 1845</small>

*''Python houttuyni'' <small>[[François Marie Daudin|Daudin]], 1803</small>

*'' |Hortulia sebae'' <small>– |[[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1849</small>

*''Python liberiensis'' <small>[[Edward Hallowell (herpetologist)|Hallowell]], 1845</small>

*'' |Boa liberiensis'' <small>– |[[Edward Hallowell (herpetologist)|Hallowell]], 1854</small>

*''Hortulia sebae'' <small>– [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1849</small>

|Python sebae |[[Oskar Boettger|Boettger]], 1887

*''Boa liberiensis'' <small>– [[Edward Hallowell (herpetologist)|Hallowell]], 1854</small>

*'' |Python sebae'' <small>– |[[OskarGeorge Albert BoettgerBoulenger|BoettgerBoulenger]], 1887</small>1893

*'' |Python jubalis'' <small>|Pitman, 1936</small>

*''Python sebae'' <small>– [[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1893</small>

*'' |Python sebae sebae'' <br><small>– |[[:fr:Donald George Broadley|Broadley]], 1983</small>

*''Python jubalis'' <small>Pitman, 1936</small>

|Python sebae |Branch, 1991

*''Python sebae sebae'' <br><small>– [[:fr:Donald George Broadley|Broadley]], 1983</small>

*'' |Python sebae'' <small>– Branch|Kluge, 1991</small>1993

}} }}

*''Python sebae'' <small>– Kluge, 1993</small>

| synonyms_ref = <ref name="McD99">[[:fr:Roy Wallace McDiarmid|McDiarmid RW]], [[Jonathan A. Campbell|Campbell JA]], Touré TA (1999). ''Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1''. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. {{ISBN|1-893777-00-6}} (series). {{ISBN|1-893777-01-4}} (volume).</ref>

{{hidden end}}

}}

The '''Central African rock python''' ('''''Python sebae''''') is a [[species]] of large constrictor snake in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Pythonidae]]. The species is native to [[sub-Saharan Africa]]. It is one of 10ten living [[species]] in the [[genus]] [[Python (genus)|''Python'']].

It is Africa's largest snake, and one of the eight [[List of largest snakes|largest snake species]] in the world, (along with the [[green anaconda]], [[reticulated python]], [[Burmese python]], [[Southern African rock python]], [[Indian python]], [[yellow anaconda]] and [[Australian scrub python]]),. specimensSpecimens may approach or exceed {{convertcvt|6|m|abbr=on}}. The southernSouthern speciesAfrican rock python is generally smaller than its northern relative butand in general, the Central African rock python is regarded as one of the longest species of snake in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=African Rock Python |url=https://www.reptilerange.com/african-rock-python/ |website=Reptile Range |access-date=9 August 2022}}</ref> The snake is found in a variety of habitats, from forests to near deserts, although usually near sources of water. The snake becomes dormant during the [[dry season]]. The Central African rock python kills its prey by constriction and often eats animals up to the size of antelope, occasionally even crocodiles. The snake reproduces by egg-laying. Unlike most snakes, the female protects her nest and sometimes even her hatchlings.

The snake is widely feared, though it is nonvenomous and very rarely kills humans. Although the snake is not endangered, it does face threats from habitat reduction and hunting. Some cultures in sub-Saharan Africa consider it a delicacy, which may pose a threat to its population.

==Taxonomy and etymology==

The Central African rock python iswas first described by [[Johann Friedrich Gmelin]], a German naturalist, in 1789.<!-ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=634785 |taxon=''Python sebae'' |access-date=12 conflictsSeptember with2007}}</ref> introIt is one of ten species --> in the [[genus]] ''Python'', large constricting snakes found in the moist tropics of Asia and Africa.

The [[Genus|generic name]] ''Python'' is a [[Ancient Greek language|Greek]] word referring to the [[Python (mythology)|enormous serpent]] at [[Delphi]] slain by [[Apollo]] in [[Greek mythology]]. The [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]] ''sebae'' is a [[Latinization (literature)|latinization]] of the surname of Dutch zoologist, [[Albertus Seba]].<ref name="Meh87">Mehrtens JM (1987). ''Living Snakes of the World in Color''. New York: Sterling Publishers. {{ISBN|0-8069-6460-X}}.</ref><ref>Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. (''Python sebae'', p. 240). {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}.</ref> Common name usage varies with the species referred to as the African rock python or simply the rock python.

''P. sebae'' was first described by [[Johann Friedrich Gmelin]], a German naturalist, in 1789.<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=634785 |taxon=''Python sebae'' |access-date=12 September 2007}}</ref> Therefore, he is also the taxon author of the species.

The [[Genus|generic name]] ''Python'' is a [[Ancient Greek language|Greek]] word referring to the [[Python (mythology)|enormous serpent]] at [[Delphi]] slain by [[Apollo]] in [[Greek mythology]]. The [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]] ''sebae'' is a [[Latinization (literature)|latinization]] of the surname of Dutch zoologist, [[Albertus Seba]].<ref name="Meh87">Mehrtens JM (1987). ''Living Snakes of the World in Color''. New York: Sterling Publishers. {{ISBN|0-8069-6460-X}}.</ref><ref>Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. (''Python sebae'', p. 240).</ref> Common name usage varies with the species referred to as the African rock python or simply the rock python.

