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'''Floating point operations per second''' ('''FLOPS''', '''flops''' or '''flop/s''') is a measure of [[computer performance]] in [[computing]], useful in fields of scientific computations that require [[floating-point]] calculations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Understand measures of supercomputer performance and storage system capacity |url=https://kb.iu.edu/d/apeq |website=kb.iu.edu |access-date=23 March 2024}}</ref>
For such cases, it is a more accurate measure than
==Floating-point arithmetic==
{{Anchor|multipliers}}
{| class="wikitable floatright sortable"
|+ Multipliers for flops
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|-
| [[Giga-|giga]]FLOPS
| GFLOPS<ref>{{cite web | title = GPU GFLOPS Statistics 2007-2025: NVIDIA AMD Intel | url = https://gpus.axiomgaming.net/gflops-statistics | website = Axiom Gaming | publisher = Axiom Gaming | access-date = 14 August 2025}}</ref>
| 10<sup>9</sup>
|-
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|10<sup>30</sup>
|-
|-▼
|-▼
|}
[[Floating-point arithmetic]] is needed for very large or very small [[real number]]s, or computations that require a large dynamic range. Floating-point representation is similar to scientific notation, except computers use [[Binary number|base two]] (with rare exceptions), rather than [[Decimal|base ten]]. The encoding scheme stores the sign, the [[exponent]] (in base two for Cray and [[VAX]], base two or ten for [[IEEE floating point]] formats, and base 16 for [[IBM hexadecimal floating-point|IBM Floating Point Architecture]]) and the [[significand]] (number after the [[radix point]]). While several similar formats are in use, the most common is [[IEEE 754-1985|ANSI/IEEE Std. 754-1985]]. This standard defines the format for 32-bit numbers called ''single precision'', as well as 64-bit numbers called ''double precision'' and longer numbers called ''extended precision'' (used for intermediate results). Floating-point representations can support a much wider range of values than fixed-point, with the ability to represent very small numbers and very large numbers.<ref>[http://www.dspguide.com/ch4/3.htm Floating Point] Retrieved on December 25, 2009.</ref>
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: <math>\text{FLOPS} = \text{cores} \times \frac{\text{cycles}}{ \text{second}} \times \frac{\text{FLOPs}}{\text{cycle}}.</math>
FLOPS can be recorded in different measures of precision, for example, the [[TOP500]] supercomputer list ranks computers by 64
{{anchor|FLOPSforProcessors}}
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|[[Intel 80486]]
|[[x87]] (
| {{dunno}}
|0.128<ref name=":1" />
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*Intel [[P6 (microarchitecture)|P6]] [[Pentium Pro]]
}}
|[[x87]] (
| {{dunno}}
|0.5<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=home.iae.nl |url=http://home.iae.nl/users/mhx/flops_4.tbl|access-date=|website=}}</ref>
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*Intel [[P6 (microarchitecture)|P6]] [[Pentium II]]
}}
|[[
| {{dunno}}
|1<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Computing Power throughout History|url=https://www.alternatewars.com/BBOW/Computing/Computing_Power.htm|access-date=2021-02-13|website=alternatewars.com}}</ref>
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|{{ublist|
|AMD [[Zen (microarchitecture)|Zen]]<br/>(Ryzen 1000 series, Threadripper 1000 series, Epyc [[Epyc|Naples]])
|AMD [[Zen+]]<ref name="tpeak_jos"/><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.agner.org/optimize/blog/read.php?i=838 | title=Agner's CPU blog - Test results for AMD Ryzen}}</ref><ref>https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2017/03/amds-moment-of-zen-finally-an-architecture-that-can-compete/2/ "each core now has a pair of 128-bit FMA units of its own"</ref><ref>{{cite conference |url=https://www.hotchips.org/wp-content/uploads/hc_archives/hc28/HC28.23-Tuesday-Epub/HC28.23.90-High-Perform-Epub/HC28.23.930-X86-core-MikeClark-AMD-final_v2-28.pdf#page=7 |title=A New x86 Core Architecture for the Next Generation of Computing |author=Mike Clark |date=August 23, 2016 |publisher=AMD |conference=HotChips 28 |access-date=October 8, 2017 |archive-date=July 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731171730/https://www.hotchips.org/wp-content/uploads/hc_archives/hc28/HC28.23-Tuesday-Epub/HC28.23.90-High-Perform-Epub/HC28.23.930-X86-core-MikeClark-AMD-final_v2-28.pdf#page=7 |url-status=dead }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20161209125020/http://images.anandtech.com/doci/10591/HC28.AMD.Mike%20Clark.final-page-007.jpg page 7]</ref><br/>(Ryzen 2000 series, Threadripper 2000 series)
