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[[File:QR code for mobile English Wikipedia.svg|thumb|A QR code for the [[URL]] of the [[English Wikipedia]] Mobile main page|alt=A QR code for the URL of the English Wikipedia Mobile main page]]
A '''QR code,''' short for '''quick-response code''',<ref>{{cite interview |last=Hara |first=Masahiro |subject-link=Masahiro Hara |interviewer-last=Muller |interviewer-first=Derek
Whereas a barcode is a machine-readable optical image that contains information specific to the labeled item, the QR code contains the data for a locator, an identifier, and web-tracking. To store data efficiently, QR codes use four standardized modes of encoding: [[Number|numeric]], [[Alphanumericals|alphanumeric]], [[Byte pair encoding|byte]] or [[Binary number|binary]], and [[kanji]].<ref name="QRCodefeatures">{{cite web |url=http://www.qrcode.com/en/qrfeature.html |title=QR Code features |publisher=Denso-Wave |access-date=3 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129064920/http://www.qrcode.com/en/qrfeature.html |archive-date=2013-01-29}}</ref>
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* January 1999{{spaced ndash}}[[Japanese Industrial Standards|JIS]] X 0510
* June 2000{{spaced ndash}}[[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]]/[[International Electrotechnical Commission|IEC]] 18004:2000 ''Information technology{{spaced ndash}}Automatic identification and data capture techniques{{spaced ndash}}Bar code symbology{{spaced ndash}}QR code'' (now withdrawn)<br /> Defines QR code models 1 and 2 symbols.
* 1 September 2006{{spaced ndash}}ISO/IEC 18004:2006 ''Information technology{{spaced ndash}}Automatic identification and data capture techniques{{spaced ndash}}QR Code 2005 bar code symbology specification'' (now withdrawn)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iso.org/standard/43655.html|title=ISO/IEC 18004:2006 - Information technology {{spaced ndash}} Automatic identification and data capture techniques {{spaced ndash}} QR Code 2005 bar code symbology specification|
* 1 February 2015{{spaced ndash}}ISO/IEC 18004:2015 ''Information{{spaced ndash}}Automatic identification and data capture techniques{{spaced ndash}}QR Code barcode symbology specification'' (now withdrawn)<br /> Renames the QR Code 2005 symbol to QR Code and adds clarification to some procedures and minor corrections. It was withdrawn and updated to 18004:2024 in August 2024, which optimizes encoding efficiency, improves error correction, and refines structured append functionality.<ref>{{cite web |title=ISO/IEC 18004:2024 |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/83389.html |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |access-date=1 April 2025}}</ref>
* May 2022{{spaced ndash}}ISO/IEC 23941:2022 ''Information technology{{spaced ndash}}Automatic identification and data capture techniques{{spaced ndash}}Rectangular Micro QR Code (rMQR) bar code symbology specification''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/77404.html |title=ISO/IEC 23941:2022 Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture techniques — Rectangular Micro QR Code (rMQR) bar code symbology specification |publisher=ISO |access-date=3 January 2023 |archive-date=3 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103071540/https://www.iso.org/standard/77404.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />Defines the requirements for Micro QR Code.
