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{{Short description|
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
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The DRDO was established in 1958 by combining the Defence Science Organisation and some of the technical development establishments. A separate Department of Defence Research and Development was formed in 1980, which later administered DRDO and its almost 30 laboratories and establishments (there were almost 52 labs before merging). Most of the time, the Defence Research and Development Organisation was treated as if it were a vendor and the Army Headquarters or the Air Force Headquarters were the customers. Because the Army and the [[Indian Air Force|Air Force]] themselves did not have any design or construction responsibility, they tended to treat the designer or Indian industry at par with their corresponding designer in the world market. If they could get a [[MiG-21]] from the world market, they wanted a MiG-21 from DRDO.{{cn|date=September 2023}}
Beginning in the 1970s, the Indian Air Force launched a
DRDO started its first major project in [[surface-to-air missile]]s (SAM) known as [[Project Indigo]] in the 1960s. Indigo was discontinued in later years without achieving full success. Project Indigo led [[Project Devil]], along with Project Valiant, to develop short-range SAM and [[ICBM]] in the 1970s. Project Devil itself led to the later development of the [[Prithvi (missile)|Prithvi]] missile under the [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme]] (IGMDP) in the 1980s. IGMDP was an Indian [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] programme between the early 1980s and 2007 for the development of a comprehensive range of missiles, including the [[Agni missile]], Prithvi ballistic missile, [[Akash missile]], [[Trishul missile]] and [[Nag Missile]]. In 2010, the defence minister [[A. K. Antony]] ordered the restructuring of the DRDO to give a major boost to defence research in the country and to ensure effective participation of the private sector in defence technology. The key measures to make DRDO effective in its functioning include the establishment of a Defence Technology Commission with the defence minister as its chairman.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defencetalk.com/mod-announces-major-drdo-restructuring-plan-26384/ |title=MoD Announces Major DRDO Restructuring Plan | Defence & Security News at DefenceTalk |publisher=Defencetalk.com |date=17 May 2010 |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129020637/http://www.defencetalk.com/mod-announces-major-drdo-restructuring-plan-26384/ |archive-date=29 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defpro.com/news/details/15208/ |title=defence.professionals |publisher=defpro.com |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515212759/http://www.defpro.com/news/details/15208/ |archive-date=15 May 2011}}</ref> The programmes which were largely managed by DRDO have seen considerable success with many of the systems seeing rapid deployment as well as yielding significant technological benefits. Since its establishment, DRDO has created other major systems and critical technologies such as aircraft avionics, [[UAV]]s, small arms, artillery systems, EW Systems, tanks and armoured vehicles, sonar systems, command and control systems and missile systems.
In 2024, DRDO tested India's first long-range [[Hypersonic weapon|hypersonic missile]], that is able to carry conventional and [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear]] warheads to a distance exceeding 1,500 km at a 3 km per second speed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rout |first=Hemant Kumar |date=2024-12-01 |title=India first to develop long-range hypersonic missile: Defence experts |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2024/Dec/01/india-first-to-develop-long-range-hypersonic-missile-defence-experts |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In June 2025, DRDO put forward an offer for 28 of its designed and developed weapon systems for emergency procurement to the Indian Armed Forces, which included various types of DRDO designed and developed missiles and ammunition.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=23 June 2025 |title=DRDO offers 28 indigenous weapon systems to Army for emergency procurement |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/drdo-offers-28-indigenous-weapon-systems-to-army-for-emergency-procurement-125062301073_1.html |access-date=26 June 2025 |website=Business Standard}}</ref> DRDO also gave the names of the agencies that produce the 28 products from which the Indian Armed Forces can procure the weapon systems.<ref name=":4" /> On August 23, 2025, DRDO successfully conducted the maiden flight test of the Integrated Air Defence Weapon System (IADWS) off the Odisha [[File:DRDO Integrated Air Defence Weapon System (IADWS) maiden flight test, Odisha, August 2025.webm|thumb|Maiden flight-tests of the Integrated Air Defence Weapon System (IADWS) conducted by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) off the coast of Odisha in August 2025.]] This multi-layered air defence platform integrates indigenous components such as QRSAM, VSHORADS, and a Directed Energy Weapon.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-24 |title='Multi-layered shield': India successfully tests maiden flight of Integrated Air Defence Weapon system; watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/multi-layered-defence-shield-india-successfully-tests-maiden-flight-of-integrated-air-defence-weapon-system-watch/articleshow/123480411.cms |access-date=2025-08-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
