Content deleted Content added
Editmakerer (talk | contribs) No edit summary Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
m Open access bot: url-access=subscription updated in citation with #oabot. |
||
| (30 intermediate revisions by 20 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
{{Short description|Typically short and indeclinable word with a grammatical function but no clear part of speech}}
In [[grammar]], the term '''''particle''''' ([[list of glossing abbreviations|abbreviated]] '''{{sc|ptcl}}''') has a traditional meaning, as a [[part of speech]] that cannot be [[Inflection|inflected]], and a modern meaning, as a [[function word]] (functor) associated with another word or phrase in order to impart meaning. Although a particle may have an intrinsic meaning and may fit into other grammatical categories, the fundamental idea of the particle is to add context to the sentence, expressing a mood or indicating a specific action.
In English, for example, the phrase
Many languages use particles in varying amounts and for varying reasons. In Hindi, they may be used as honorifics, or to indicate emphasis or negation. In some languages, they are clearly defined; for example, However, [[Polynesian languages]], which are almost devoid of inflection, use particles extensively to indicate mood, tense, and case. == Modern meaning ==
In modern grammar, a '''particle''' is a [[function word]] that must be associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning, i.e., it does not have its own lexical definition.{{Citation needed|date=March 2017}} According to this definition, particles are a separate [[part of speech]] and are distinct from other [[word class|classes]] of function words, such as [[article (grammar)|articles]], [[preposition]]s, [[conjunction (grammar)|conjunctions]] and [[adverbs]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2017}}
== Afrikaans ==
Some commonly used particles in [[Afrikaans]] include:
*
{{interlinear|lang=af|indent=3|Sy is nie<sub>1</sub> moeg nie<sub>2</sub> :: The first *
{{interlinear|lang=af|indent=3|Jy moet onthou om te eet|You must remember {{gcl|COMP|complementiser}} '''PTCL.INF''' eat|'You must remember to eat'}}
* {{lang|af|se}} or {{lang|af|van}}: Both {{lang|af|se}} and {{lang|af|van}} are [[genitive]] particles, e.g.
{{interlinear|lang=af|indent=3|Peter se boek|Peter '''PTCL.GEN''' book|'Peter's book'}}
{{interlinear|lang=af|indent=3|die boek van Peter|the book '''PTCL.GEN''' Peter|'Peter's book'}}
* {{lang|af|so}} and {{lang|af|soos}}: These two particles are found in constructions like
{{interlinear|lang=af|indent=3|abbreviations=CMPR:compare|so groot soos 'n huis|'''PTCL.CMPR''' big '''PTCL.CMPR''' a house|'as big as a house'}}
== Arabic ==
Particles in Arabic can take the form of a single root letter before a given word, like "{{lang|ar|-و}}" (
== Chinese ==
{{See also|Chinese particles}}
There are three types of {{pinyin|zhùcí}} ({{lang|zh|助詞}}; particles) in Chinese: Structural, Aspectual, and Modal. Structural particles are used for [[grammatical relations]]. Aspectual particles signal [[grammatical aspect]]s. Modal particles express [[linguistic modality]]. Note that particles are different from {{pinyin|zhùdòngcí}} ({{lang|zh|助動詞}}; modal verbs) in Chinese.