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[[File:Food Expo and Poultry Expo 2025 (01).webm|thumb|right|Demo of printing a QR code]]
They can also be used to store personal information for organizations. An example of this is the [[Philippines]] [[National Bureau of Investigation (Philippines)|National Bureau of Investigation]] (NBI) where NBI clearances now come with a QR code. Many of these applications target [[mobile phone|mobile-phone]] users (via [[mobile tagging]]). Users may receive text, add a vCard contact to their device, open a URL, or compose an [[email#Message format|e-mail]] or text message after scanning QR codes. They can generate and print their own QR codes for others to scan and use by visiting one of several pay or free QR code-generating sites or apps. [[Google]] had an [[API]], now deprecated, to generate QR codes,<ref>{{cite web |date=26 May 2015 |title=Getting Started with Infographics (deprecated) |url=https://google-developers.appspot.com/chart/infographics/docs/overview |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629232058/https://google-developers.appspot.com/chart/infographics/docs/overview |archive-date=29 June 2016 |access-date=27 May 2016 |website=google-developers.appspot.com}}</ref> and apps for scanning QR codes can be found on nearly all smartphone devices.<ref>{{cite web |
[[File:Z80-Tianjin -Beijing.jpg|right|thumbnail|QR codes have been used and printed on train tickets in China since 2010.<ref>{{cite news|title=QR codes on China's train tickets may leak personal information|url=http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20121216000074&cid=1103|access-date=16 March 2013|newspaper=Want China Times|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212064108/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20121216000074&cid=1103|archive-date=12 December 2013}}</ref>]]
QR codes storing addresses and URLs may appear in magazines, on signs, on buses, on business cards, or on almost any object about which users might want information. Users with a [[camera phone]] equipped with the correct reader application can scan the image of the QR code to display text and contact information, connect to a [[wireless LAN|wireless network]], or open a web page in the phone's browser. This act of linking from physical world objects is termed [[hardlink (hyperlink)|hardlinking]] or [[object hyperlinking]]. QR codes also may be linked to a ___location to track where a code has been scanned. Either the application that scans the QR code retrieves the geo information by using GPS and cell tower triangulation (aGPS) or the URL encoded in the QR code itself is associated with a ___location. In 2008, a Japanese stonemason announced plans to engrave QR codes on gravestones, allowing visitors to view information about the deceased, and family members to keep track of visits.<ref>{{cite news |
QR codes have been incorporated into currency. In June 2011, The [[Royal Dutch Mint]] (''Koninklijke Nederlandse Munt'') issued the world's first official coin with a QR code to celebrate the centenary of its current building and premises. The coin can be scanned by a smartphone and originally linked to a special website with content about the historical event and design of the coin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.knm.nl/Herdenkingsmunt-met-QR-code-volop-in-het-nieuws/nl/news/206/?NieuwsGroepID=1&NWSY=2011&NWSM=6 |language=nl |title=Herdenkingsmunt met QR code volop in het nieuws! |trans-title=Commemorative QR code in the news! |website=Koninklijke Nederlandse Munt |date=21 June 2011 |access-date=27 May 2016
In 2015, the [[Central Bank of Russia|Central Bank of the Russian Federation]] issued a 100-[[ruble]]s note to commemorate the [[annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 23, 2015 |title=Russia Marks Crimea Annexation With A Banknote Rapidly Losing Value |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2015/12/23/460831232/russia-marks-crimea-annexation-with-a-banknote-rapidly-losing-value |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223201150/https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2015/12/23/460831232/russia-marks-crimea-annexation-with-a-banknote-rapidly-losing-value |archive-date=December 23, 2015 |access-date=June 20, 2024 |
Credit card functionality is under development. In September 2016, the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) launched the eponymously named [[BharatQR]], a common QR code jointly developed by all the four major card payment companies – [[National Payments Corporation of India]] that runs [[RuPay]] cards along with [[Mastercard]], [[Visa Inc.|Visa]], and [[American Express]]. It will also have the capability of accepting payments on the [[Unified Payments Interface]] (UPI) platform.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/e-commerce/e-tailing/with-indiaqr-launch-retail-payments-to-get-digital-edge/57158555|title=With IndiaQR launch, retail payments to get digital edge
=== Augmented reality ===
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=== Mobile operating systems ===
QR codes can be used on various mobile device operating systems. While initially requiring the installation and use of third-party apps, both Android and iOS (since iOS 11<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apple hid a QR Code scanner in iOS 11 — here's how to use it |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/mobile/how-to-use-ios-11s-hidden-qr-code-reader/ |access-date=2024-10-01 |