==Description==

[[File:Albertus Seba Python sebae.jpg|thumb|left|An 18th-century illustration]]

Africa's largest snake species<ref name=Holland>{{cite book |title=Boas and Pythons of the World|year=2007 |publisher=New Holland Publishers |___location=London |author=[[Mark O'Shea (herpetologist)|O’SheaO'Shea M]] |isbn=978-1-84537-544-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VDIbbpl_ktgC}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=Collins>{{cite book|title=Collins Guide to African Wildlife |isbn=000220066X |year=1996 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers |___location=London |vauthors=Alden PC, Estes RD, Schlitter D, McBridge B }}</ref> and one of the world's largest,<ref name="Meh87"/> the Central African rock python adult measures {{cvt|3|to|3.53|m|ftin}} in total length (including tail), with only unusually large specimens likely to exceed {{cvt|4.8|m|ftin}}. Reports of specimens over {{cvt|6|m|ftin}} are considered reliable, although larger specimens have never been confirmed.<ref name="Mur97">Murphy JC, Henderson RW (1997). ''Tales of Giant Snakes: A Historical Natural History of Anacondas and Pythons''. Krieger Pub. Co. {{ISBN|0-89464-995-7}}.</ref><ref name="Starin" /><ref name=ark11/> Weights are reportedly in the range of {{cvt|55|to|65|kg|lb}} or more.<ref>{{cite book |title=Giant Snakes |date=March 2019 |publisher=Murphy, John C., and Tom Crutchfield |pages=7 |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/59221813/Giant_SnakesSamplePages20190512-111758-7gzr3m.pdf }}{{Dead link |date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Exceptionally large specimens may weigh {{cvt|91|kg|lb}} or more.<ref>Spawls S, Howell K, Drewes R, Ashe J (2002). ''A Field Guide to Reptiles of East Africa''. San Diego, California: Academic Press.</ref><ref>Spawls S, [[:fr:William Rpy Branch|Branch B]] (1995). ''The Dangerous Snakes of Africa''. South Africa: Southern Book Publishers, Ltd.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Ott | first1 = BDB.D. | last2 = Secor | first2 = SMS.M. | s2cid = 6757894 | year = 2007 | title = Adaptive regulation of digestive performance in the genus ''Python'' | journal = Journal of Experimental Biology | volume = 210 | issue =2 2| pages = 340–356 | doi = 10.1242/jeb.02626 | pmid = 17210969 | doi-access = free|bibcode=2007JExpB.210..340O }}</ref> On average, large adults of Central African rock pythons are quite heavily built, perhaps more so than most specimens of the somewhat longer [[Reticulated python|reticulated]] as well as [[Indian python|Indian]] and [[Burmese python]]s and far more so than the [[amethystine python]], although the species is on average less heavily built than the [[green anaconda]]. The species may be the second heaviest living snake with some authors agreeing that it can exceptionally exceed {{cvt|90|kg|lb}}.<ref>Murphy, J. C., & Henderson, R. W. (1997). ''Tales of giant snakes: a historical natural history of anacondas and pythons''. Florida: Krieger Publishing Company.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Vincent | first1 = S. E. | last2 = Dang | first2 = P. D. | last3 = Herrel | first3 = A. | last4 = Kley | first4 = N. J. | year = 2006 | title = Morphological integration and adaptation in the snake feeding system: a comparative phylogenetic study | journal = Journal of Evolutionary Biology | volume = 19 | issue = 5| pages = 1545–1554 | doi = 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01126.x | pmid = 16910984 | s2cid = 4662004 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>Bodson, L. (2003). ''A Python (" ''Python sebae"'' Gmelin) for the King: The Third Century BC Herpetological Expedition to Aithiopia (Diodorus of Sicily 3.36–37)''. Museum Helveticum, 60(1), 22-38.</ref> One specimen, reportedly {{cvt|7|m|ftin}} in length, was killed by K. H. Kroft in 1958 and was claimed to have had a {{cvt|1.5|m}} juvenile [[Nile crocodile]] in its stomach.<ref name = "Wood">{{cite book | author = Wood, Gerald | url = https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofan00wood | title = The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats | year = 1983 | publisher = Guinness Superlatives | isbn = 978-0-85112-235-9 }}</ref> An even larger specimen considered authentic was shot in [[the Gambia]] and measured {{cvt|7.5|m|ftin}}.<ref name="Starin" /><ref name=ark11/>

[[File:Brehm VII 331 - Python sebae.png|thumb|right|Illustration by Brehms Thierleben]]

The snake varies considerably in body size between different areas. In general, it is smaller in highly populated regions, such as in southern [[Nigeria]], only reaching its maximum length in areas such as [[Sierra Leone]], where the human population density is lower. [[Sexual dimorphism|Males are typically smaller than females]].<ref name="Starin">{{cite journal |vauthors=Starin ED, Burghardt GM | title = African rock pythons (''Python sebae'') in the Gambia: observations on natural history and interactions with humans | journal = The Snake | pages = 50–62 | volume = 24 | year = 1992}}</ref>

