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==== Material behavior ====
Low-gravity environments offer unique conditions for materials processing. The absence of buoyancy-driven convection and sedimentation allows for more uniform crystal growth and the formation of novel alloys and composites.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://link.springer.com/book/9781468416855 |title=Materials Processing in Space |language=en}}</ref> Additionally, the reduced [[Stress (mechanics)|mechanical stresses]] in microgravity can lead to changes in material properties and behavior, influencing fields such as [[materials science]] and [[pharmaceutical research]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last=Ronney |first=Paul D. |date=1998-01-01 |title=Understanding combustion processes through microgravity research |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S008207849880101X |journal=Symposium (International) on Combustion |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=2485–2506 |doi=10.1016/S0082-0784(98)80101-X |hdl=2060/20000000185 |issn=0082-0784|hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
== Challenges ==
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=== Drop towers and parabolic flights ===
[https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Research/Drop_towers Drop towers] provide short-duration microgravity environments by allowing experiments to free-fall in evacuated shafts. These facilities typically offer 2–10 seconds of high-quality microgravity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Steinberg |first=Ted |date=2008 |title=Reduced Gravity Testing and Research Capabilities at Queensland University of Technology's New 2.0 Second Drop Tower |url=https://www.scientific.net/AMR.32.21 |journal=Advanced Materials Research |language=en |volume=32 |pages=21–24 |doi=10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.32.21 |issn=1662-8985|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}</ref> Notable examples include [[Glenn Research Center|NASA's Glenn Research Center]] [https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/facilities/drop/ 2.2-Second Drop Tower] and the 146-meter [[ZARM]] Drop Tower in Bremen, Germany.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=von Kampen |first1=Peter |last2=Kaczmarczik |first2=Ulrich |last3=Rath |first3=Hans J. |date=July 2006 |title=The new Drop Tower catapult system |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0094576506000762 |journal=Acta Astronautica |language=en |volume=59 |issue=1–5 |pages=278–283 |doi=10.1016/j.actaastro.2006.02.041|bibcode=2006AcAau..59..278V |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
[[Reduced-gravity aircraft|Parabolic flights]], often referred to as "vomit comets," create repeated periods of microgravity lasting 20–25 seconds by flying aircraft in [[Parabolic arch|parabolic arcs]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Karmali |first1=Faisal |last2=Shelhamer |first2=Mark |date=September 2008 |title=The dynamics of parabolic flight: flight characteristics and passenger percepts |journal=Acta Astronautica |volume=63 |issue=5–6 |pages=594–602 |doi=10.1016/j.actaastro.2008.04.009 |issn=0094-5765 |pmc=2598414 |pmid=19727328|bibcode=2008AcAau..63..594K }}</ref> These flights allow researchers to conduct hands-on experiments and test equipment destined for space missions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pletser |first1=Vladimir |last2=Rouquette |first2=Sebastien |last3=Friedrich |first3=Ulrike |last4=Clervoy |first4=Jean-Francois |last5=Gharib |first5=Thierry |last6=Gai |first6=Frederic |last7=Mora |first7=Christophe |date=2015-09-01 |title=European parabolic flight campaigns with Airbus ZERO-G: Looking back at the A300 and looking forward to the A310 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0273117715003622 |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=56 |issue=5 |pages=1003–1013 |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2015.05.022 |bibcode=2015AdSpR..56.1003P |issn=0273-1177|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
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