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The term is used for two different things:
# In [[computer science]], '''in-memory processing''', also called '''compute-in-memory''' (CIM), or '''processing-in-memory''' (PIM), is a [[computer architecture]] in which data operations are available directly on the data memory, rather than having to be transferred to [[Central processing unit|CPU]] registers first.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghose |first=S. |date=November 2019 |title=Processing-in-memory: A workload-driven perspective |url=https://www.pdl.cmu.edu/PDL-FTP/associated/19ibmjrd_pim.pdf |journal=IBM Journal of Research and Development |volume=63 |issue=6 |pages=3:1–19|doi=10.1147/JRD.2019.2934048 |s2cid=202025511 }}</ref> This may improve the [[Electric power|power usage]] and [[Computer performance|performance]] of moving data between the processor and the main memory.
# In [[software engineering]], '''in-memory processing''' is a [[software architecture]] where a database is kept entirely in [[random-access memory]] (RAM) or [[flash memory]] so that usual accesses, in particular read or query operations, do not require access to [[disk storage]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=Hao|last=Zhang|author2=Gang Chen|author3=Beng Chin Ooi|author4=Kian-Lee Tan|author5=Meihui Zhang|title=In-Memory Big Data Management and Processing: A Survey|journal=IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering|date=July 2015|volume=27|issue=7|pages=1920–1948|doi=10.1109/TKDE.2015.2427795|bibcode=2015ITKDE..27.1920Z |doi-access=free}}</ref> This may allow faster data operations such as "joins", and faster reporting and decision-making in business.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Plattner|first1=Hasso|last2=Zeier|first2=Alexander|title=In-Memory Data Management: Technology and Applications|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9783642295744|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HySCgzCApsEC&q=%22in-memory%22|language=en}}</ref>
Extremely large datasets may be divided between co-operating systems as in-memory [[data grid]]s.
==Hardware (PIM)==
PIM could be implemented by:<ref>{{cite web |title=Processing-in-Memory Course: Lecture 1: Exploring the PIM Paradigm for Future Systems - Spring 2022 | website=[[YouTube]] | date=10 March 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-sEqnOmDT4 |language=en}}</ref>
* Processing-using-Memory (PuM)
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In-memory processing techniques are frequently used by modern smartphones and tablets to improve application performance. This can result in speedier app loading times and more enjoyable user experiences.
* In-memory processing may be used by gaming consoles such as the [[PlayStation]] and [[Xbox]] to improve game speed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Park |first=Kate |date=2023-07-27 |title=Samsung extends cut in memory chip production, will focus on high-end AI chips instead |url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/07/27/samsung-extends-cut-in-memory-chip-production-will-focus-on-high-end-ai-chips-instead/ |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=July 2024}} Rapid data access is critical for providing a smooth game experience.
* Certain wearable devices, like smartwatches and fitness trackers, may incorporate in-memory processing to swiftly process sensor data and provide real-time feedback to users. Several commonplace gadgets use in-memory processing to improve performance and responsiveness.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tan |first1=Kian-Lee |last2=Cai |first2=Qingchao |last3=Ooi |first3=Beng Chin |last4=Wong |first4=Weng-Fai |last5=Yao |first5=Chang |last6=Zhang |first6=Hao |date=2015-08-12 |title=In-memory Databases: Challenges and Opportunities From Software and Hardware Perspectives |url=https://doi.org/10.1145/2814710.2814717 |journal=ACM SIGMOD Record |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=35–40 |doi=10.1145/2814710.2814717 |s2cid=14238437 |issn=0163-5808|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* In-memory processing is used by smart TVs to enhance interface navigation and content delivery. It is used in digital cameras for real-time image processing, filtering, and effects.<ref>{{Cite book
* In-memory processing is also used by embedded systems in appliances and high-end digital cameras for efficient data handling. Through in-memory processing techniques, certain IoT devices prioritize fast data processing and response times.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is processing in memory (PIM) and how does it work? |url=https://www.techtarget.com/searchbusinessanalytics/definition/processing-in-memory-PIM |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=Business Analytics |language=en}}</ref>
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