One individual captured in Cote d'Ivoire was allegedly {{cvt|9.96|m}} long.<ref>{{cite book |last=Martin | first=C. |date=1991 |title=The Rainforests of West Africa |___location=Boston |publisher=Birkhauser Verlag |page= 100 |isbn= 0-8176-2380-9}}</ref>

The Central African rock python's body is thick and covered with coloredcoloured blotches, often joining up in a broad, irregular stripe. Body markings vary between brown, olive, chestnut, and yellow, but fade to white on the underside.<ref name=Barron>{{cite book |title=Pythons |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7641-4244-4|url=https://archive.org/details/pythonseverythin0000bart|url-access=registration|publisher=Barron’s Educational Series |___location=New York |vauthors=Bartlett PP, Wagner E }}</ref><ref name=Collins /> The head is triangular and is marked on top with a dark brown “spear-head” outlined in buffy yellow. Teeth are many, sharp, and backwardly curved.<ref name=Schmidt>{{cite book |title=Reptiles and Amphibians of Southern Africa |isbn=1-77007-342-6 |year=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D-T7qkR5K7QC|year=2006 |publisher=Struik |___location=Cape Town, South Africa |author=Schmidt, W.}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=Collins /> Under the eye, there is a distinctive triangular marking, the [[Ocular scales|subocular mark]].<ref name=Barron /> Like all pythons, the [[Scale (anatomy)|scales]] of the African rock python are small and smooth.<ref name=Collins /><ref name=Branch>{{cite book|title=Field Guide to Snakes and Other Reptiles of Southern Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hs9EzcxkCE4C |isbn=1868720403 |year=1998 |publisher=Struik |___location=Cape Town, South Africa |author=[[:fr:William Roy Branch|Branch, Bill]]B.}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Those around the lips possess [[Infrared sensing in snakes|heat-sensitive pits]], which are used to detect warm-blooded prey, even in the dark.<ref name=Schmidt /><ref name=Branch /><ref name=Oxford>{{cite book|title=The New Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians |isbn=0-19-852507-9 |year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|___location=Oxford |vauthors=Halliday T, Adler K }}</ref> Pythons also possess two functioning lungs, unlike more advanced snakes, which have only one, and also have small, visible [[pelvic spur]]s, believed to be the vestiges of hind limbs.<ref name=Branch /><ref name=Oxford />

{{multiple image

| align = left

| image1 = Python natalensis-Head.jpg

| width1 = 175px

| alt1 =

| caption1 =

| image2 = Python sebae head1'.jpg

| width2 = 175px

| alt2 =

| caption2 =

| footer = Cephalic features of the Southern African rock python (''Python natalensis'', left) and the Central African rock python (''Python sebae'', on the right).

}}

{{multiple image |align=right|total_width=400 footer|image1=Python natalensis-Head.jpg |caption1= |image2=Python sebae head1'.jpg |caption2= |footer=Cephalic features of the Southern African rock python (''Python natalensis'', left) and the Central African rock python (''Python sebae'', on the right).}}

The Southern African rock python and the Central African rock python differ in the following ways:

*The southern has a colourationsimilar that is similarcolour to its northern relative, however it is described as being more "drabber".<ref name=RDB2>{{Cite web|url= https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Python&species=natalensis |title=Python natalensis|website=Reptile-database.reptarium.cz |access-date=5 June 2022}}</ref>

*''P. sebae'' has two prominent light lines from the nose, over the eye to the back of the head, which are much duller in ''P. natalensis''.<ref name=RDB2/><ref name="b123">{{cite web|url=https://www.africansnakebiteinstitute.com/articles/snake-comparison-african-rock-python-vs-southern-african-python/|title=Snake Comparison – African Rock Python vs Southern African Python|date=25 June 2019 }}</ref>

*The northern species has considerably larger head scales.<ref name=RDB2/>

*Also, ''P. natalensis'' is typically smaller in size relative to ''P. sebae''.<ref name="b123" /> ''P. natalensis'' reaches an average length of between 2.8 and 4 metres&nbsp;m<ref name="Spawls">p. Spawls, K Howell, R Drewes, J Ashe: ''A Field Guide to the Reptiles of East Africa''. Academic Press, London 2002, {{ISBN|0-12-656470-1}}, pp. 305–310.</ref> (max.size measured 5.8 meters&nbsp;m.<ref name="Branch2">W. R. Branch, W. D. Haacke: ''A Fatal Attack on a Young Boy by an African Rock Python Python sebae''. Journal of Herpetology Vol.14, No.3, 1980, pp. 305–307.</ref>) and, while ''P. sebae'' with an average length between 2.7 and 4.6 meters&nbsp;m long<ref name="Pitman">C.R.S. Pitman: ''A guide to the snakes of Uganda''. Codicote Wheldon & Wesley, Ltd, 1974, {{ISBN|0-85486-020-7}}, pp. 67–71.</ref> (max.size measured 6.5 meters&nbsp;m.<ref name="Branch2"/>).