=== Plans for reforms ===
The [[Government of India]] has plans to overhaul and reform DRDO, and a committee was formed in 2023<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/panel-formed-for-restructuring-and-redefining-role-of-drdo/article67227736.ece | title=Panel formed for 'restructuring and redefining' role of DRDO | date=23 August 2023 }}</ref> to suggest reforms and overhauls.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sagar |first=Pradip R. |date=2024-10-03 |title=DRDO rejig hits internal huddle: What's delaying this key Modi govt reform |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/drdo-rejig-hits-internal-huddle-whats-delaying-this-key-narendra-modi-govt-reform-2610664-2024-10-03 |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |
=== DRDO 2.0 ===
Under the new strategy known as DRDO 2.0, which aims to prepare India for the next era of warfare, DRDO is shifting its focus from the development of conventional weapons to next-generation technologies like [[Directed-energy weapon|directed energy weapons]], [[photonics]], [[quantum systems]], and [[artificial intelligence]], according to Director General for Electronics & Communication Systems Dr. B.K. Das. While DRDO remains committed in a limited capacity, offering 10 to 20 percent support, it is turning over most of the development and manufacturing of conventional systems to the private sector from 2025. While allowing industrial partners to increase production, DRDO will focus on long-term strategic research.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=2025-07-01 |title=DRDO 2.0: From lasers to AI, top defence R&D official shares the big 'pizza' plan for India's next-gen warfare |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/drdo-2-0-from-lasers-to-ai-top-defence-rd-official-shares-the-big-pizza-plan-for-indias-next-gen-warfare/articleshow/122176893.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-07-06 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
== Organisation ==
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|Directed Energy Technologies, Robotics, Cognitive Technologies
|-
|DRDO-Industry-Academia Center of Excellence (DIA-CoE), [[IIT Delhi]] (previously Joint Advanced Technology Centre)<ref>{{Cite web
|Delhi, National Capital Territory of Delhi
|Advanced Ballistics and Protection, Advanced Electromagnetic Devices and Terahertz technologies, Brain Computer Interface and Brain Machine Intelligence, Photonic Technologies, Plasmonics, Laser and Quantum Photonics, and Smart & Intelligent Textile Technologies.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shukla |first=Ajai |date=27 September 2024 |title=DRDO-IIT Delhi partnership develops lightweight bullet-proof jackets |url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/drdo-iit-delhi-partnership-develops-light-wieght-bullet-proof-jackets-124092601039_1.html |access-date=5 October 2024 |work=Business Standard}}</ref>
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== Technology Development Fund (TDF) Scheme ==
On 11 December 2024, under == Industry linkages, technology transfer and indigenisation ==
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During the Vibrant Goa Global Expo and Summit 2019 in October, DRDO signed [[technology transfer]] contracts with [[Make in India|16 Indian companies]], including 3 startups, to produce products for use by the [[Indian Armed Forces]].<ref name=mind2/> This included [[Shelf life|high shelf life]], high nutrition, [[Meal, Ready-to-Eat|ready-to-eat]] on-the-go food products to be consumed in the difficult terrain and bad weather.<ref name=mind2>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/drdo-signs-pacts-on-transfer-of-technology-with-16-companies/articleshow/71652198.cms DRDO signs pacts on Transfer of Technology with 16 companies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318211136/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/drdo-signs-pacts-on-transfer-of-technology-with-16-companies/articleshow/71652198.cms |date=18 March 2020 }}, The Economic Times, 18 October 2019.</ref> DRDO and [[ISRO]] have agreed to collaborate in India's crewed orbital spacecraft project called [[Gaganyaan]] during which DRDOs various laboratories will tailor their defence capabilities to suit the needs of ISRO's human space mission with critical human-centric systems and technologies like space grade food, crew healthcare, radiation measurement and protection, parachutes for the safe recovery of the crew module and fire suppression system etc.<ref name=mind6>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isro-drdo-sign-mous-for-gaganyaan-mission/articleshow/71171232.cms ISRO, DRDO sign MoUs for Gaganyaan mission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218134346/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isro-drdo-sign-mous-for-gaganyaan-mission/articleshow/71171232.cms |date=18 February 2020 }}, The Economic Times, 17 September.</ref> [[Kalyani Group]] is developing the [[Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System]].<ref name=mind6/>
