Hyperdimensional computing: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Computational approach}}

'''Hyperdimensional computing''' ('''HDC''') is an approach to computation, particularly [[artificial general intelligence|Artificial General Intelligence]],. whereHDC is motivated by the observation that the [[Cerebellum|cerebellum ]] operates on high-dimensional data representations.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Zou |first1=Zhuowen |title=Spiking Hyperdimensional Network: Neuromorphic Models Integrated with Memory-Inspired Framework |date=2021-10-01 |arxiv=2110.00214 |last2=Alimohamadi |first2=Haleh |last3=Imani |first3=Farhad |last4=Kim |first4=Yeseong |last5=Imani |first5=Mohsen}}</ref> In HDC, information is thereby represented as a hyperdimensional (long) [[Vector (mathematics and physics)|vector]], ancalled arraya of numbershypervector. A hyperdimensional vector (hypervector) could include thousands of numbers that represent a point in a space of thousands of dimensions.,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ananthaswamy |first=Anan |date=April 13, 2023 |title=A New Approach to Computation Reimagines Artificial Intelligence |url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/a-new-approach-to-computation-reimagines-artificial-intelligence-20230413/?mc_cid=ad9a93c472&mc_eid=506130a407 |website=Quanta Magazine}}</ref> Vectoras vector Symbolicsymbolic Architecturesarchitectures is an older name for the same broad approach.<ref name=":0"Research />extenuates for creating [[Artificial general intelligence|Artificial General Intelligence]].

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== Performance ==

HDC is suitable for “in"in-memory computing systems",” which compute and hold data on a single chip, avoiding data transfer delays. Analog devices operate at low voltages. They are energy-efficient, but prone to error-generating noise. HDC's can tolerate such errors.<ref name=":0" />

Various teams have developed low-power HDC hardware accelerators.<ref name=":1" />

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== History ==

Vector symbolic architectures (VSA) provided a systematic approach to high-dimensional symbol representations to support operations such as establishing relationships. Early examples include holographic reduced representations, binary spatter codes, and matrix binding of additive terms. HD computing advanced these models, particularly emphasizing hardware efficiency.<ref name=":1" />

In 2018, Eric Weiss showed how to fully represent an image as a hypervector. A vector could contain information about all the objects in the image, including properties such as color, position, and size.<ref name=":0" />

In 2023, Abbas Rahimi et al., used HDC with neural networks to solve [[Raven's Progressive Matrices|Raven's progressive matrices]].<ref name=":0" />

In 2023, Mike Heddes et Al. under the supervision of Professors Givargis, Nicolau and Veidenbaum created a [https://torchhd.readthedocs.io/en/stable/index.html# hyper-dimensional computing library]<ref>{{Cite arXiv|last1=Heddes |first1=Mike |last2=Nunes |first2=Igor |last3=Vergés |first3=Pere |last4=Kleyko |first4=Denis |last5=Abraham |first5=Danny |last6=Givargis |first6=Tony |last7=Nicolau |first7=Alexandru |last8=Veidenbaum |first8=Alexander |date=2022-05-18 |title=Torchhd: An Open Source Python Library to Support Research on Hyperdimensional Computing and Vector Symbolic Architectures |class=cs.LG |language=en |eprint=2205.09208}}</ref> that is built on top of [[PyTorch]].

== Applications ==

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Hypervectors can also be used for reasoning. Raven's progressive matrices presents images of objects in a grid. One position in the grid is blank. The test is to choose from candidate images the one that best fits.<ref name=":0" />

A dictionary of hypervectors represents individual objects. Each hypervector represents an object concept with its attributes. For each test image a neural network generates a binary hypervector (valusvalues are +1 or −1) that is as close as possible to some set of dictionary hypervectors. The generated hypervector thus describes all the objects and their attributes in the image.<ref name=":0" />

Another algorithm creates probability distributions for the number of objects in each image and their characteristics. These probability distributions describe the likely characteristics of both the context and candidate images. They too are transformed into hypervectors, then algebra predicts the most likely candidate image to fill the slot.<ref name=":0" />

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== See also ==

* [[Support vector machine]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}<references responsive="1"></references>

<references group="" responsive="1"></references>

* {{Cite journal |last1=NeubertKleyko |first1=PeerDenis |last2=SchubertRachkovskij |first2=StefanDmitri A. |last3=ProtzelOsipov |first3=PeterEvgeny |last4=Rahimi |first4=Abbas |date=20192023-1207-0131 |title=AnA IntroductionSurvey toon Hyperdimensional Computing foraka RoboticsVector Symbolic Architectures, Part I: Models and Data Transformations |url=https://doidl.acm.org/doi/10.10071145/s13218-019-00623-z3538531 |journal=KIACM - KünstlicheComputing IntelligenzSurveys |language=en |volume=3355 |issue=46 |pages=319–3301–40 |doi=10.10071145/s13218-019-00623-z3538531 |s2cidissn=202642163 0360-0300|issnarxiv=1610-19872111.06077 }}

