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[[File:PhD Comics Open Access Week 2012.ogv|thumb|thumbtime=5:44|A [[Piled Higher and Deeper|''PhD Comics'']] introduction to open access]]
'''Open access''' ('''OA''') is a set of principles and a range of practices through which nominally [[copyright]]able publications are delivered to readers free of access charges or other barriers.<ref name="suber overview">{{Cite web |last=Suber |first=Peter |title=Open Access Overview |url=
The main focus of the open access movement has been on "[[peer review]]ed research literature", and more specifically on [[academic journal]]s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Swan |first=Alma |date=2012 |title=Policy guidelines for the development and promotion of open access |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000215863 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414001646/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000215863 |archive-date=14 April 2019 |access-date=14 April 2019 |website=UNESCO}}</ref> This is because:
* such publications [[academic journal publishing reform|have been]] a subject of [[serials crisis]], unlike [[newspaper]]s, [[magazine]]s and [[fiction writing]]. The main difference between these two groups is in [[demand elasticity]]: whereas an English literature curriculum can substitute ''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone]]'' with a
* the authors of research papers are not paid in any way, so they do not suffer any monetary losses, when they switch from [[Serials crisis#Big deal|behind paywall]] to open access publishing, especially, if they use [[diamond open access]] media.
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=== Gratis and libre ===
{{main|Gratis versus libre}}
Similar to the [[free content]] definition, the terms [[Gratis versus libre|'gratis' and 'libre']] were used in the [[Budapest Open Access Initiative]] definition to distinguish between free to read versus free to reuse.<ref name="Gratis and Libre Open Access">{{Cite web |last=Suber |first=Peter |date=2008 |title=Gratis and Libre Open Access |url=
{{anchor|Free access}}Gratis open access ({{free access}}) refers to free online access, to read, free of charge, without re-use rights.<ref name="Gratis and Libre Open Access" />
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Preprints provide a time-stamp at the time of publication, which helps to establish the "priority of discovery" for scientific claims.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vale |first1=Ronald D |last2=Hyman |first2=Anthony A |date=2016-06-16 |title=Priority of discovery in the life sciences |journal=eLife |volume=5 |pages=e16931 |doi=10.7554/eLife.16931 |doi-access=free |issn=2050-084X |pmc=4911212 |pmid=27310529}}</ref> This means that a preprint can act as proof of provenance for research ideas, data, code, models, and results.<ref name="Crick 2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Crick |first1=Tom |last2=Hall |first2=Benjamin A. |last3=Ishtiaq |first3=Samin |year=2017 |title=Reproducibility in Research: Systems, Infrastructure, Culture |journal=Journal of Open Research Software |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=32 |doi=10.5334/jors.73 |doi-access=free|arxiv=1503.02388 }}</ref> The fact that the majority of preprints come with a form of permanent identifier, usually a [[digital object identifier]] (DOI), also makes them easy to cite and track. Thus, if one were to be "scooped" without adequate acknowledgement, this would be a case of academic misconduct and plagiarism, and could be pursued as such.