DRDO with the [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry]] (FICCI), under the Advance Assessment Technology and Commercialisation Programme, is helping Lakes and Waterways Development Authority (LAWDA) to keep [[Dal Lake]] clean by providing low cost
[[Defence Research and Development Establishment]] (DRDE) which works in the field of [[chemical weapon]], [[biological agent]] detection and research is helping [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] (ICMR) in augmenting diagnostic capability for [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]] outbreak. It has created special hand sanitiser formulation and diagnostic kits following WHO standards and guidelines that are supplied in large numbers to [[civilian]] and defence officials.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/health/coronavirus-drdo-to-help-in-covid-19-detection-and-diagnosis/1887525/|title=Coronavirus: DRDO to help in COVID-19 detection and diagnosis|date=2020-03-03|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-06|archive-date=4 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304164823/https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/health/coronavirus-drdo-to-help-in-covid-19-detection-and-diagnosis/1887525/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/drdo-joins-fight-against-coronavirus-to-make-hand-sanitizer-for-citizens/1906320/|title=DRDO joins fight against Coronavirus: To make hand sanitizer for citizens|date=2020-03-23|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-29|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329153417/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/drdo-joins-fight-against-coronavirus-to-make-hand-sanitizer-for-citizens/1906320/|url-status=live}}</ref> Medical staff all over India dealing with [[Coronavirus]] contamination are using protective waterproof clothing with special sealant used in submarine applications developed by [[Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences|Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences]] (INMAS) for [[CBRN defence]] that is made up of high strength [[polyester]] coated with breathable polymer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/drdo-develops-bio-suits-based-on-sealants-used-in-submarine-applications/article31246509.ece|title=DRDO develops bio-suits based on sealants used in submarine applications|last=Sheth|first=Hemani|website=@businessline|date=3 April 2020|language=en|access-date=2020-04-12|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412102013/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/drdo-develops-bio-suits-based-on-sealants-used-in-submarine-applications/article31246509.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The clothing underwent successful trials at the [[The South India Textile Research Association|South India Textile Research Association]] and exceeds the criteria of currently available suits in the market.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bgr.in/news/drdo-to-mass-produce-bio-suits-for-medical-professionals-fighting-coronavirus-884420/|title=DRDO to make bio suits for healthcare staff to fight COVID-19
Under the Society for Biomedical Technology (SBMT) programme, DEBEL has developed five-layer [[nanomesh]] based N99 masks and is collaborating with Mysore-based [[Larsen & Toubro#Divestments|Skanray Technologies]] for the production of ventilators using currently available technologies with Indian made parts due to unavailability of imports. It is also working on a new multiplexed [[ventilator]] technology that will be able to support several infected individuals on a single ventilator. The prototype development stage is complete and the initial model is now undergoing various improvements suggested by a team of medical researchers and doctors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/special/drdo-developing-ventilator-prototype.html|title=DRDO developing ventilator prototype