=== Virtual stores ===
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=== QR code payment ===
{{main|QR code payment}}
QR codes can be used to store bank account information or credit card information, or they can be specifically designed to work with particular payment provider applications. There are several trial applications of QR code payments across the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mashable.com/2011/10/12/scvngr-levelup-redo/ |title=SCVNGR Unveils QR Code Payment System |website=[[Mashable]] |date=12 October 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208114335/http://mashable.com/2011/10/12/scvngr-levelup-redo/ |archive-date=8 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://gigaom.com/2012/01/26/mastercard-starts-piloting-qkr-mobile-payment-app/ |title=MasterCard starts piloting QkR mobile payment app |newspaper=Gigaom |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108210253/http://gigaom.com/2012/01/26/mastercard-starts-piloting-qkr-mobile-payment-app/ |archive-date=8 January 2014|date=2012-01-26 |last1=Kim |first1=Ryan }}</ref> In developing countries including China,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/alipay-wechat-pay-china-mobile-payments-street-vendors-musicians-2018-5|title=One photo shows that China is already in a cashless future|last=Jacobs|first=Harrison|website=Business Insider|access-date=2019-10-14|archive-date=5 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505225750/https://www.businessinsider.com/alipay-wechat-pay-china-mobile-payments-street-vendors-musicians-2018-5|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/16/business/china-cash-smartphone-payments.html|title=In Urban China, Cash Is Rapidly Becoming Obsolete|last=Mozur|first=Paul|date=2017-07-16|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-10-14|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=21 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021234322/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/16/business/china-cash-smartphone-payments.html|url-status=live}}</ref> India<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paying With Your Mobile Wallet To Get Simpler With Interoperable QR Codes|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/personal-finance/paying-with-your-mobile-wallet-to-get-simpler-with-interoperable-qr-codes-6026991.html|access-date=2020-12-22|website=Moneycontrol|date=28 October 2020 |archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101054850/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/personal-finance/paying-with-your-mobile-wallet-to-get-simpler-with-interoperable-qr-codes-6026991.html|url-status=live}}</ref> QR code payment is a very popular and convenient method of making payments. Since [[Alipay]] designed a QR code payment method in 2011,<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Hangzhou Story: The Development of China's Mobile Payment Revolution|url=https://lkyspp.nus.edu.sg/docs/default-source/case-studies/a-hangzhou-story.pdf?sfvrsn=2bb6690a_2|access-date=23 June 2020|archive-date=26 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626064851/https://lkyspp.nus.edu.sg/docs/default-source/case-studies/a-hangzhou-story.pdf?sfvrsn=2bb6690a_2|url-status=live}}</ref> mobile payment has been quickly adopted in China. As of 2018, around 83% of all payments were made via mobile payment.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Payment methods in China: How China became a mobile-first nation|url=https://daxueconsulting.com/payment-methods-in-china/|access-date=2020-06-23|
In November 2012, QR code payments were deployed on a larger scale in the [[Czech Republic]] when an open format for payment information exchange – a [[Short Payment Descriptor]] – was introduced and endorsed by the [[Czech Banking Association]] as the official local solution for QR payments.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.czech-ba.cz/aktivity/standardy/format-pro-sdileni-platebnich-udaju-v-czk-qr-kody |language=cs |title=Standard - Formát pro sdílení platebních údajů v rámci tuzemského platebního styku v CZK prostřednictvím QR kódů |trans-title=Standard No. 26: Format for exchanging payment information for domestic payments in CZK using QR codes |publisher=Czech Banking Association |date=November 2012 |access-date=27 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603184757/https://www.czech-ba.cz/aktivity/standardy/format-pro-sdileni-platebnich-udaju-v-czk-qr-kody |archive-date=3 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cbaonline.cz/format-pro-sdileni-platebnich-udaju-v-czk-qr-kody|language=cs|title=Formát pro sdílení platebních údajů v CZK - QR kódy|trans-title=Format for exchanging payment information in CZK - QR codes|publisher=[[:cs:Česká bankovní asociace|Czech Banking Association]]|date=August 2015|access-date=2020-02-17|df=ymd-all|archive-date=16 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216234856/https://cbaonline.cz/format-pro-sdileni-platebnich-udaju-v-czk-qr-kody|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013, the [[European Payments Council|European Payment Council]] provided guidelines for the [[EPC QR code]] enabling [[Giro (banking)|SCT]] initiation within the [[Eurozone]].