*In ''P. natalensis'', the dark patch in front of and posterior to the eye is paler and narrower than in ''P. sebae'', giving the appearance of a dark stripe as opposed to a yellow stripe at the level of the eye.<ref name=RDB2/>

==Distribution and habitat==

[[File:Praeneste - Nile Mosaic - Section 1a - Detail.jpg|thumb|upright|right|alt=mosaic coiled snake in yellowish coloringcolour|A Roman mosaic showsshowing a Central African rock python from the southern Nile]]

The Central African rock python is found throughout almost the wholemuch of tropical sub-Saharan Africa,<ref name=ark9>{{cite journal|author1author-link1=[[:fr:William Roy Branch |last1=Branch |first1=WR]], |last2=Hacke |first2=WD |year=1980 |jstor=1563557 |title= A fatal attack on a young boy by an African rock python Python sebae |journal= Journal of Herpetology |volume= 14 |issue=3 |pages=305–307 |doi=10.2307/1563557}}</ref> from [[Senegal]] east to [[Ethiopia]] and [[Somalia]] and south to northern [[NamibiaAngola]] and Southnorthern Africa[[Tanzania]].<ref name=CITES>{{cite web|title=CITES|url=http:iucn//www.cites.org/|publisher=CITES}}</ref><ref name=Collins /> ''P. sebae'' ranges across central and western Africa, while ''P. natalensis'' has a more eastern and southerly range, from southern [[Kenya]] to South Africa.<ref name=Holland />

In 2009, a Central African rock python was found in the [[Everglades|Florida Everglades]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbc-2.com/Global/story.asp?S=12226516|access-date=5 April 2012|publisher=WBBH (NBC-2 News)|title=Largest African Rock Python caught in Everglades|archive-date=21 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721140750/http://www.nbc-2.com/Global/story.asp?S=12226516|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is feared to be establishing itself as an [[invasive species]] alongside the already-established [[Burmese python]]. Feral rock pythons were also noted in the 1990s in the Everglades.<ref name="Mur97"/>

The Central African rock python inhabits a wide range of habitats, including forest, savanna, grassland, semidesert, and rocky areas. It is particularly associated with areas of permanent water,<ref name=Barron /><ref>Luiselli L, Akani GC, Eniang EA, Politano E (2007). "Comparative ecology and ecological modeling of sympatric pythons, ''Python regius'' and ''Python sebae''. '''In:''' Henderson RW, Powell R (Editors) (2007). ''Biology of the Boas and Pythons''. Eagle Mountain, Utah: EMP Press. {{ISBN|0972015434}}.</ref> and is found on the edges of swamps, lakes, and rivers.<ref name=Holland /><ref name=Collins /> The snake also readily adapts to disturbed habitats, so is often found around human habitation,<ref name=ark9/> especially cane fields.<ref name="Meh87"/>

In 2009, a Central African rock python was found in the [[Everglades|Florida Everglades]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbc-2.com/Global/story.asp?S=12226516|access-date=5 April 2012|publisher=WBBH (NBC-2 News)|title=Largest African Rock Python caught in Everglades |archive-date=21 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721140750/http://www.nbc-2.com/Global/story.asp?S=12226516|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is feared to be establishing itself as an [[invasive species]] alongside the already-established [[Burmese python]]. Feral rock pythons were also noted in the 1990s in the Everglades.<ref name="Mur97"/>

{{Gallery

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| align = center

|File:DjoudjPython.JPG|alt1=snake in grass|Central African rock python, [[Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary|Senegal National Park]]

|File:African Rock Python constricting a Cormorant, Lake Naivasha, Kenya.jpg|alt2=snake in weeds near water|Central African rock python after hunting a cormorant

|File:Python sebae watering hole, Fathala Reserve, Karang, Senegal.jpg|alt3=snake in water|Adult Central African rock python at the edge of a watering hole in Fathala Reserve, at Karang just north of the border to Gambia, Senegal

}}

Line 97 ⟶ 84:

==Ecology and biology==

===Feeding===

Like all pythons, the Central African rock python is non-venomous and kills by constriction.<ref name=Schmidt /><ref name=Oxford /> After gripping the prey, the snake coils around it, tightening its coils every time the victim breathes out. Death is thought to be caused by cardiac arrest rather than by asphyxiation or crushing.<ref name=Schmidt /> The African rock python feeds on a variety of large rodents, monkeys, warthogs, antelopes, vultures, fruit bats, monitor lizards, crocodiles, and more in forest areas,<ref name=Collins /> and on rats, poultry, dogs, and goats in suburban areas. It will sometimes take fish as well.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Python_sebae/|title = Python sebae (African Rock Python)| website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] }}</ref> Occasionally, it may eat the cubs of big cats such as leopards, lions, and cheetahs, cubs of hyenas, and puppies of wild dogs such as jackals and Cape hunting dogs.{{Citation needed|date=August 2015}}. However, these encounters are very rare, as the adult catslions can easily kill pythons or fend them off.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sandeep|first=Sharma|year=2004 |title=An observation on suspected death of Indian Rock Python (Python molurus molurus) because of Jungle Cat (Felis chaus) |url=http://www.zoosprint.org/ZoosPrintNewsLetter/RepRap6%20Sep04.pdf|journal=South Asian Reptile Network Newsletter|volume=6|pages=1|access-date=2017-01-12|archive-date=2016-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401231545/http://zoosprint.org/ZoosPrintNewsLetter/RepRap6%20Sep04.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ark11>{{cite journal |vauthors=Luiselli L, Angelici FM, Akani GC |year=2001|title=Food habits of ''Python sebae'' in suburban and natural habitats|journal=African Journal of Ecology|volume=39|issue=1 |pages=116–118|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2001.00269.x|bibcode=2001AfJEc..39..116L }}</ref> On 1 March 1, 2017, a 3.9-m (12-ft 10-in) African rock python was filmed eating a large adult male spotted hyena weighing {{cvt|150|lb|kg|-1|order=flip}}. This encounter suggests that the snake might very well be capable of hunting and killing larger and more dangerous animals than previously thought.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/snakes-pythons-africa-hyena-kill |title = Watch First-Ever Video of Python Swallowing Hyena| website=[[National Geographic Society]] | date=15 March 2017 }}</ref> The largest ever recorded meal of any snake was when a 4.9m9&nbsp;m African Rock Python consumed a 59-&nbsp;kg impala.<ref>{{Cite book|title=encyclopedia of LIFE|publisher=Miles Kelly|year=2017|isbn=978-1-78617-327-0|pages=227}}</ref>

[[File:Python's picnic - Flickr - mango atchar.jpg|thumb|right|Constricting a pregnant goat]]

===Reproduction===

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Reproduction occurs in the spring.<ref name="Meh87"/> Central African rock pythons are [[Oviparity|oviparious]], laying between 20 and 100 hard-shelled, elongated eggs in an old animal burrow, termite mound, or cave.<ref name=Holland /><ref name=Collins /> The female shows a surprising level of maternal care, coiling around the eggs, protecting them from predators, and possibly helping to incubate them, until they hatch around 90 days later.<ref name=Holland /><ref name=Schmidt /><ref name=Collins /> The female guards the hatchlings for up to two weeks after they hatch from their eggs to protect them from predators in a manner unusual for snakes in general and pythons in particular.<ref name="Alexander">{{cite book | last = Alexander| first = Graham |author2=Johan Marais | title = A Guide to the Reptiles of Southern Africa| publisher = Struik Publishers | year = 2008| isbn = 978-1-77007-386-9 }}</ref>

Hatchlings are between {{cvt|45|and|60|cm|in|round=0.5}} in length and appear virtually identical to adults, except with more contrasting colorscolours.<ref name="Meh87"/> Individuals may live over 12 years in captivity.<ref name=Bartlett>{{cite book|title=Reptiles, Amphibians, and Invertebrates: An Identification and Care Guide|year=2001|publisher=Barron’s Educational Series|___location=New York|vauthors=Bartlett PP, Griswold B, Bartlett RD |url=https://archive.org/details/reptilesamphibia00patr|url-access=registration|isbn=0-7641-1650-9}}</ref>

==Human interaction==

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==== Well-substantiated attacks ====

* A scholarly article published in 1980 said no prior well-substantiated fatalities were reported of humans killed by Central African rock pythons, and the only prior such attack by any type of python or boa was by a reticulated python in 1927.<ref name=ark9/>

* In 1999 in [[Centralia, Illinois]], a 3-year-old boy was suffocated during the night by an escaped {{convert|7.5|ft|adj=on|abbr=on|order=flip}} pet African rock python.<ref name=chitrib>{{cite news| work=Chicago Tribune | title=Centralia family's python suffocates 3-year-old boy | date=30 August 1999 | url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1999/08/30/centralia-familys-python-suffocates-3-year-old-boy/ | access-date=31 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=AGN: Couple acquitted in child's death by python |url=http://amarillo.com/stories/2000/03/25/usn_LA0687.shtml |date=25 March 2000|work=Amarillo Globe-News}}</ref> Bite marks around the boy's neck and ears may have resulted from an attempt to swallow him.<ref name=chitrib/>

* In 1979 in [[Waterberg District Municipality|Waterberg District]], Limpopo Province (then Northern Transvaal), South Africa, a {{convert|4.5|m|feet}} Central African rock python killed a 13-year-old boy.<ref name=ark9/> The victim died due to suffocation and internal injuries; his body was released by the python after intervention by an adult man some 20 minutes after the attack began.<ref name=ark9/> The victim's head was covered in saliva, and scientists thought "it could have easily succeeded in swallowing" the {{convert|1.3|m|feet}}, {{Convert|45|kg}} boy had it not been interrupted.<ref name=ark9/>