There is no evidence that "scooping" of research via preprints exists, not even in communities that have broadly adopted the use of the [[arXiv]] server for sharing preprints since 1991. If the unlikely case of scooping emerges as the growth of the preprint system continues, it can be dealt with as academic malpractice. [[ASAPbio]] includes a series of hypothetical scooping scenarios as part of its preprint FAQ, finding that the overall benefits of using preprints vastly outweigh any potential issues around scooping.<ref group="note">{{Cite web |title=ASAPbio FAQ |url=
=== Archiving ===
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* Rather than applying traditional notions of [[copyright]] to academic publications, they could be [[wikt:libre#Adjective|libre]] or "free to build upon".<ref name="Suber29-43" />
An obvious advantage of open access journals is the free access to scientific papers regardless of affiliation with a subscribing library and improved access for the general public; this is especially true in developing countries. Lower costs for research in academia and industry have been claimed in the [[Budapest Open Access Initiative]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2015 |title=The Life and Death of an Open Access Journal: Q&A with Librarian Marcus Banks |url=
=== Stakeholders and concerned communities ===
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==== Readership ====
OA articles are generally viewed online and downloaded more often than paywalled articles and that readership continues for longer.<ref name=":10"/><ref name=":9" /> Readership is especially higher in demographics that typically lack access to subscription journals (in addition to the general population, this includes many medical practitioners, patient groups, policymakers, non-profit sector workers, industry researchers, and independent researchers).<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=ElSabry |first=ElHassan |date=1 August 2017 |title=Who needs access to research? Exploring the societal impact of open access |url=
==== Citation rate ====
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{{See also|Scholarly peer review}}
[[Scholarly peer review|Peer review]] of research articles prior to publishing has been common since the 18th century.<ref name="Csiszar 2016">{{Cite journal |last=Csiszar |first=Alex |year=2016 |title=Peer Review: Troubled from the Start |journal=Nature |volume=532 |issue=7599 |pages=306–308 |bibcode=2016Natur.532..306C |doi=10.1038/532306a |pmid=27111616 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Moxham 2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Moxham |first1=Noah |last2=Fyfe |first2=Aileen |year=2018 |title=The Royal Society and the Prehistory of Peer Review, 1665–1965 |url=https://kar.kent.ac.uk/65042/3/Peer%20review%20v30%20AAM%20SUBMTD.pdf |url-status=live |journal=The Historical Journal |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=863–889 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X17000334 |s2cid=164984479 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831011420/https://kar.kent.ac.uk/65042/3/Peer%20review%20v30%20AAM%20SUBMTD.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2020 |access-date=28 August 2019}}</ref> Commonly reviewer comments are only revealed to the authors and reviewer identities kept anonymous.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tennant |first1=Jonathan P. |last2=Dugan |first2=Jonathan M. |last3=Graziotin |first3=Daniel |last4=Jacques |first4=Damien C. |last5=Waldner |first5=François |last6=Mietchen |first6=Daniel |last7=Elkhatib |first7=Yehia |last8=B. Collister |first8=Lauren |last9=Pikas |first9=Christina K. |last10=Crick |first10=Tom |last11=Masuzzo |first11=Paola |date=29 November 2017 |title=A multi-disciplinary perspective on emergent and future innovations in peer review |journal=F1000Research |volume=6 |pages=1151 |doi=10.12688/f1000research.12037.3 |issn=2046-1402 |pmc=5686505 |pmid=29188015 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tennant |first=Jonathan P. |date=1 October 2018 |title=The state of the art in peer review |url= https://academic.oup.com/femsle/article/365/19/fny204/5078345|journal=FEMS Microbiology Letters |language=en |volume=365 |issue=19 |doi=10.1093/femsle/fny204 |issn=0378-1097 |pmc=6140953 |pmid=30137294 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224175402/https://academic.oup.com/femsle/article/365/19/fny204/5078345 |archive-date=24 February 2020 |access-date=3 January 2020}}</ref> The rise of OA publishing has also given rise to experimentation in technologies and processes for peer review.