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=== Mobile ticket ===
There is a system whereby a QR code can be displayed on a device such as a smartphone and used as an [[Ticket (admission)|admission ticket]].<ref>{{cite web|title=【公式】チケットの使い方 東京ディズニーリゾート|url=https://www.tokyodisneyresort.jp/ticket/usage.html|language=ja|access-date=20 October 2022|archive-date=20 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020051932/https://www.tokyodisneyresort.jp/ticket/usage.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ダイレクトイン（QRコード）の使い方｜USJ WEBチケットストア |url=https://www.usj.co.jp/ticket/guide/use.html |website=USJ |language=ja |access-date=20 October 2022 |archive-date=20 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020052009/https://www.usj.co.jp/ticket/guide/use.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Its use is common for [[J1 League]] and [[Nippon Professional Baseball]] tickets in Japan.<ref>{{cite web |title=QRチケットレス入場について |url=https://www.sanfrecce.co.jp/tickets/qrcode |website=サンフレッチェ広島 オフィシャルサイト |date=6 June 2025 |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=スマートスタジアム |url=https://www.rakuteneagles.jp/special/qrticket/ |website=東北楽天ゴールデンイーグルス |language=ja |access-date=20 October 2022 |archive-date=20 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020053037/https://www.rakuteneagles.jp/special/qrticket/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In some cases, rights can be transferred via the Internet. In [[Latvia]], QR codes can be scanned in [[Riga]] public transport to validate [[Rīgas Satiksme]] e-tickets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Riga public transport tickets are on sale now {{!}} Rīgas valstspilsētas pašvaldība |url=https://www.riga.lv/en/article/new-riga-public-transport-tickets-are-sale-now |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=
[[File:460-0061-COVID-19 7-2021-hinnerk-ruemenapf.jpg|thumb|A sign with a QR code that links to a drinks menu]]
=== Restaurant ordering ===
Restaurants can present a QR code near the front door or at the table allowing guests to view an online menu, or even redirect them to an online ordering website or app, allowing them to order or possibly pay for their meal without having to use a cashier or waiter. QR codes can also link to daily or weekly specials that are not printed on the standardized menus,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-22|title=
=== Joining a Wi‑Fi network ===
[[File:QR code Wi-Fi generic.svg|thumb|upright|A QR code to automatically join a Wi‑Fi network]]
By specifying the SSID, encryption type, password/passphrase, and if the SSID is hidden or not, mobile device users can quickly scan and join networks without having to manually enter the data.<ref>{{cite web|title=Share your Wi-Fi SSID & Password using a QR Code|url=http://www.technostarry.com/share-wi-fi-details-using-qr-code/|date=2015-07-19|access-date=6 January 2018|archive-date=12 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112193217/http://www.technostarry.com/share-wi-fi-details-using-qr-code/|url-status=live|author-first1=Mrinmay|author-last1=Bhattacharjee|website=Technostarry}}</ref> A [[MeCard (QR code)|MeCard]]-like format is supported by Android and iOS 11+.<ref>{{cite web |title=zxing documentation: barcode contents |url=https://github.com/zxing/zxing/wiki/Barcode-Contents |website=GitHub |publisher=zxing |access-date=26 May 2016 |archive-date=15 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215201205/https://github.com/zxing/zxing/wiki/Barcode-Contents |url-status=live}}</ref>
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=== Counterfeit detection ===
Serialised QR codes have been used by brands<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.just-drinks.com/news/pernod-ricard-to-use-qr-codes-on-all-china-packaging_id111521.aspx|title=Exclusive - CHINA: Pernod Ricard to use QR codes on all China packaging|date=2013-09-17|website=
The treaty regulating [[apostille]]s (documents bearing a seal of authenticity), has been updated to allow the issuance of digital apostilles by countries; a digital apostille is a PDF document with a [[cryptographic signature]] containing a QR code for a canonical URL of the original document, allowing users to verify the apostille from a printed version of the document.
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After the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] began spreading, QR codes began to be used as a "touchless" system to display information, show menus, or provide updated consumer information, especially in the hospitality industry. Restaurants replaced paper or laminated plastic menus with QR code decals on the table, which opened an online version of the menu. This prevented the need to dispose of single-use paper menus, or institute cleaning and sanitizing procedures for permanent menus after each use.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Leger|first=Benjamin|date=2020-10-27|title=QR codes are replacing physical menus at restaurants|url=https://www.225batonrouge.com/food-drink/qr-codes-replacing-physical-menus-restaurants|access-date=2020-11-01|website=[225]|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101020017/https://www.225batonrouge.com/food-drink/qr-codes-replacing-physical-menus-restaurants|url-status=live}}</ref> Local television stations have also begun to utilize codes on [[local news]]casts to allow viewers quicker access to stories or information involving the pandemic, including testing and immunization scheduling websites, or for links within stories mentioned in the newscasts overall.
