Modular crate electronics: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Electronic used in particle generators}}

{{refimprove|date=September 2013}}

[[File:Short Nuclear Instrumentation Crate - side view.jpg|thumb|A NIM Crate with various modules]]

'''Modular crate electronics''' are a general type of electronics and support infrastructure commonly used for trigger electronics and data acquisition in [[particle detector]]s. These types of electronics are common in such detectors because all the electronic pathways are made by discrete physical cables connecting together logic blocks on the fronts of modules. This allows circuits to be designed, built, tested, and deployed very quickly (in days or weeks) as an experiment is being put together. Then the modules can all be removed and used again when the experiment is done.

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Some modules just draw power from the backplane connectors and have all of their data inputs and outputs on the front plate. Other modules take inputs or controls to and from the backplane or have their behavior controlled from the backplane. Some types of modules have active circuitry inside them, and act almost as small computers; others are not stateful at all and are only dumb single components.

== Types of Cratecrate Systemssystems ==

There are fournumber mainof types of modular crate electronic systems used on particle physics experiments.

=== RENATRAN ===

The very first standard for crate electronics was Renatran, which itself was derived from the Esone Standard published in 1964.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Renatran Basic Functional Units|year=1967|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/TNS.1967.4324413|last1=Fabre|first1=R.|last2=Gallice|first2=P.|last3=Raoult|first3=N.|last4=Robin|first4=G.|journal=IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science|volume=14|issue=1|pages=170–188|bibcode=1967ITNS...14..170F}}</ref> This standard was in use mainly in France in nuclear research.

The Renatran system consisted of a 5U rackable crate that could accept up to 8 single-width or up to 4 double width plug-in units, with the backplane supplying several power rails, as well as serial and parallel communications between modules, and between the rack and external equipment such as printers and computers.

Each plug-in units had the dials, indicators and connectors on the front, and a single screw-mated 24 pin connector (Souriau 8196-17, no longer produced) on the rear to connect to the back-plane. Certain units had additional connectors on the rear, either doubled from the front panel for a more permanent installation, or extra ports for specific purposes, such as daisy chaining counting modules or linking level comparators together. A plug-in unit generally accomplished a single task, such as giving out a clock signal, inverting signal polarity, attenuating or amplifying signals, and more.

=== NIM ===

The earliestsimplest and simplestone of the earliest crate module standard is the [[Nuclear Instrumentation Module|NIM (Nuclear Instrumentation Module)]] standard. A NIM crate only has power on the backplane, there is no data bus or data connectors. The NIM backplane connector is an irregular arrangement of individual pins into sockets in the crate. NIM modules typically have multiple single logic blocks on the front with both inputs and outputs on the front panel. A typical NIM module might be, say, four discriminators on the front panel, or three AND gates. NIM modules can be [[hot swap]]ped, since there are no data connectors at the back.

=== CAMAC ===

A later crate standard is [[Computer Automated Measurement and Control|Computer Automated Measurement and Control, or CAMAC]].<ref>{{cite web|title=AN INTRODUCTION TO CAMAC|url=http://www-esd.fnal.gov/esd/catalog/intro/introcam.htm|publisher=FNAL|accessdate=21 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923050041/http://www-esd.fnal.gov/esd/catalog/intro/introcam.htm|archive-date=23 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> CAMAC modules are much thinner than NIM modules. The backplane connector of a CAMAC module is a card-edge connector; because of the possibilities of mis-aligning the connectors upon plugin, CAMAC modules are NOT [[hot swap]]pable. The CAMAC backplane contains a signaling protocol for the crate controller to set the values of registers in modules (for configuration) and to read values of registers (for data acquisition). Due to the slowness of the data communication along the backplane, once FASTBUS was invented, CAMAC modules were mostly used for modules that needed to be computer-configured but not for data acquisition.

=== FASTBUS ===

[[FASTBUS]]<ref name="FNAL intro to Fastbus">{{cite web|title=AN INTRODUCTION TO FASTBUS|url=http://www-esd.fnal.gov/esd/catalog/intro/introfb.htm|publisher=FNAL|accessdate=21 September 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923010620/http://www-esd.fnal.gov/esd/catalog/intro/introfb.htm|archivedate=23 September 2013}}</ref> is a crate/module standard developed later than the other two for high-speed parallel data acquisition.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Barsotti |first1=Edward J. |title="FASTBUS" - A DESCRIPTION, A STATUS REPORT, AND A SUMMARY OF ONGOING PROJECTS |url=https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/13/651/13651016.pdf |publisher=FNAL |accessdate=22 August 2018 |date=1981}}</ref> Rather than individual components, FASTBUS modules tend to be data acquisition modules with many input connectors on the front, while the stored data is read out on the backplane. The connectors on the back of a FASTBUS module are 2two parallel pin sockets on the module and pins sticking out of the backplane. The main connector in a fastbusFASTBUS crate covers about the bottom 2/3 of the module. There is also an upper connector that consists of pass-through pins to the back side of the backplane; this allows custom modules to be plugged in there.

FastbusFASTBUS modules are much taller than the other types of crate modules, so the crates are correspondingly taller.

The FASTBUS backplane is a full data bus where any module could negotiate to be master of the bus to send or receive data.

=== VME ===

[[Image:VMEbus.jpg|thumb|right|VME64 crate with, from left, an ADC module, a scaler module and a processor module]]

[[VMEbus|VME]] (VMEbus) is a bus originally designed to provide an expansion bus for the Motorola 68000 series processor, but it also became a module electronics crate standard. The first editions of VME are three pins wide with pin sockets on the modules and pins on the backplane. In later editions, the physical standard expanded the connectors with two more rows of pins/sockets on the edges for grounding.

VME is mostly designed as a computer bus, so its modules are largely data acquisition modules, not modular electronics.

=== PXI ===

PCI eXtensions for Instrumentation ([[PXI]]) is one of several modular electronic instrumentation platforms in current use. These platforms are used as a basis for building electronic test equipment, automation systems, and modular laboratory instruments.

===AdvancedTCA===

The [[Advanced Telecommunications Computing Architecture|Advanced Telecom Computing Architecture]] is an open standard for crates.

Additionally to power supply and data buses, it also defines a management infrastructure.

This allows to perform an array of maintenance task remotely.

The standard is governed by the [[PICMG]] consortium.

<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.picmg.org/openstandards/advancedtca/|title=PICMG &#124; AdvancedTCA}}</ref>

The requirements for cards to be used in AdvancedTCA crates, are called [[Advanced Mezzanine Card]]s (AMCs) and are specified independently in their own standard.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.picmg.org/openstandards/advanced-mezzanine-card/|title=PICMG &#124; Advanced MC®}}</ref>

===MicroTCA===

[[MicroTCA]] is an open, modular standard, based upon [[Advanced Telecommunications Computing Architecture|AdvancedTCA]], but with a smaller form factor.

Initially developed for applications in telecommunications, it has since outgrown its initial purpose by developing modules for military, aerospace and scientific use.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.picmg.org/openstandards/microtca/|title=PICMG &#124; MicroTCA}}</ref>

As AdvancedTCA, it uses [[Advanced Mezzanine Card|AMCs]], which makes cards interchangeable between those two.

==See also==

* [[Bus (computing)]]

* [[Blade server]]

==References==