* {{Cite journal |last1=Kleyko |first1=Denis |last2=Rachkovskij |first2=Dmitri |last3=Osipov |first3=Evgeny |last4=Rahimi |first4=Abbas |date=2023-09-30 |title=A Survey on Hyperdimensional Computing aka Vector Symbolic Architectures, Part II: Applications, Cognitive Models, and Challenges |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3558000 |journal=ACM Computing Surveys |language=en |volume=55 |issue=9 |pages=1–52 |doi=10.1145/3558000 |issn=0360-0300|arxiv=2112.15424 }}

== External links ==

* {{Citation | vauthors=((Stock, M.)), ((Van Criekinge, W.)), ((Boeckaerts, D.)), ((Taelman, S.)), ((Van Haeverbeke, M.)), ((Dewulf, P.)), ((De Baets, B.)) | veditors=((Dutt, V.)) | year=2024 | title=Hyperdimensional computing: a fast, robust, and interpretable paradigm for biological data | publisher=Public Library of Science (PLOS) | journal = PLOS Computational Biology| volume=20 | issue=9 | pages=e1012426 | doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012426 | doi-access=free | pmid=39316621 | arxiv=2402.17572 }}

* {{Cite journal |last=Kanerva |first=Pentti |date=2009-06-01 |title=Hyperdimensional Computing: An Introduction to Computing in Distributed Representation with High-Dimensional Random Vectors |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-009-9009-8 |journal=Cognitive Computation |language=en |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=139–159 |doi=10.1007/s12559-009-9009-8 |s2cid=733980 |issn=1866-9964}}

* {{Citation | vauthors=((Cumbo, F.)), ((Chicco, D.)) | year=2025 | title=Hyperdimensional computing in biomedical sciences: a brief review| volume = 11 | issue = e2885 | journal = PeerJ Computer Science | pages=e2885 | doi=10.7717/peerj-cs.2885 | doi-access=free | pmc=12192801 }}

* {{Cite journal |last1=Neubert |first1=Peer |last2=Schubert |first2=Stefan |last3=Protzel |first3=Peter |date=2019-12-01 |title=An Introduction to Hyperdimensional Computing for Robotics |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s13218-019-00623-z |journal=KI - Künstliche Intelligenz |language=en |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=319–330 |doi=10.1007/s13218-019-00623-z |s2cid=202642163 |issn=1610-1987}}

* {{Cite journal |last=Kanerva |first=Pentti |date=2009-06-01 |title=Hyperdimensional Computing: An Introduction to Computing in Distributed Representation with High-Dimensional Random Vectors |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-009-9009-8 |journal=Cognitive Computation |language=en |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=139–159 |doi=10.1007/s12559-009-9009-8 |s2cid=733980 |issn=1866-9964|url-access=subscription }}

* {{Cite arXiv |last1=Neubert |first1=Peer |last2=Schubert |first2=Stefan |date=2021-01-19 |title=Hyperdimensional computing as a framework for systematic aggregation of image descriptors |class=cs.CV |eprint=2101.07720v1 |language=en}}

* {{Cite journal |last1=Neubert |first1=Peer |last2=Schubert |first2=Stefan |last3=Protzel |first3=Peter |date=2019-12-01 |title=An Introduction to Hyperdimensional Computing for Robotics |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s13218-019-00623-z |journal=KI – Künstliche Intelligenz |language=en |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=319–330 |doi=10.1007/s13218-019-00623-z |s2cid=202642163 |issn=1610-1987|url-access=subscription }}

* {{Cite web |title=HD/VSA |url=https://www.hd-computing.com/ |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=www.hd-computing.com |language=en-US | date = 2023-03-13}}

* {{Cite arXiv |last1=Neubert |first1=Peer |last2=Schubert |first2=Stefan |date=2021-01-19 |title=Hyperdimensional computing as a framework for systematic aggregation of image descriptors |class=cs.CV |eprint=2101.07720v1 |language=en}}

* {{Cite magazine

|last=Ananthaswamy

|first=Anil

|title=A New Approach to Computation Reimagines Artificial Intelligence

|language=en-US

|magazine=Quanta Magazine

|url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/a-new-approach-to-computation-reimagines-artificial-intelligence-20230413/

|access-date=2023-06-13

|date = 2023-04-13}}

* {{cite web

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| access-date = 2023-07-29

| quote = }}

* {{Cite web |title=HD/VSA |url=https://www.hd-computing.com/ |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=www.hd-computing.com |language=en-US | date = 2023-03-13}}

* {{Cite magazine

|last=Ananthaswamy

|first=Anil

|title=A New Approach to Computation Reimagines Artificial Intelligence

|language=en-US

|magazine=Quanta Magazine

|url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/a-new-approach-to-computation-reimagines-artificial-intelligence-20230413/

|access-date=2023-06-13

|date = 2023-04-13}}

[[Category:Artificial neural networks]]