* In 2013 in [[Campbellton, New Brunswick|Campbellton]], New Brunswick, Canada, two brothers aged four and six were reportedly killed by a {{convert|14|to|16|ft|adj=on|abbr=on|order=flip}}, {{convert|45|kg|adj=on|abbr=on}} Central African rock python kept by a pet shop owner.<ref name=cbc01>{{cite news| title=Reports into boys' python deaths still under wraps | work=CBC News | publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] | date=12 September 2013 | url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/reports-into-boys-python-deaths-still-under-wraps-1.1706099| access-date=31 March 2018}}</ref><ref name=boesveld/> The circumstances of the incident prompted some skepticism from experts not involved in the case.<ref name=boesveld>{{cite news | title='Very, very strange': Snake handlers, experts baffled by New Brunswick python attack | date=6 August 2013 | last=Boesveld | first=Sarah | work=National Post | publisher=Postmedia Network Inc. | url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/08/06/very-very-strange-snake-handlers-experts-baffled-by-new-brunswick-python-attack/ }}</ref> An autopsy showed that the boys died of asphyxiation,<ref name=cbc01/> which does not fit with how constricting snakes kill.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gill|first=Victoria|title=Boa constrictors' lethal secret revealed|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-33625080|work=BBC News|date=23 July 2015|access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref> The owner was charged with [[criminal negligence]] for not adequately protecting the boys from the snake.<ref name=thestarcharged>{{cite news | title=Man charged in python asphyxiation death of boys| url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2015/03/31/man-charged-in-python-asphyxiation-death-of-boys.html | publisher=Toronto Star | date=March 31, March 2015 | access-date=March 31, March 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.sky.com/story/man-charged-over-brothers-killed-by-python-10365431 |title=Man Charged over Brothers Killed by Python |access-date=2018-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806062000/http://news.sky.com/story/man-charged-over-brothers-killed-by-python-10365431 |archive-date=2017-08-06 |url-status=bot: unknown live}}</ref> ''(See [[2013 New Brunswick python attack|main article]]).''

* In 1999 in [[Centralia, Illinois]], a 3-year-old boy was suffocated during the night by an escaped {{convert|7.5|ft|adj=on|abbr=on|order=flip}} pet African rock python.<ref name=chitrib>{{cite news| work=Chicago Tribune | title=Centralia family's python suffocates 3-year-old boy | date=30 August 1999 | url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1999/08/30/centralia-familys-python-suffocates-3-year-old-boy/ | access-date=31 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=AGN: Couple acquitted in child's death by python|url=http://amarillo.com/stories/2000/03/25/usn_LA0687.shtml |date=25 March 2000|work=Amarillo Globe-News}}</ref> Bite marks around the boy's neck and ears may have resulted from an attempt to swallow him.<ref name=chitrib/>

*In 2017, a {{convertcvt|8|ft|m|adj=mid|-long|order=flip}} female Central African rock python, kept as a pet in Hampshire, England, was found to have killed its owner by asphyxiation, according to a [[Inquests in England and Wales|coroner's inquest]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Snake owner killed by his pet python |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-42801983 |website=BBC News|date=24 January 2018}}</ref>

* In 2013 in [[Campbellton, New Brunswick|Campbellton]], New Brunswick, Canada, two brothers aged four and six were reportedly killed by a {{convert|14|to|16|ft|adj=on|abbr=on|order=flip}}, {{convert|45|kg|adj=on|abbr=on}} Central African rock python kept by a pet shop owner.<ref name=cbc01>{{cite news| title=Reports into boys' python deaths still under wraps | work=CBC News | publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] | date=12 September 2013 | url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/reports-into-boys-python-deaths-still-under-wraps-1.1706099| access-date=31 March 2018}}</ref><ref name=boesveld/> The circumstances of the incident prompted some skepticism from experts not involved in the case.<ref name=boesveld>{{cite news | title='Very, very strange': Snake handlers, experts baffled by New Brunswick python attack | date=6 August 2013 | last=Boesveld | first=Sarah | work=National Post | publisher=Postmedia Network Inc. | url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/08/06/very-very-strange-snake-handlers-experts-baffled-by-new-brunswick-python-attack/ }}</ref> An autopsy showed that the boys died of asphyxiation,<ref name=cbc01/> which does not fit with how constricting snakes kill.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gill|first=Victoria|title=Boa constrictors' lethal secret revealed|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-33625080|work=BBC News|date=23 July 2015|access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref> The owner was charged with [[criminal negligence]] for not adequately protecting the boys from the snake.<ref name=thestarcharged>{{cite news | title=Man charged in python asphyxiation death of boys| url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2015/03/31/man-charged-in-python-asphyxiation-death-of-boys.html | publisher=Toronto Star | date=March 31, 2015 | access-date=March 31, 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.sky.com/story/man-charged-over-brothers-killed-by-python-10365431 |title=Man Charged over Brothers Killed by Python |access-date=2018-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806062000/http://news.sky.com/story/man-charged-over-brothers-killed-by-python-10365431 |archive-date=2017-08-06 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> ''(See [[2013 New Brunswick python attack|main article]]).''