}}
| [[Advanced Vector Extensions|AVX2]] & [[FMA instruction set|FMA]]<br/>(128-bit, 256-bit decoding)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The microarchitecture of Intel and AMD CPUs |url=https://www.agner.org/optimize/microarchitecture.pdf}}</ref>
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| [[Advanced Vector Extensions|AVX2]] & [[FMA instruction set|FMA]] (256-bit)
| 16 || 32 || 0
▲|-
▲|-
|{{ublist|
|AMD [[Zen 4]]<br/>(Ryzen 7000 series, Threadripper 7000 series, Epyc [[Epyc|Genoa]],[[Epyc|Bergamo]], [[Epyc|Siena]])
}}
| [[Advanced Vector Extensions|AVX-512]] & [[FMA instruction set|FMA]] (256-bit)
| 16 || 32 || 0
|-
|{{ublist|
|AMD [[Zen 5]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://community.amd.com/t5/server-processors/leadership-hpc-performance-with-5th-generation-amd-epyc/ba-p/739498 | title=Leadership HPC Performance with 5th Generation AMD EPYC Processors}}</ref><br/>(Ryzen 9000 series, Threadripper 9000 series, Epyc [[Epyc|Turin]])
}}
| [[Advanced Vector Extensions|AVX-512]] & [[FMA instruction set|FMA]] (512-bit)
| 32 || 64 || 0
|-
! colspan="5" |ARM CPU
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|[[ENIAC]] @ 100 kHz in 1945
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|0.
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==Performance records==
===Single computer records===
The [[NEC SX-2]], a [[supercomputer]] developed by [[NEC]] in 1983, achieved gigaFLOPS (GFLOPS) performance with 1.3 [[billion]] FLOPS.<ref>{{Cite web |title=【NEC】 SX-1, SX-2 |url=https://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/super/0008.html |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=IPSJ Computer Museum |publisher=[[Information Processing Society of Japan]]}}</ref>
In June 1997, [[Intel]]'s [[ASCI Red]] was the world's first computer to achieve one teraFLOPS and beyond. Sandia director Bill Camp said that ASCI Red had the best reliability of any supercomputer ever built, and "was supercomputing's high-water mark in longevity, price, and performance".<ref name="jacobsequity.com">{{cite web |title=Sandia's ASCI Red, world's first teraflop supercomputer, is decommissioned |url=http://www.jacobsequity.com/ASCI%20Red%20Supercomputer.pdf |access-date=November 17, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105131112/http://www.jacobsequity.com/ASCI%20Red%20Supercomputer.pdf |archive-date=November 5, 2010 }}</ref>
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|-
| 1964
| $2.
| ${{Inflation|US|2.3|1964|r=3|fmt=c}}B
| Base model [[CDC 6600]] price: $6,891,300.
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|-
| {{sort|2012/08|August 2012}}
| 75
| ${{Inflation|US|.75|2012|r=2|fmt=c}}
| Quad [[Radeon HD 7000 series|AMD Radeon 7970]] System
| A quad [[AMD]] [[Radeon HD 7000 series|Radeon 7970]] desktop computer reaching 16 TFLOPS of single-precision, 4 TFLOPS of double-precision computing performance. Total system cost was $3000; built using only commercially available hardware.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.overclock3d.net/reviews/gpu_displays/hd7970_quadfire_eyefinity_review/12 |title=HD7970 Quadfire Eyefinity Review |date=January 9, 2012 |website=OC3D.net |author=Tom Logan}}</ref>
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|-
| {{sort|2017/07|June 2017}}
| 6
| {{Inflation|US|6.00|2017|r=2|fmt=c}}¢
| [[Zen (first generation)|AMD Ryzen 7 1700]] & [[Radeon Pro|AMD Radeon Vega Frontier Edition]] system
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* [[Moore's law]]
* [[Multiply–accumulate operation]]
* [[Performance per watt#FLOPS per watt|Performance per watt § FLOPS per watt]]
* [[SPECfp]]
* [[SPECint]]
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