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Noorden |first=Richard Van |date=4 March 2019 |title=Peer-review experiments tracked in online repository |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00777-8 |url-status=live |journal=Nature |language=en |doi=10.1038/d41586-019-00777-8 |s2cid=86845470 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212063450/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00777-8 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |access-date=3 January 2020}}</ref> Increasing transparency of peer review and quality control includes posting results to [[preprint server]]s,<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1008565 | title=Technical and social issues influencing the adoption of preprints in the life sciences | year=2020 | last1=Penfold | first1=Naomi C. | last2=Polka | first2=Jessica K. | journal=PLOS Genetics | volume=16 | issue=4 | pages=e1008565 | pmid=32310942 | pmc=7170218 | doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Preregistration (pharmaceutical)|preregistration]] of studies,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nosek |first1=Brian A. |last2=Ebersole |first2=Charles R. |last3=DeHaven |first3=Alexander C. |last4=Mellor |first4=David T. |date=12 March 2018 |title=The preregistration revolution |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=115 |issue=11 |pages=2600–2606 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1708274114 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=5856500 |pmid=29531091|bibcode=2018PNAS..115.2600N |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[open peer review|open publishing of peer reviews]],<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last=Ross-Hellauer |first=Tony |date=31 August 2017 |title=What is open peer review? A systematic review |journal=F1000Research |language=en |volume=6 |pages=588 |doi=10.12688/f1000research.11369.2 |issn=2046-1402 |pmc=5437951 |pmid=28580134 |doi-access=free }}</ref> open publishing of full datasets and analysis code,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Munafò |first1=Marcus R. |last2=Nosek |first2=Brian A. |last3=Bishop |first3=Dorothy V. M. |last4=Button |first4=Katherine S. |last5=Chambers |first5=Christopher D. |last6=Percie du Sert |first6=Nathalie |last7=Simonsohn |first7=Uri |last8=Wagenmakers |first8=Eric-Jan |last9=Ware |first9=Jennifer J. |last10=Ioannidis |first10=John P. A. |date=10 January 2017 |title=A manifesto for reproducible science |journal=Nature Human Behaviour |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=0021 |doi=10.1038/s41562-016-0021 |pmid=33954258 |pmc=7610724 |issn=2397-3374 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pawlik |first1=Mateusz |last2=Hütter |first2=Thomas |last3=Kocher |first3=Daniel |last4=Mann |first4=Willi |last5=Augsten |first5=Nikolaus |date=1 July 2019 |title=A Link is not Enough – Reproducibility of Data |journal=Datenbank-Spektrum |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=107–115 |doi=10.1007/s13222-019-00317-8 |issn=1610-1995 |pmc=6647556 |pmid=31402850}}</ref> and other open science practices.<ref name="Munafò 2017b">{{Cite journal |last1=Munafò |first1=Marcus R. |last2=Nosek |first2=Brian A. |last3=Bishop |first3=Dorothy V. M. |last4=Button |first4=Katherine S. |last5=Chambers |first5=Christopher D. |last6=Percie Du Sert |first6=Nathalie |last7=Simonsohn |first7=Uri |last8=Wagenmakers |first8=Eric-Jan |last9=Ware |first9=Jennifer J. |last10=Ioannidis |first10=John P. A. |year=2017 |title=A Manifesto for Reproducible Science |url=
=== Predatory publishing ===
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There are also a number of [[preprint server]]s which host articles that have not yet been reviewed as open access copies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Peiperl |first1=Larry |date=16 April 2018 |title=Preprints in medical research: Progress and principles |journal=PLOS Medicine |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=e1002563 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002563 |issn=1549-1676 |pmc=5901682 |pmid=29659580 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elmore |first=Susan A. |year=2018 |title=Preprints: What Role do These Have in Communicating Scientific Results? |journal=Toxicologic Pathology |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=364–365 |doi=10.1177/0192623318767322 |pmc=5999550 |pmid=29628000}}</ref> These articles are subsequently submitted for peer review by both open access and subscription journals, however the preprint always remains openly accessible. A list of preprint servers is maintained at ResearchPreprints.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2017 |title=A List of Preprint Servers |url=https://researchpreprints.com/2017/03/09/a-list-of-preprint-servers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190309101709/http://researchpreprints.com/2017/03/09/a-list-of-preprint-servers/ |archive-date=9 March 2019 |access-date=10 March 2019 |website=Research Preprints}}</ref>