*In 2017, a {{convert|8|ft|m|adj=mid|-long|order=flip}} female Central African rock python, kept as a pet in Hampshire, England, was found to have killed its owner by asphyxiation, according to a [[Inquests in England and Wales|coroner's inquest]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Snake owner killed by his pet python|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-42801983|website=BBC News|date=24 January 2018}}</ref>

==== Other reported attacks ====

* In 2009 in Sabaki Village, [[Malindi District]], Kenya, a male farm manager was reportedly attacked after stepping on a {{cvt|13|ft4|m|adj=on}} python, the exact species of which was not determined. After an hour's struggle, he was reportedly dragged up a tree, but was then rescued by police and villagers after he was able to call for help on his mobile phone.<ref name=nyassy/><ref name="BBC">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7999909.stm |title=Man bites snake in epic struggle |work=[[BBC News]] |date=15 April 2009 |access-date=15 April 2009}}</ref> The snake was reportedly captured by police, but had escaped and disappeared by the next day.<ref name=nyassy>{{ cite news|title=Man bites snake in hour-long battle to survive |date=14 April 2009 |last=Nyassy |first=Daniel |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/news/-/1056/560504/-/4wvt75z/-/index.html |work=Daily Nation |publisher=Nation Media Group |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224100904/http://www.nation.co.ke/news/-/1056/560504/-/4wvt75z/-/index.html |archive-date=24 December 2013 }}</ref> The man said he bit the snake's tail while he was being attacked and was injured on his lower lip because the tip of the tail was sharp.<ref name=nyassy/>

* In 2002 near [[Durban]], South Africa, a 10-year-old boy was reportedly swallowed by a Central African rock python over a three-hour period, as seven other children stayed hidden in a mango tree.<ref name=flanagan/><ref name=ayoob>{{ cite news | title=Boy quiet as snake swallows him | date=23 November 2002 | work=News24 | publisher=24.com | last=Ayoob | first=Zoobair | url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Boy-quiet-as-snake-swallows-him-20021123 }}</ref> The animal was not captured and the story could not be verified, although detailed descriptions of the snake's markings and predation technique were reported to have seemed credible to a local snake park operator.<ref name=flanagan>{{cite news | title=Hunt for giant snake that ate 10-year-old Durban boy whole | last=Flanagan | first=Jane | ___location=Johannesburg | date=24 November 2002 | work=The Telegraph | publisher=Telegraph Media Group Limited | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1414171/Hunt-for-giant-snake-that-ate-10-year-old-Durban-boy-whole.html }}</ref>

* In 2009 in Sabaki Village, [[Malindi District]], Kenya, a male farm manager was reportedly attacked after stepping on a {{cvt|13|ft|m|adj=on}} python, the exact species of which was not determined. After an hour's struggle, he was reportedly dragged up a tree, but then rescued by police and villagers after he was able to call for help on his mobile phone.<ref name=nyassy/><ref name="BBC">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7999909.stm |title=Man bites snake in epic struggle |work=[[BBC News]] |date=15 April 2009 |access-date=15 April 2009}}</ref> The snake was reportedly captured by police, but had escaped and disappeared by the next day.<ref name=nyassy>{{ cite news|title=Man bites snake in hour-long battle to survive |date=14 April 2009 |last=Nyassy |first=Daniel |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/news/-/1056/560504/-/4wvt75z/-/index.html |work=Daily Nation |publisher=Nation Media Group |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224100904/http://www.nation.co.ke/news/-/1056/560504/-/4wvt75z/-/index.html |archive-date=24 December 2013 }}</ref> The man said he bit the snake's tail while he was being attacked and was injured on his lower lip because the tip of the tail was sharp.<ref name=nyassy/>

===Bushmeat===

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People are often fearful of large pythons and may kill them on sight.<ref name=Holland /><ref name=ark9/> The Central African rock python is threatened by hunting for leather in some areas.<ref name=ark14>{{cite journal|vauthors=Luiselli L, Akani GC |year=2002|title= An investigation into the composition, complexity and functioning of snake communities in the mangroves of south-eastern Nigeria|journal= African Journal of Ecology|volume= 40|pages=220–227|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.2002.00358.x|issue=3|bibcode=2002AfJEc..40..220L }}</ref> Consequently, it is listed as a [[Near threatened]] species. It is also collected for the pet trade, although it is not generally recommended as a pet due to its large size and unpredictable temperament.<ref name=Bartlett /> Little information is available on levels of international trade in this species.