In [[Australia]], patrons were required to scan QR codes at shops, clubs, supermarkets, and other service and retail establishments on entry to assist [[contact tracing]]. Singapore, [[Taiwan]], the United Kingdom, and [[New Zealand]] used similar systems.<ref name="abc-qr-code-tracing">{{cite news |last1=Purtill |first1=James |title=The proliferation of QR code check-ins is a 'dog's breakfast'. Is there a better way? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2020-11-20/covid-19-coronavirus-why-so-many-qr-code-check-in-systems/12895678 |access-date=15 January 2021
QR codes are also present on COVID-19 vaccination certificates in places such as [[Canada]] and the [[European Union|EU]] ([[EU Digital COVID Certificate|EU Digital COVID certificate]]), where they can be scanned to verify the information on the certificate.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hristova|first=Bobby|date=2021-12-28|title=Ontarians need QR code to prove vaccination next week. Here's what you need to know|access-date=2021-12-30|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/qr-code-hamilton-covid-19-1.6299207|archive-date=31 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231015635/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/qr-code-hamilton-covid-19-1.6299207|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Design ==
Unlike the older, one-dimensional barcodes that were designed to be mechanically scanned by a narrow beam of light, a QR code is detected by a two-dimensional digital [[image sensor]] and then digitally analyzed by a programmed processor. The processor locates the three finder patterns, each consisting of three superimposed concentric squares of differing contrast at the upper left, upper right and lower left corners of the QR code image,<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISO/IEC 18004:2024(en) - QR code bar code symbology specification |url=https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso-iec:18004:ed-4:v1:en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620035759/https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso-iec:18004:ed-4:v1:en |archive-date=20 June 2025 |access-date=22 June 2025 |
=== Information capacity ===
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The Version 1 QR symbol with level L error correction, for example, consists of a single error correction block with a total of '''26 code''' bytes (made of '''19''' message bytes and seven error correction bytes). It can correct up to '''2''' byte errors. Hence, this code is known as a '''(26,19,2)''' error correction code over {{math|GF(2<sup>8</sup>)}} . It is also sometimes represented in short, as (26,19) code.
Due to error correction, it is possible to create artistic QR codes with embellishments to make them more readable or attractive to the human eye, and to incorporate colors, logos, and other features into the QR code block; the embellishments are treated as errors, but the codes still scan correctly.<ref>{{cite web |
It is also possible to design artistic QR codes without reducing the error correction capacity by manipulating the underlying mathematical constructs.<ref>{{cite web |
=== Encoding ===
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=== Secure QR code{{anchor|SQR}} ===
Secure Quick Response Code (
=== Frame QR ===
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The text ''QR Code'' itself is a [[registered trademark]] and [[wordmark]] of Denso Wave Incorporated.<ref name="qrtrademark01">{{cite web |url=http://www.qrcode.com/en/index.html |title=QR Code.com |publisher=Denso-Wave |date=6 November 2003 |access-date=23 April 2009 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120915/http://www.qrcode.com/en/index.html |archive-date=2012-09-15}}</ref> In UK, the trademark is registered as E921775, the term ''QR Code'', with a filing date of 3 September 1998.<ref name="qrtrademarkuk">{{cite web |url=http://www.ipo.gov.uk/types/tm/t-os/t-find/t-find-number?detailsrequested=C&trademark=E921775 |title=UK QR Code Trademark |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120915/http://www.ipo.gov.uk/types/tm/t-os/t-find/t-find-number?detailsrequested=C&trademark=E921775 |archive-date=2012-09-15}}</ref> The UK version of the trademark is based on the Kabushiki Kaisha Denso (DENSO CORPORATION) trademark, filed as Trademark 000921775, the term ''QR Code'', on 3 September 1998 and registered on 16 December 1999 with the European Union OHIM (Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market).<ref name="qrtrademarkeu">{{cite web |url=http://esearch.oami.europa.eu/copla/trademark/data/000921775 |title=EU QR Code Trademark |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120915/http://esearch.oami.europa.eu/copla/trademark/data/000921775 |archive-date=2012-09-15}}</ref>
