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In [[grammar]], the term '''''particle''''' ([[list of glossing abbreviations|abbreviated]] '''{{sc|ptcl}}''') has a traditional meaning, as a [[part of speech]] that cannot be [[Inflection|inflected]], and a modern meaning, as a [[function word]] (functor) associated with another word or phrase in order to impart meaning. Although a particle may have an intrinsic meaning and may fit into other grammatical categories, the fundamental idea of the particle is to add context to the sentence, expressing a mood or indicating a specific action.
In English, for example, the phrase "oh well" has no purpose in speech other than to convey a mood. The word "up" would be a particle in the phrase "look up" (as in "look up this topic"), implying that one researches something rather than that one literally gazes skywards.
Many languages use particles in varying amounts and for varying reasons. In Hindi, they may be used as honorifics, or to indicate emphasis or negation. In some languages, they are clearly defined; for example, in Chinese, there are three types of {{Transliteration|zh|pinyin|zhùcí}} ({{lang|zh|助詞}}; {{gloss|particles}}): ''structural'', ''aspectual'', and ''modal''. ''Structural'' particles are used for [[grammatical relations]]. ''Aspectual'' particles signal [[grammatical aspect]]s. ''Modal'' particles express [[linguistic modality]]. However, [[Polynesian languages]], which are almost devoid of inflection, use particles extensively to indicate mood, tense, and case. == Modern meaning ==
In modern grammar, a '''particle''' is a [[function word]] that must be associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning, i.e., it does not have its own lexical definition.{{Citation needed|date=March 2017}} According to this definition, particles are a separate [[part of speech]] and are distinct from other [[word class|classes]] of function words, such as [[article (grammar)|articles]], [[preposition]]s, [[conjunction (grammar)|conjunctions]] and [[adverbs]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2017}} Languages vary widely in how much they use particles, some using them extensively and others more commonly using alternative devices such as prefixes/suffixes, inflection, [[auxiliary verb]]s and word order. Particles are typically words that encode [[grammatical category|grammatical categories]] (such as [[negation (linguistics)|negation]], [[grammatical mood|mood]], [[grammatical tense|tense]], or [[grammatical case|case]]), [[clitic]]s, [[Filler (linguistics)|filler]]s or (oral) [[discourse markers]] such as ''well'', ''um'', etc. Particles are never [[Inflection|inflected]].<ref>McArthur, Tom: "The Oxford Companion to the English Language", pp.
== Afrikaans ==
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== German ==
A [[German modal particle]] serves no necessary syntactical function, but expresses the speaker's attitude towards the utterance. Modal particles include {{lang|de|ja, halt, doch, aber, denn, schon}} and others. Some of these also appear in non-particle forms. {{lang|de|Aber}}, for example, is also the conjunction ''but''. In {{lang|de|Er ist Amerikaner, '''aber''' er spricht gut Deutsch}}, "He is American, '''but''' he speaks German well," {{lang|de|aber}} is a conjunction connecting two sentences. But in {{lang|de|Er spricht '''aber''' gut Deutsch!}}, the {{lang|de|aber}} is a particle, with the sentence perhaps best translated as "What good German he speaks!"<ref>Martin Durrell, ''Using German'', Cambridge University Press, 2nd edition (2003), p.
== Hindi ==
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*{{lang|hi|तक}} ({{Transliteration|hi|tak}}) — "[[Locative case|locative]] marker" "up to, until, as far as"
*{{lang|hi|सा}} ({{Transliteration|hi|sā}}) — "[[Semblative case|semblative]] marker" "like, -ish, -esque"
|The case marking particles require the noun to be declined to be in their oblique case forms. However, these markers themselves (except for one){{Clarify|reason=which one?|date=February 2023}} can inflect and change forms depending on the gender of the noun they modify.<ref>{{Citation|last1=de Hoop|first1=Helen|title=Chapter 12 - Differential Case-Marking in Hindi|date=2005-01-01|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978008044651650015X|work=Competition and Variation in Natural Languages|pages=321–345|editor-last=Amberber|editor-first=Mengistu|series=Perspectives on Cognitive Science|place=Oxford|publisher=Elsevier|language=en|access-date=2020-11-16|last2=Narasimhan|first2=Bhuvana|doi=10.1016/B978-008044651-6/50015-X |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0013-1748-5 |isbn=9780080446516 |editor2-last=De Hoop|editor2-first=Helen|hdl-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=CASE IN HINDI|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267724707|access-date=2020-11-16|website=ResearchGate|language=en}}</ref>
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== Japanese and Korean ==
{{See also|Japanese particles|Korean particles}}
The term ''particle'' is often used in descriptions of [[Japanese language|Japanese]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://japanese.about.com/blparticles.htm |title=All About the Japanese Particles Wa and Ga |access-date=2009-10-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303200426/http://japanese.about.com/blparticles.htm |archive-date=2009-03-03 }} List of Japanese particles</ref> and [[Korean language|Korean]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/portnerp/nsfsite/KoreanParticlesMiokPak.pdf |title=Paul H. Portner – Paul Portner's academic homepage |access-date=2008-04-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306201122/http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/portnerp/nsfsite/KoreanParticlesMiokPak.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-06 }} List of Korean particles</ref> where they are used to mark [[noun]]s according to their [[grammatical case]] or [[thematic relation]] in a sentence or clause.<ref>{{cite web|url=
== Polynesian languages ==
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