== English ==
''Particle'' is a somewhat nebulous term for a variety of small words that do not conveniently fit into other classes of words.<ref name="Glossary Particle">{{Cite book|title=A Glossary of English Grammar|first=Geoffrey|last=Leech|year=2006|page=79|isbn=978-0-7486-1729-6|publisher=Edinburgh University Press}}</ref> ''The Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language'' defines a particle as a "word that does not change its form through inflection and does not fit easily into the established system of parts of speech".<ref name="Companion Particle">{{Cite book|at=Particle|title=The Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language|last1=McArthur|first1=Thomas Burns|last2=McArthur|first2=Roshan|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780192806376|date=2005|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/conciseoxfordcom00mcar}}</ref> The term includes the "adverbial particles" like ''up'' or ''out'' in verbal idioms ([[phrasal verb]]s) such as "look up" or "knock out"; it also includes the "infinitival particle" ''to'', the "negative particle" ''not'', the "imperative particles" ''do'' and ''let'', and sometimes "pragmatic particles" (also called "fillers" or "discourse markers") like ''oh'' and ''well''.<ref name="Companion Particle"/>
== German ==
A [[German modal particle]] serves no necessary syntactical function, but expresses the speaker's attitude towards the utterance. Modal particles include
== Hindi ==
There are different types of particles present in [[Hindi]]: emphatic particles, limiter particles, negation particles, affirmative particles, honorific particles, topic-marker particle and case-marking particles.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=PARGHI|first=KHUSHBOO|date=2016|title=ON DISTRIBUTION AND SENSES OF THE EMPHATIC PARTICLE hI IN HINDI|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26264771|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|volume=76|pages=93–100|jstor=26264771|issn=0045-9801}}</ref> Some common particles of Hindi are mentioned in the table below:
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| colspan="4" |
|-
!Type
Line 42 ⟶ 54:
Particles<ref name=":1" />
|
*
*
*
|
|
# {{lang|hi|बस '''कॉफ़ी
#*
# {{lang|hi|'''लिख
#*
# {{lang|hi|मैं '''यूँ''' जाऊँगा और '''यूँ''' आऊँगा।
#*
|-
!Limiter
Particles
|
*
*
|
|
# {{lang|hi|नारंगी '''मात्र दो''' हैं अपने पास।
#*
|-
!Negation
Line 70 ⟶ 80:
Particles
|
*
*
*
|
|
# {{lang|hi|'''नहीं
#*
# {{lang|hi|'''ना हो''' ऐसा तो अच्छा हो।
#*
# {{lang|hi|'''मत''' कर यार !
#*
|-
!Affirmative
Particles
|
*
*
*
*
|
|
# {{lang|hi|'''हाँ''' करता हूँ।
#*
# {{lang|hi|'''जी''' और आप?
#*
# {{lang|hi|'''जी हाँ''' करूँगा।
#*
# {{lang|hi|अरे '''हाँ तो''' ! किया है मैंने।
#* ('''
|-
!Honorific
Particles
|
*
|It comes after a noun and gives the noun an honorific value.
Compare with the honorific particles in Japanese, e.g. {{Nihongo krt|2=さま|3=sama}} and {{Nihongo krt|2=さん|3=san}}.
|
# {{lang|hi|राहुल '''
#*
|-
!Topic Marker
Line 114 ⟶ 124:
Particles
|
*
|
|
# {{lang|hi|नेहा '''तो''' अच्छी है।
#* ['''
# {{lang|hi|तुम अच्छी '''तो''' हो पर उतनी नहीं।
#*
|-
!Question Marker
Particles
|
*
*
|The [[Yes–no question|question-marker]]
|
# {{lang|hi|वो गाता है '''क्या'''?
#*
# {{lang|hi|ऐसा करना होता है '''ना'''?
#*
# {{lang|hi|ऐसा करें '''ना'''?
#*
|-
!Case Marker
Particles
|
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
|The case marking particles require the noun to be declined to be in their oblique case forms. However, these markers themselves (except for one){{Clarify|reason=which one?|date=February 2023}} can inflect and change forms depending on the gender of the noun they modify.<ref>{{Citation|last1=de Hoop|first1=Helen|title=Chapter 12 - Differential Case-Marking in Hindi|date=2005-01-01|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978008044651650015X|work=Competition and Variation in Natural Languages|pages=321–345|editor-last=Amberber|editor-first=Mengistu|series=Perspectives on Cognitive Science|place=Oxford|publisher=Elsevier|language=en|access-date=2020-11-16|last2=Narasimhan|first2=Bhuvana|doi=10.1016/B978-008044651-6/50015-X |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0013-1748-5 |isbn=9780080446516 |editor2-last=De Hoop|editor2-first=Helen|hdl-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=CASE IN HINDI|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267724707|access-date=2020-11-16|website=ResearchGate|language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|