For articles that are published in closed access journals, some authors will deposit a postprint copy in an [[open-access repository]], where it can be accessed for free.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eve |first=Martin |title=Open access and the humanities |title-link=wikisource:Open access and the humanities/Chapter 1 |date=2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107484016 |___location=Cambridge |pages=9–10}}</ref><ref>[[Stevan Harnad|Harnad, S]]. 2007. [http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/15753 "The Green Road to Open Access: A Leveraged Transition"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312170036/http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/15753/|date=12 March 2010}}. In: ''The Culture of Periodicals from the Perspective of the Electronic Age'', pp. 99–105, L'Harmattan. Retrieved 3 December 2011.</ref><ref name="greenandgold2">{{Cite journal |last1=Harnad |first1=S. |last2=Brody |first2=T. |last3=Vallières |first3=F. O. |last4=Carr |first4=L. |last5=Hitchcock |first5=S. |last6=Gingras |first6=Y. |last7=Oppenheim |first7=C. |last8=Stamerjohanns |first8=H. |last9=Hilf |first9=E. R. |year=2004 |title=The Access/Impact Problem and the Green and Gold Roads to Open Access |journal=Serials Review |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=310–314 |doi=10.1016/j.serrev.2004.09.013}}</ref><ref name="roar2" /><ref name="DemystifyingOpenAccess2">{{Cite web |last1=Fortier |first1=Rose |last2=James |first2=Heather G. |last3=Jermé |first3=Martha G. |last4=Berge |first4=Patricia |last5=Del Toro |first5=Rosemary |date=14 May 2015 |title=Demystifying Open Access Workshop |url=http://epublications.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005&context=rsch_inst |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518162648/http://epublications.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005&context=rsch_inst |archive-date=18 May 2015 |access-date=18 May 2015 |website=e-Publications@Marquette }}</ref> Most subscription journals place restrictions on which version of the work may be shared or require an [[Embargo (academic publishing)|embargo]] period following the original date of publication. What is deposited can therefore vary, either a [[preprint]] or the peer-reviewed [[postprint]], either the author's refereed and revised final draft or the publisher's [[version of record]], either immediately deposited or after several years.<ref name="Embargos2">[http://sparceurope.org/embargoes/ " SPARC Europe – Embargo Periods] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118022056/http://sparceurope.org/embargoes/|date=18 November 2015}}. Retrieved on 18 October 2015.</ref> Repositories may be specific to an [[Institutional repository|institution]], a [[Disciplinary repository|discipline]] (e.g.[[arXiv]]), a [[scholarly society]] (e.g. [[Modern Language Association|MLA]]'s CORE Repository), or a funder (e.g. PMC). Although the practice was first formally proposed in 1994,<ref>Ann Shumelda Okerson and James J. O'Donnell (eds). 1995. [http://www.arl.org/bm~doc/subversive.pdf "Scholarly Journals at the Crossroads: A Subversive Proposal for Electronic Publishing"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912184229/http://www.arl.org/bm~doc/subversive.pdf|date=12 September 2012}}. Association of Research Libraries. Retrieved on 3 December 2011.</ref><ref>Poynder, Richard. 2004. [
==== Representativeness in proprietary databases ====
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Access to online content requires Internet access, and this distributional consideration presents physical and sometimes financial barriers to access.
There are various open access aggregators that list open access journals or articles. [[Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources|ROAD]] (the Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome - ROAD |url=http://road.issn.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515214110/http://road.issn.org/ |archive-date=15 May 2017 |access-date=12 May 2017 |website=road.issn.org}}</ref> synthesizes information about open access journals and is a subset of the [[ISSN]] register. [[SHERPA/RoMEO]] lists international publishers that allow the published version of articles to be deposited in [[institutional repositories]]. The [[Directory of Open Access Journals]] (DOAJ) contains over 12,500 peer-reviewed open access journals for searching and browsing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Greg |title=Research Guides: Open Access: Finding Open Access Content |url=
Open access articles can be found with a [[Web search timeline|web search]], using any general [[search engine]] or those specialized for the scholarly and scientific literature, such as [[Google Scholar]], [[OAIster]], [[BASE (search engine)|base-search.net]],<ref name="base-search">{{Cite web |title=BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine | What is BASE? |url=http://www.base-search.net/about/en/ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216120421/http://www.base-search.net/about/en/ |archive-date=16 February 2016 |access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref> and [[CORE (research service)|CORE]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Search CORE |url=https://core.ac.uk/search/ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312113305/https://core.ac.uk/search/ |archive-date=12 March 2016 |access-date=11 March 2016}}</ref> Many open-access repositories offer a programmable interface to query their content. Some of them use a generic protocol, such as [[Protocol for Metadata Harvesting|OAI-PMH]] (e.g., base-search.net<ref name="base-search" />). In addition, some repositories propose a specific API, such as the [[arXiv]] API, the Dissemin API, the [[Unpaywall]]/oadoi API, or the base-search API.
