SIESTA (computer program): Difference between revisions

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{{redirect|SIESTA|other uses|Siesta (disambiguation)}}

{{Infobox software

'''SIESTA''' ('''Spanish Initiative for Electronic Simulations with Thousands of Atoms''') is an original method and a software implementation for performing [[electronic structure]] calculations and [[ab initio]] [[molecular dynamics]] simulations of [[molecules]] and solids.

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| released = {{Start date and age|1996|df=yes}}

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| latest release version = 5.4.0<ref>{{cite web|url=https://siesta-project.org/siesta/news/2025/05/28/release-5.4.0/|title=Release of Siesta-5.4.0}}</ref>

| latest release date = {{Start date and age|2025|05|28|df=yes}}

| repo = {{URL|https://gitlab.com/siesta-project/siesta/}}

| qid = Q7390304

| programming language = [[Fortran]]

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| language = English

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| genre = [[Computational Chemistry]]

| license = [[GPLv3]]

| website = {{URL|siesta-project.org}}

| AsOf = 2025

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'''SIESTA''' ('''Spanish Initiative for Electronic Simulations with Thousands of Atoms''') is an original method and its computer program implementation, to efficiently perform [[electronic structure]] calculations and [[ab initio]] [[molecular dynamics]] simulations of [[molecules]] and solids. SIESTA uses strictly localized basis sets and the implementation of [[linear-scaling algorithms]]. Accuracy and speed can be set in a wide range, from quick exploratory calculations to highly accurate simulations matching the quality of other approaches, such as the [[Plane wave expansion method|plane-wave]] and [[all-electron methods]].

Starting in the Spring of 2016, with the 4.0 version, SIESTA is released under the terms of the [[GPL]] open-source license. Source packages and access to the development versions can be obtained from the [https://launchpad.net/siesta new development and distribution platform].

SIESTA's [[backronym]] is the Spanish Initiative for Electronic Simulations with Thousands of Atoms.

StartingSince in13 the Spring ofMay 2016, with the 4.0 version announcement, SIESTA is released under the terms of the [[GPL]] open-source license. Source packages and access to the development versions can be obtained from the [[DevOps]] platform on [[GitLab]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://launchpadgitlab.netcom/siesta new-project/siesta/|title=SIESTA development andplatform distributionon platform]GitLab.}}</ref> The latest version, Siesta 5.4.0, was released on 28 May 2025.

== Features ==

SIESTA has these main characteristics are:

* It uses the standard [[Kohn–Sham equations|Kohn-Sham]] selfconsistentself-consistent [[Density functional theory|density functionafunctional]]<nowiki/>l method in the [[Local-density approximation|local density]] (LDA-LSD) and generalized gradient (GGA) approximations, as well as in a non -local functionalfunction that includes [[van der Waals interactions]] (VDW-DF).

* It uses norm-conserving [[Pseudopotential|pseudopotentialspseudopotential]]s in their fully nonlocalnon-local (Kleinman-Bylander) form.

* It uses [[Atomicatomic orbital|atomic orbitals]]s as a basis set, allowing unlimited multiple-zeta and angular momenta, polarization, and off-site orbitals. The radial shape of every orbital is numerical, and any shape can be used and provided by the user, with the only condition that it has to be of finite support, i.e., it has to be strictly zero beyond a user-provided distance from the corresponding nucleus. Finite-support basis sets are the key forto calculating the Hamiltonian and overlap matrices in O(N) operations.

* Projects the electron wavefunctionswave functions and density onto a real-space grid in order to calculate the Hartree and exchange-correlation potentials and their matrix elements.

* Besides the standard [[Rayleigh–Ritz method|Rayleigh-Ritz eigenstate method]], it allows the use of localized linear combinations of the occupied orbitals (valence-bond or Wannier-like functions), making the computer time and memory scale linearly with the number of atoms. Simulations with several hundred atoms are feasible with modest workstations.

* It is written in [[Fortran 95]] and memory is allocated dynamically.

* It may be compiled for serial or parallel execution (under MPI parallelization, OpenMP threading, and GPU offloading).