The U.S. Trademark for the term ''QR Code'' is Trademark 2435991 and was filed on 29 September 1998 with an amended registration date of 13 March 2001, assigned to Denso Corporation.<ref name="qrtrademarkus">{{cite web |url=http://tess2.uspto.gov/bin/showfield?f=doc&state=4010:nrb6eh.2.6 |title=US QR Code Trademark |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120915/http://tess2.uspto.gov/bin/showfield?f=doc&state=4010:nrb6eh.2.6 |archive-date=2012-09-15}}</ref> In South Korea, trademark application filed on 18 November 2011 was refused
== Risks ==
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In the case of no software exploits, malicious QR codes combined with a permissive reader can still put a computer's contents and user's privacy at risk. This practice is known as "attagging", a [[portmanteau]] of "attack tagging".<ref name="Wired">{{citation |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |title=Jargon Watch |page=22 |date=January 2012 |volume=20 |issue=1}}.</ref> They are easily created and can be affixed over legitimate QR codes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://isc.sans.edu/diary.html?storyid=11305 |title=Malicious Images: What's a QR Code |publisher=SANS Technology Institute |date=3 August 2011 |access-date=31 August 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120713/http://isc.sans.edu/diary.html?storyid=11305 |archive-date=2012-07-13}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=October 2024}}<ref name="IEEEQRRisks">{{cite web |last1=Waqas |first1=Iam |title=Risks of Using QR Codes and How To Mitigate it – Not As Safe as You Think |url=https://www.computer.org/publications/tech-news/trends/qr-code-risks |publisher=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) |access-date=21 October 2024 |date=19 Oct 2021}}</ref> On a smartphone, the reader's permissions may allow use of the camera, full Internet access, read/write contact data, [[GPS]], read browser history, read/write local storage, and global system changes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://market.android.com/details?id=com.google.zxing.client.android |date=1 June 2011 |title=Barcode Scanner |access-date=31 August 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120915/https://market.android.com/details?id=com.google.zxing.client.android |archive-date=2012-09-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://market.android.com/details?id=la.droid.qr |title=QR Droid |date=19 August 2011 |access-date=31 August 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120915/https://market.android.com/details?id=la.droid.qr |archive-date=2012-09-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://market.android.com/details?id=com.ScanLife |title=ScanLife Barcode Reader |date=24 May 2011 |access-date=31 August 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120915/https://market.android.com/details?id=com.ScanLife |archive-date=2012-09-15}}</ref>{{synthesis inline|reason=It is synthesizing the definition of the term from the Wired article, the SANS source saying some people abuse QR codes, and the permissions for different apps in order to come to the conclusion that the problem is QR code apps having too many permissions. Needs a source saying QR code apps have too many permissions and that can be exploited.|date=October 2024}}
Risks include linking to dangerous web sites with browser exploits, enabling the microphone/camera/GPS, and then streaming those feeds to a remote server, analysis of sensitive data (passwords, files, contacts, transactions),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sandiego.bbb.org/article/consumer-alert-qr-code-safety-28037 |title=Consumer Alert: QR Code Safety |publisher=Better Business Bureau |date=23 June 2011 |access-date=31 August 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715/http://sandiego.bbb.org/article/consumer-alert-qr-code-safety-28037 |archive-date=2012-07-15}}</ref> and sending email/[[Short Message Service|SMS]]/IM messages or packets for [[Denial-of-service attack|DDoS]] as part of a [[botnet]], corrupting privacy settings, stealing identity,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/mediareleases/12655/avg-aunz-cautions-beware-of-malicious-qr-codes/ |title=AVG Cautions: Beware of Malicious QR Codes |publisher=
== See also ==
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== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |title=BS ISO/IEC 18004:2006. Information technology. Automatic identification and data capture techniques. Bar code symbology. QR Code|___location=[[Geneva]]
* {{cite book|title=BS ISO/IEC 18004:2006. Information technology. Automatic identification and data capture techniques. QR Code 2005 bar code symbology specification|___location=London|publisher=[[British Standards Institution|BSI]]|year=2007|page=126|isbn=978-0-580-67368-9|url=https://knowledge.bsigroup.com/products/information-technology-automatic-identification-and-data-capture-techniques-qr-code-2005-bar-code-symbology-specification/standard|access-date=2023-05-04}}
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