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As of March 2021, [[open-access mandate]]s have been registered by over 100 research funders and 800 universities worldwide, compiled in the [[Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Browse by Policymaker Type|url=http://roarmap.eprints.org/view/policymaker_type/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190312001632/http://roarmap.eprints.org/view/policymaker_type/|archive-date=12 March 2019|access-date=5 March 2019|website=ROARMAP}}</ref> As these sorts of mandates increase in prevalence, collaborating researchers may be affected by several at once. Tools such as [[SWORD (protocol)|SWORD]] can help authors manage sharing between repositories.<ref name=":0" />
Compliance rates with ''voluntary'' open access policies remain low (as low as 5%).<ref name=":0" /> However it has been demonstrated that more successful outcomes are achieved by policies that are compulsory and more specific, such as specifying maximum permissible embargo times.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pontika|first1=Nancy|last2=Rozenberga|first2=Dace|date=2015-03-05|title=Developing strategies to ensure compliance with funders' open access policies|journal=Insights: The UKSG Journal|language=en|volume=28|issue=1|pages=32–36|doi=10.1629/uksg.168|issn=2048-7754 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Compliance with compulsory open-access mandates varies between funders from 27% to 91% (averaging 67%).<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Kirkman|first1=Noreen|last2=Haddow|first2=Gaby|date=2020-06-15|title=Compliance with the first funder open access policy in Australia|url=
== Inequality and open access ==
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* [[Freedom of information]]
* [[Guerilla Open Access]]
* [[Lists of academic journals]]
* [[List of open access journals]]
* [[Open Access Button]]
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==Further reading==
* [[Robert Darnton|Darnton, Robert]], "The Dream of a Universal Library" (review of [[Peter Baldwin (professor)|Peter Baldwin]], ''Athena Unbound: Why and How Scholarly Knowledge Should Be Free for All'', [[MIT Press]], 2023, 405 pp.), ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', vol. LXX, no. 20 (21 December 2023), pp. 73–74. Reviewer [[Robert Darnton|Darnton]] writes: "[[Peter Baldwin (professor)|Baldwin]] warns: [[scientific journal|journal]] publishers are gouging their customers, scholarly [[monograph]]s reach a tiny audience, [[libraries]] are floundering under [[budget]] pressures, [[academic]]s are pursuing [[career]]s rather than [[truth]], and readers are not getting all the [[information]] they deserve." (p. 74.) Writes Darnton: "Most scientific research is subsidized by the federal government." Under a 2022 [[White House]] directive, "As of December 31, 2025, all agencies... must require immediate open access... The [[G7]] leaders took a similar stand on May 14, 2023, as did the [[European Council]] on May 23. The tide is turning in favor of unrestricted access, but the countervailing forces are so complex that the future remains cloudy." (p. 73.)
* {{Cite book |last=Suber |first=Peter |url=
* Kirsop, Barbara, and Leslie Chan. (2005) [https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/4416 Transforming access to research literature for developing countries.] Serials Reviews, 31(4): 246–255.
* {{Cite journal |last1=Laakso |first1=Mikael |last2=Welling |first2=Patrik |last3=Bukvova |first3=Helena |last4=Nyman |first4=Linus |last5=Björk |first5=Bo-Christer |last6=Hedlund |first6=Turid |year=2011 |title=The Development of Open Access Journal Publishing from 1993 to 2009 |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=6 |page=e20961 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...620961L |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0020961 |pmc=3113847 |pmid=21695139|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Hajjem |first1=C. |last2=Harnad |first2=S |author-link2=Stevan Harnad |last3=Gingras |first3=Y. |year=2005 |title=Ten-Year Cross-Disciplinary Comparison of the Growth of Open Access and How It Increases Research Citation Impact |url=http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/11688/ |journal=IEEE Data Engineering Bulletin |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=39–47 |arxiv=cs/0606079 |bibcode=2006cs........6079H}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Tötösy |last2=de Zepetnek |first2=S. |last3=Joshua |first3=Jia |year=2014 |title=Electronic Journals, Prestige, and the Economics of Academic Journal Publishing |journal=CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture |volume=16 |issue=1 |page=2014 |doi=10.7771/1481-4374.2426 |doi-access=free}}
* [
* {{Cite web |last=Mietchen |first=Daniel |date=15 January 2014 |title=Wikimedia and Open Access — a rich history of interactions |url=https://blog.wikimedia.org/2014/01/15/wikimedia-and-open-access/ |access-date=10 January 2015 |website=Wikimedia Blog |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Okerson, Ann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=InDgAAAAMAAJ |title=Scholarly Journals at the Crossroads: A Subversive Proposal for Electronic Publishing |last2=O'Donnell, James (Eds.) |date=June 1995 |publisher=[[Association of Research Libraries]] |isbn=978-0-918006-26-4 |___location=Washington, DC}}.
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