SIESTA routinely provides:

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* Stress tensor.

* Electric dipole moment.

* Atomic, orbital, and bond populations ([[Mulliken population analysis|Mulliken]]).

* Electron density.

And also (though not all options are compatible):

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* Constant-temperature molecular dynamics (Nose thermostat).

* Variable cell dynamics (Parrinello-Rahman).

* [[Spin polarization|Spin -polarized]] calculations (collinear or not).

* k-sampling of the [[Brillouin zone]].

* LocalThe local and orbital-projected [[density of states]].

* COOP and COHP curves for chemical bonding analysis.

* [[Dielectric polarization]].

* Vibrations (phonons).

* [[Electronic band structure|Band structure]].

* Ballistic electron transport under non-equilibrium (through TranSIESTA)

* Density functional Bogoliubov-de Gennes theory for superconductors

== Strengths of SIESTA ==

SIESTA's main strengths are:

# '''Flexible code'''accuracy inand accuracyspeed.

# It can tackle '''computationally demanding systems'''  (systems currently out of the reach of plane-wave codes).{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

# '''High efficient'''Efficient parallelization.

The use of a linear combination of numerical atomic orbitals makes SIESTA a flexible and efficient DFT code. SIESTA is able tocan produce very fast calculations with small basis sets, allowing computingthe computation of systems with a thousandthousands of atoms. At the same timeAlternatively, the use of more complete and accurate bases allows to achieveachieves accuracies comparable to those of standard plane waveswave calculations, stillwith atcompetitive an advantageous computational costperformance.

# '''Professional support and warranty'''

The use of linear combination of numerical atomic orbitals makes SIESTA a flexible and efficient DFT code. SIESTA is able to produce very fast calculations with small basis sets, allowing computing systems with a thousand of atoms. At the same time, the use of more complete and accurate bases allows to achieve accuracies comparable to those of standard plane waves calculations, still at an advantageous computational cost.

== Implemented Solutions ==

SIESTA is in continuous development since it was implemented in 1996. The main solutions implemented in the current version are:

* Collinear and non-collinear spin polarized-polarised calculations

* Efficient implementation of Van der Waals functional

* [[Wannier function]] implementation

* TranSIESTA/TBTrans module (NEW!with Inany versionnumber 4.of electrodes N>=1)

* On-site Coulomb corrections (DFT+U) (NEW! In version 4.1)

* Description of strongstrongly localized electrons, transition metal oxides

* [[Spin-orbit coupling]] (SOC) (NEW! In version 4.1)

* Topological insulator, semiconductor structures, and quantum-transport calculations

* NEB (Nudged Elastic Band) (interfacing  with [https://github.com/siesta-project/flos LUA]) (NEW! In version 4.1)

== Solutions under development    ==

* [[GW approximation]]

* Time Dependent DFT ([[TDDFT]])

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* Band unfolding

* Poisson solver in real space

== Post-processing tools ==

Several post-processing tools for SIESTA have been developed. These programs process SIESTA output or provide additional features.

== Applications ==

Since its implementation, SIESTA has been used by researchers in geosciences, biology, and engineering (extending beyond materials physics and chemistry) and has been applied to a large variety of systems including surfaces, adsorbates, nanotubes, nanoclusters, biological molecules, amorphous semiconductors, ferroelectric films, low-dimensional metals, etc.<ref>Mashaghi A et al. Hydration strongly affects the molecular and electronic structure of membrane phospholipids J. Chem. Phys. 136, 114709 (2012) [http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/jcp/136/11/10.1063/1.3694280]</ref><ref>Mashaghi A et al. Interfacial Water Facilitates Energy Transfer by Inducing Extended Vibrations in Membrane Lipids, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2012, 116 (22), pp 6455–6460 [http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jp302478a]</ref><ref>Mashaghi A et al. Enhanced Autoionization of Water at Phospholipid Interfaces. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2013, 117 (1), pp 510–514 [http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jp3119617]</ref>