DRDO as of 11 April 2020 transferred technologies to 30 major companies to manufacture various non-medicine products against the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] which includes ventilators, sanitiser, [[personal protective equipment]], [[face shield]] and isolation shelters. The technology for the newly developed multiplexed [[ventilator]] came from the onboard oxygen generation system (OBOGS) developed for [[HAL Tejas]]. Private sector players like Raksha Polycoats and Accurate Savan Defence are now producing protective clothing, isolation shelters based on DRDO tech developed for [[High-altitude pulmonary oedema |high altitude pulmonary oedema]] (HAPE) bags, submarine escape the suit and satellite recovery systems. Hyderabad-based [[3D printing|3D]] printing startup [https://www.imake.in/ iMake] with Modern Manufacturers and Kirat Mechanical Engineering from [[Chandigarh]], Wipro 3D from [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] and Global Healthcare from [[Delhi]] are [[3D printing]] visor-based face shields which is an offshoot of the tech developed for [[high-altitude military parachuting]]. Setco from [[Mumbai]] is producing sealants developed for submarines of [[Indian Navy]] at DRDO labs for personal protection equipment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/30-companies-to-manufacture-counter-covid-19-products-with-drdo-technology/article31315458.ece|title=30 companies to manufacture 'counter Covid-19 products' with DRDO technology|last=Ramesh|first=M.|website=@businessline|date=11 April 2020|language=en|access-date=2020-04-12|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411063044/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/30-companies-to-manufacture-counter-covid-19-products-with-drdo-technology/article31315458.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
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[[Research Centre Imarat]] (RCI) and [[Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory]] (TBRL) developed a product called Aerosol Containment Box for enclosure of [[intubation]] procedure made with [[Poly(methyl methacrylate)]]. It is cubical designed for both adults and minors and covers the COVID-19-infected patients during medical examination and treatment from head to chest to stop the transmission of droplets containing the virus to others. [[Employees State Insurance Corporation|Employees' State Insurance Corporation]] Medical College, Hyderabad helped RCI in prototype development while [[Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research]] helped in testing, validation and acceptance of products for medical use. The technology is now transferred to private industries located in [[Chandigarh]] and [[Hyderabad]] for mass manufacturing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/drdo-does-it-again-develops-aerosol-barrier-for-safety-of-medical-professionals/1924554/|title=DRDO does it again! Develops Aerosol Barrier for Safety of Medical Professionals|date=2020-04-10|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-12|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412081411/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/drdo-does-it-again-develops-aerosol-barrier-for-safety-of-medical-professionals/1924554/|url-status=live}}</ref> RCI at DRDO Missile Complex, Hyderabad is now supplying technology of brushless DC motors (BLDC) used for missile actuators and high response [[solenoid valve]]s used in missile control for ventilator pumps that validated the prototype testing stages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/nation/2020/04/04/drdo-missile-scientists-products-covid19-coronavirus.html|title=DRDO's missile scientists churn out products to fight COVID-19|website=OnManorama|language=en|access-date=2020-04-12|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412102011/https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/nation/2020/04/04/drdo-missile-scientists-products-covid19-coronavirus.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
The [[Centre for Fire, Explosive and Environment Safety]] (CFEES) developed two sanitising equipment of 50 litres tank capacity consisting of a portable backpack type that covers an area of 300 metres while another trolley mounted for large area sanitisation of up to 3000 metres by spraying 1% [[hypochlorite]] solution.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/coronavirus-drdo-comes-up-with-more-products-to-tackle-covid-19/article31261371.ece|title=COVID-19
[[Vehicle Research and Development Establishment]] (VRDE) developed a portable disinfection chamber and special face protection mask for [[health professional]] combating the COVID-19 outbreak in India. The personnel decontamination system is equipped with sanitiser and soap dispenser. The full-body decontamination starts using for pedal with an electrically operated pump creating a disinfectant mist of 700-litre of hypo sodium chloride. The system takes 25 seconds for full decontamination with an automatic shut-off procedure and can decontaminate 650 personnel until the next refill. The face mask developed for COVID-19 patients uses the A4 size Over-Head Projection (OHP) film for protection and lightweight materials for long duration comfortable use.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/coronavirus-pandemic-drdo-designs-disinfection-chamber-special-face-mask-5109171.html|title=Coronavirus pandemic