|-
|
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|}
|
# {{lang|hi|उस'''ने''' उस'''को''' उस'''से''' मारा।
#*
# {{lang|hi|उस'''का''' है?
#*
# {{lang|hi|उस'''से''' निकालो और इस'''पे''' रखो।
#*
# {{lang|hi|उस'''में''' होगा।
#*
# {{lang|hi|उस'''पे''' ढालना।
#*
# {{lang|hi|कोई मुझ'''सा''' नहीं।
#*
# {{lang|hi|चार बजे '''तक''' करना।
#*
|}
== Japanese and Korean ==
{{See also|Japanese particles|Korean particles}}
The term ''particle'' is often used in descriptions of [[Japanese language|Japanese]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://japanese.about.com/blparticles.htm |title=All About the Japanese Particles Wa and Ga |access-date=2009-10-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303200426/http://japanese.about.com/blparticles.htm |archive-date=2009-03-03 }} List of Japanese particles</ref> and [[Korean language|Korean]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/portnerp/nsfsite/KoreanParticlesMiokPak.pdf |title=Paul H. Portner – Paul Portner's academic homepage |access-date=2008-04-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306201122/http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/portnerp/nsfsite/KoreanParticlesMiokPak.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-06 }} List of Korean particles</ref> where they are used to mark [[noun]]s according to their [[grammatical case]] or [[thematic relation]] in a sentence or clause.<ref>{{cite web|url=
== Polynesian languages ==
[[Polynesian languages]] are almost devoid of inflection, and use particles extensively to indicate mood, tense, and case. Suggs,<ref name=suggs>{{cite book|last=Suggs|first=Robert C|title=The Island Civilizations of Polynesia|year=1960|publisher=[New York] New American Library|url=https://archive.org/details/islandcivilizati00sugg|url-access=registration}}</ref> discussing the deciphering of the [[rongorongo]] script of [[Easter Island]], describes them as all-important. In [[Māori language|Māori]] for example, the versatile particle
=== Tokelauan ===
In [[Tokelauan language|Tokelauan]],
== Russian ==
In [[Russian language|Russian]], particles
== Turkish ==
{{Columns-start|num=3}}
* {{lang|tr|ancak}}<ref group="note">used with
* {{lang|tr|başka}}, another
* {{lang|tr|beri}}, since
* {{lang|tr|bir}}, one
* {{lang|tr|bir tek}}, only
* {{lang|tr|dair}}, regarding
* {{lang|tr|doğru}}, right
* {{lang|tr|değil}}, not
* {{lang|tr|değin}}, mention
* {{lang|tr|denli}}, as much
* {{lang|tr|dek}}, until
{{Column}}
* {{lang|tr|dolayı}}, due
* {{lang|tr|diye}}, so
* {{lang|tr|evvel}}, before
* {{lang|tr|gayri}}, informal
* {{lang|tr|gibi}}, like
* {{lang|tr|göre}}, by
* {{lang|tr|için}}, for
* {{lang|tr|ile}}, with<ref group="note">used with
* {{lang|tr|kadar}}, until
* {{lang|tr|karşı}}, against
* {{lang|tr|karşın}}, although or despite
{{Column}}
* {{lang|tr|mukabil}}, corresponding
* {{lang|tr|önce}}, prior to
* {{lang|tr|ötürü}}, due to
* {{lang|tr|öte}}, beyond
* {{lang|tr|rağmen}}, despite
* {{lang|tr|sadece}}, only
* {{lang|tr|sanki}}, as if
* {{lang|tr|sonra}}, then
* {{lang|tr|sıra}}, row
* {{lang|tr|üzere}}, to
* {{lang|tr|yalnız}}, alone
{{Columns-end}}
Particles can be used with the simple form of the names to which they are attached or in other cases. Some of particles uses with attached form, and some particles are always used after the relevant form. For examples,
* {{lang|tr|Bu çiçekleri annem '''için''' alıyorum.}} (
* {{lang|tr|Yarın'''a kadar''' bu ödevi bitirmem lazım.}} (dative)
* {{lang|tr|Düşük notların'''dan ötürü''' çok çalışman gerekiyor.}} (ablative)
Turkish particles according to their functions.
* {{lang|tr|Senden gayrı kimsem yok. No one other than you.}}
* {{lang|tr|Yardım istemekten başka çaremiz kalmadı. We have no choice but to ask for help.}}
* {{lang|tr|Çok çalışmama rağmen sınavda hedeflediğim başarıyı yakalayamadım.}}
* {{lang|tr|Duyduğuma göre bitirme sınavları bir hafta erken gerçekleşecekmiş.}}
* {{lang|tr|Şirketteki son değişikliklere dâir bilgi almak istiyorum.}}
* {{lang|tr|Açılış konuşmasını yapmak üzere kürsüye çıktı.}}
* {{lang|tr|Bu raporu bitirebilmek için zamana ihtiyacım var.}}
* {{lang|tr|Kardeşim hastalığından nâşi gelemedi.}}
== See also ==
| |||