== See also ==

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==References==

* {{Cite journal|doi=10.1063/5.0005077|title=Siesta: Recent developments and applications|year=2020|last1=García|first1=Alberto|last2=Papior|first2=Nick|last3=Akhtar|first3=Arsalan|last4=Artacho|first4=Emilio|last5=Blum|first5=Volker|last6=Bosoni|first6=Emanuele|last7=Brandimarte|first7=Pedro|last8=Brandbyge|first8=Mads|last9=Cerdá|first9=J.I.|last10=Corsetti|first10=Fabiano|last11=Cuadrado|first11=Ramón|last12=Dikan|first12=Vladimir|last13=Ferrer|first13=Jaime|last14=Gale|first14=Julian|last15=García-Fernández|first15=Pablo|last16=García-Suárez|first16=V.M.|last17=García|first17=Sandra|last18=Huhs|first18=Georg|last19=Illera|first19=Sergio|last20=Korytár|first20=Richard|last21=Koval|first21=Peter|last22=Lebedeva|first22=Irina|last23=Lin|first23=Lin|last24=López-Tarifa|first24=Pablo|last25=G. Mayo|first25=Sara|last26=Mohr|first26=Stephan|last27=Ordejón|first27=Pablo|last28=Postnikov|first28=Andrei|last29=Pouillon|first29=Yann|last30=Pruneda|first30=Miguel|last31=Robles|first31=Roberto|last32=Sánchez-Portal|first32=Daniel|last33=Soler|first33=Jose M.|last34=Ullah|first34=Rafi|last35=Yu|first35=Victor Wen-zhe|last36=Junquera|first36=Javier|journal=Journal of Chemical Physics|volume=152|issue=20|pages=204108|pmid=32486661 |hdl=10902/20680|s2cid=219179270 |hdl-access=free|arxiv=2006.01270}} Postprint is available at {{hdl|10261/213028}}.

* {{Cite journal|doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.61.13639|title=Systematic ab initio study of the electronic and magnetic properties of different pure and mixed iron systems|year=2000|last1=Izquierdo|first1=J.|last2=Vega|first2=A.|last3=Balbás|first3=L.|last4=Sánchez-Portal|first4=Daniel|last5=Junquera|first5=Javier|last6=Artacho|first6=Emilio|last7=Soler|first7=Jose|last8=Ordejón|first8=Pablo|journal=Physical Review B|volume=61|issue=20|pages=13639|bibcode = 2000PhRvB..6113639I }}

* {{Cite journal|doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.63.172406|title=All-electron and pseudopotential study of the spin-polarization of the V(001) surface: LDA versus GGA|year=2001|last1=Robles|first1=R.|last2=Izquierdo|first2=J.|last3=Vega|first3=A.|last4=Balbás|first4=L.|journal=Physical Review B|volume=63|issue=17|pages=172406|arxiv = cond-mat/0012064 |bibcode = 2001PhRvB..63q2406R |s2cid=17632035 }}

*{{cite journal | url = http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/0953-8984/14/11/302/ | title = The SIESTA method for ''ab initio'' order-''N'' materials simulation | journal = Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter | last1 = Soler | first1 = José M. | volume = 14 | pages = 2745–2779 | year = 2002 | doi = 10.1088/0953-8984/14/11/302 | format = abstract |arxiv = cond-mat/0104182 |bibcode = 2002JPCM...14.2745S | last2 = Artacho | first2 = Emilio | last3 = Gale | first3 = Julian D | last4 = García | first4 = Alberto | last5 = Junquera | first5 = Javier | last6 = Ordejón | first6 = Pablo | last7 = Sánchez-Portal | first7 = Daniel | issue = 11 | s2cid = 250812001 }}

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://wwwsiesta-project.icmab.es/siestaorg/ SIESTA website]

* [http://www.home.uni-osnabrueck.de/apostnik/Lectures/SIESTA-tuto.pdf SIESTA tutorial] - an introduction to SIESTA, addressing the tasks for which SIESTA is better suited than other ab initio codes.

* [https://launchpadgitlab.netcom/siesta-project/siesta/ Download SIESTA]

* [httphttps://www.simunesimuneatomistics.eucom Professional support for SIESTA]

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