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The '''probabilistic voting theory''', also known as the '''probabilistic voting model''', is a [[voting theory]] developed by professors [[Assar Lindbeck]] and [[Jörgen Weibull]] in the article "Balanced-budget redistribution as the outcome of political competition", published in 1987 in the journal Public Choice, which has gradually replaced the [[median voter theory]], thanks to its ability to find an equilibrium in a multi-dimensional space.▼
▲The '''probabilistic voting theory''', also known as the '''probabilistic voting model''', is a [[voting theory]] developed by professors [[Assar Lindbeck]] and [[Jörgen Weibull]] in the article "Balanced-budget redistribution as the outcome of political competition", published in 1987 in the journal ''Public Choice'', which has gradually replaced the [[median voter theory]], thanks to its ability to find
The probabilistic voting model assumes that voters are imperfectly informed about candidates and their platforms. Candidates are also imperfectly informed about the utility preferences of the electorate and the distribution of voters' preferences. ▼
▲The probabilistic voting model assumes that voters are imperfectly informed about candidates and their platforms. Candidates are also imperfectly informed about the utility preferences of the electorate and the distribution of voters' preferences.
Unlike the median voter theorem, what drives the equilibrium policy is both the numerosity and the density of social groups and not the median position of voters on a preference scale. This difference explains why social groups which have a great homogeneity of preferences are more politically powerful than those whose preferences are dispersed.
==Motivation and Applications==
[[Political economy]] and [[public economics]] are the main fields where the probabilistic voting theory is applied. In particular, it was used to explain public expenditure programmes (Persson & Tabellini, 2000), public debt dynamics (Song, Storesletten & Zilibotti, Econometrica 2012) social security systems (Profeta, 2002) and taxation (Hettich & Winer, 1999 and Canegrati, 2007).{{full|date=November 2011}}▼
▲[[Political economy]] and [[public economics]] are the main fields where the probabilistic voting theory is applied. In particular, it was used to explain [[public expenditure
==References==▼
*[[Category:Political economy]]▼
[[Category:Probabilistic models]]▼
Assar Lindbeck, and Jörgen W. Weibull (1987). "Balanced-budget redistribution as the outcome of political competition." ▼
Raphael Boleslavsky and Christopher Cotton (2015) show how the underlying uncertainty that candidates have about the preferences of voters may be the result of information revelation during campaigns, with more informative campaigns leading to greater ex ante uncertainty about election-day preferences. This in turn can increase policy divergence.
John Hassler, Per Krusell, Kjetil Storesletten, and Fabrizio Zilibotti (2005). "The dynamics of government." ''Journal of Monetary Economics'' 52 (7), 1331-1358▼
Probabilistic voting models are usually preferred to traditional [[Anthony Downs|Downsian]] median voter models, as in the former all voters have an influence on the policy outcome, whereas in the latter all power rests in the hands of the pivotal voter or group. For instance, in models where young and old (or rich and poor) voters have conflicting interests, probabilistic voting models predict that the winning candidate strikes a balance between the different interests in her/his policy platform. Due to the smooth mapping between the distribution of policy preferences and the political outcomes, this model has proven to be very tractable and convenient to use in dynamic models with repeated voting.
Paola Profeta (2002). "Retirement and Social Security in a Probabilistic Voting Model" ''International Tax and Public Finance'' 9, 331-348.▼
▲==References==
Zheng Song, Kjetil Storeseletten, and Fabrizio Zilibotti (2012). "Rotten parents and disciplined children: A politico-economic theory of public expenditure and debt". ''Econometrica'' 80 (6), 2785–2803▼
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▲* Assar Lindbeck, and Jörgen W. Weibull (1987). "Balanced-budget redistribution as the outcome of political competition." ''Public Choice'', 52(3), 273–297.
* Raphael Boleslavsky and Christopher Cotton (2015). "Information and extremism in elections." ''American Economic Journal: Microeconomics.'' 7, 165-207
* Canegrati, Emanuele (2007). "A Contribution to the Positive Theory of Direct Taxation," MPRA Paper 6117 [1]
* Gonzalez-Eiras, Martín, and Dirk Niepelt (2008). "The Future of Social Security." ''Journal of Monetary Economics'' 55, 197-218
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* Hettich, Walter, and Stanley Winer (2005) ''Democratic Choice and Taxation A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis.'' Cambridge University Press.
* Persson, Torsten, and Guido Tabellini (2000). ''Political Economics: Explaining Economic Policy.'' Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
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* Strömberg, David "Mass Media Competition, Political Competition, and Public Policy (2004)." ''Review of Economic Studies'' 71(1), 265–284.
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{{refend}}
▲[[Category:Probabilistic models]]
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