Some of the Central African rock python's habitats are also known to be under threat. For example, mangrove and rainforest habitats and their snake communities are under serious threat in southeastern Nigeria from habitat destruction and exploration for the oil industry.<ref name=ark14/><ref name=ark15>{{cite journal|vauthors=Akani GC, Barieenee IF, Capizzi D, Luiselli L |s2cid=24757927|year=1999|title=Snake communities of moist rainforest and derived savanna sites of Nigeria: biodiversity patterns and conservation priorities|journal= Biodiversity and Conservation|volume= 8|pages=629–642|doi=10.1023/A:1008849702810|issue=5|bibcode=1999BiCon...8..629A }}</ref>

[[File:African rock python.JPG|thumb|left|300px|The Central African rock python on the road to the south of [[Ivindo National Park]], [[Gabon]]]]

The Central African rock python is still relatively common in many regions across Africa, and may adapt to disturbed habitats,<ref name=ark9/> provided that food is available. The Central African rock python's population in West Africa has suffered greatly, whilst the Southern African species has fared better. This species is heavily exploited throughout its West African range, particularly for bushmeat and leather, and high rates of decline have been reported within the region. These declines appear to exceed 60% over three generations. However, both subspecies have faced declines in population and consequently it is at high risk of being a threatened species. It is listed on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, meaning international trade in Central African rock pythons should be carefully monitored and controlled,<ref name=CITES>{{cite web|title=CITES|url=http://www.cites.org/|publisher=CITES}}</ref> giving wild populations some protection from overcollection for pets and skins. The species is also likely to occur in a number of protected areas, such as the [[Serengeti National Park]] in Tanzania, a World Heritage site.<ref name=UNEP>{{cite web|title=Serengeti National Park, Tanzania |url=http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/pdf/Serengeti.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114212640/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/pdf/Serengeti.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-01-14 |publisher=UNEP-WCMC }}</ref>

{{Clear}}

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=== In culture ===

[[Luo people of Kenya and Tanzania|Luo people]] of [[Kenya]] living mainly in the area near [[Lake Victoria]] generally consider snakes to be evil and believe that [[wikt:jajuok|sorcerers]] make them harm people.<ref name="jhs2006">{{Cite journal|last=Smith|first=James H.|year=2006|jstor=24047925|title=Snake-driven development: Culture, nature and religious conflict in neoliberal Kenya|journal=Ethnography|volume=7|number=4|pages=423&ndash;59|doi=10.1177/1466138106073144|s2cid=220725054}}</ref> They express a different attitude towards pythons - such as making them appear in play songs and even worshiping them. The Luo call the Central African rock python {{Lang|luo|[[wikt:ng'ielo|ng'ielo]]}} in [[Luo dialect|their language]],<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kokwaro|first1=John O.|last2=Johns|first2=Timothy|year=1998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vUC4yJgPtXoC&q=+|title=Luo Biological Dictionary|page=257|___location=Nairobi and Kampala and Dar es Salaam|publisher=East African Educational Publishers|isbn=9966-46-841-2}}</ref> and with the songs containing a phrase {{lang|luo|ng'ielo jadhogre}} “python the coiling”, children make a line and imitate a python's motion.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Miruka|first=Okumba|year=2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CxZ3g0VVTg0C&q=jadhogre|title=Oral Literature of the Luo|___location=Nairobi and Kampala and Dar es Salaam|publisher=East African Educational Publishers|isbn=9966-25-086-7}}</ref><ref>Miya, Florence N. (2007). "Using African Indigenous Knowledge Systems in Early Childhood Music Education." In Katharine Smithrim and Rena Upitis (eds.) [https://books.google.com/books?id=1suCBAAAQBAJ&q=jadhogre ''Listen to Their Voices: Research and Practice in Early Childhood Music''], pp. 161&ndash;180. Waterloo, Canada: Canadian Music Educators' Association. {{ISBN|978-0-920630-13-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Owen|first=J. W.|year=1959|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=svg5AAAAMAAJ&q=jadhogre|title=Tribal games and dances in African schools|journal=Physical Education|volume=51|pages=16&ndash;20}}</ref> When the Luo worship a python, they call her Omieri (or Omweri) a returning python-spirit. The python is then seen as a reincarnation of Omieri, Goddess of Harvest and linked with rain and fertility.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/kenya-omieri-snake-return-home-kisumu-county-luo-people/ |title=Kenyans Rejoice as the Remains of Omieri, the Legendary Snake and Goddess of Harvest, Return Home |last=Durosomo |first=Damola |date=3 August 3, 2018 |access-date=13 April 13, 2022}}</ref><ref name="jhs2006" /> One which appeared in 2003 raised international controversy over how she should be treated, with coverage from [[BBC News]] through the ''[[Daily Nation]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2840033.stm|title=Kenyans charmed by snake|work=BBC News|date=11 March 2003|access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3033769.stm|title=Kenya python tightens its grip|work=BBC News|date=15 May 2003|access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="jhs2006" />

In some parts of eastern Nigeria, particularly in the towns of Idemili in Anambra, the python is revered as a sacred symbol of the deity Eke Idemili. Similarly, in [[Njaba]], the Eke Njaba, a harmless snake regarded as the deity's property, is also held in high esteem. This reverence is so deeply ingrained culturally that even [[Christians]] in these areas have not fully renounced the sacredness of the snake, and any harm to the Eke Njaba requires ritual cleansing or even a proper burial when killed, to avoid the deity's wrath.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

==References==

{{ARKive attribute}}

{{Reflist|35em}}

==Further reading==

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==External links==

{{Commons}}

{{Wikispecies|Python sebae}}

* {{ARKive}}

* {{NRDB species|genus=Python|species=sebae|date=12 September|year=2007}}