In 2024, 950 transfer of technologies (ToT) of DRDO-developed systems to Indian companies took place, out of which 256 licensing agreements for ToTs were also signed with Indian companies.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=3 January 2025 |title=Several DRDO systems in 'final stages' of user evaluation or development trials: Defence Ministry |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/several-drdo-systems-in-final-stages-of-user-evaluation-or-development-trials-defence-ministry/articleshow/116922933.cms?from=mdr |access-date=26 June 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
=== Development cum Production Partner programme ===
In order to incorporate private enterprises from the very beginning of design and development and promote smoother manufacturing once systems are ready, DRDO has implemented Development cum Production Partner programme (DcPP).<ref name=":7" /> As part of [[Make in India|Make In India]] and [[Atmanirbhar Bharat]]
[[VL-SRSAM]]
[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] on 17 December 2021, secured an order for manufacturing, assembly, integration, testing and supply of [[DRDO Abhyas]] from [[Aeronautical Development Establishment]]. The order will be completed under
On 16 December 2021, [[Ashok Leyland]] signed partnership agreement with [[Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment]]
DRDO on 8 January 2024 launched Ugram, an assault rifle chambered in [[7.62×51mm NATO|7.62x51mm NATO]], which has been designed, developed and manufactured in collaboration with Dvipa Armour India Private Limited under DcPP.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Sushant |date=2024-01-09 |title=DRDO launches 'Ugram', Indigenous assault rifle for armed forces |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/drdo-launches-indigenous-assault-rifle-for-armed-forces-9100894/ |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It's scheduled to be tested by the Indian Army.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kajal |first=Kapil |date=10 January 2024 |title=DRDO develops new assault rifle |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/drdo-develops-new-assault-rifle |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Janes.com |language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111132954/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/drdo-develops-new-assault-rifle|archivedate=2024-01-11}}</ref> [[NASM-SR]] is manufactured by [[Adani Enterprises#Adani Defence & Aerospace|Adani Defence & Aerospace]] under DcPP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Missiles
In June 2025, [[Reliance Infrastructure]] become India's first private sector company to design and develop four categories of a next generation 155mm artillery ammunition,
== Heads of DRDO ==
List of Director Generals (1948–2015) and
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|- style="background:#cccccc"
! scope="col" style="width: 20px;" | S.No
! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | Name
! scope="col" style="width: 50px;" | Assumed office
! scope="col" style="width: 50px;" | Left office
! scope="col" style="width: 300px;" | Notes
|-
| colspan="5" |'''Director General DRDO'''
|-
|1
|[[Daulat Singh Kothari]]
|1948
|1961
|First DG and longest serving head of DRDO.
|-
|2
|[[Suri Bhagavantam]]
|1961
|1969
|
|-
|3
|[[Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri|B. D. Nag Chaudhuri]]
|1970
|1974
|Later Vice Chancellor of [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]].
|-
|4
|[[M. G. K. Menon]]
|1974
|1978
|Later [[Ministry_of_Earth_Sciences#Ministers_of_State|Minister of State for Earth Sciences]].
|-
|5
|[[Raja Ramanna]]
|1978
|1982
|Later [[Minister_of_Defence_(India)#Ministers_of_state|Minister of State for Defence]].
|-
|6
|[[V. S. R. Arunachalam]]
|1982
|1992
|
|-
|7
|[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
|1992
|1999
|Later [[President of India]].
|-
|8
|[[V. K. Aatre]]
|1999
|2004
|
|-
|9
|[[List of Indian scientists|M. Natarajan]]
|2004
|2009
|-
|10
|[[V. K. Saraswat]]
|2009
|2013
|Current Member of [[NITI Aayog]].
|-
|11
|[[Avinash Chander (DRDO)|Avinash Chander]]
|2013
|2015
|
|-
| colspan="5" |'''Chairman DRDO'''
|-
|12
|[[S. Christopher]]
|2015
|2018
|
|-
|13
|[[G. Satheesh Reddy|G.Satheesh Reddy]]
|2018
|2022
|-
|14
|Samir V. Kamat
|2022
|Present
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-25 |title=Samir V Kamat Appointed New DRDO Chief; G Satheesh Reddy Named Scientific Adviser To Defence Minister |url=https://english.jagran.com/india/samir-v-kamat-appointed-new-drdo-chief-g-satheesh-reddy-named-scientific-adviser-to-defence-minister-10048081 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=English Jagran |language=en |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005070257/https://english.jagran.com/india/samir-v-kamat-appointed-new-drdo-chief-g-satheesh-reddy-named-scientific-adviser-to-defence-minister-10048081 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}
== See also ==
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* [[National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology]] - Taiwan
* [[Rafael Advanced Defense Systems]] - Israel
* [[Rudrastra]]
* [[Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet]]
* [[Swedish Defence Research Agency]] - Sweden
| |||