Node.js: Difference between revisions

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{{short description|JavaScript runtime environment}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}

{{Use American English|date=May 2025}}

{{Infobox software

| name = Node.js

| logo = Node.js logo.svg

| author = [[Ryan Dahl]]

| developer = [[OpenJS Foundation]]

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'''Node.js''' is a [[cross-platform]], [[Open-source software|open-source]] [[JavaScript]] [[runtime environment]] that can run on [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]], [[Linux]], [[Unix]], [[macOS]], and more. Node.js runs on the [[V8 (JavaScript engine)|V8]] [[JavaScript engine]], and executes JavaScript code outside a [[web browser]].

Node.js lets developers use JavaScript to write [[Command-line interface|command line tools]] and for [[server-side scripting]]. The ability to run JavaScript code on the server is often used to generate [[dynamic web page]] content before the page is sent to the user's web browser. Consequently, Node.js represents a "JavaScript everywhere" [[paradigm]],<ref>{{cite web |last=gcuomo |date=24 October 2013 |title=JavaScript Everywhere and the Three Amigos (Into the wild BLUE yonder!) |url=https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/community/blogs/gcuomo/entry/javascript_everywhere_and_the_three_amigos?lang=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114212619/https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/community/blogs/gcuomo/entry/javascript_everywhere_and_the_three_amigos?lang=en |archive-date=November 14, 2013 |access-date=2013-10-24 |website=www.ibm.com}}</ref> unifying [[web application|web-application]] development around a single [[programming language]], as opposed to using different languages for the server- versus client-side programming.

Node.js has an [[event-driven architecture]] capable of [[asynchronous I/O]]. These design choices aim to optimize [[throughput]] and [[scalability]] in web applications with many input/output operations, as well as for [[real-time Web]] applications (e.g., [[real-time communication]] programs and [[browser game]]s).<ref name="readwrite">{{cite web |author=Laurent Orsini |date=2013-11-07 |title=What You Need To Know About Node.js |url=http://readwrite.com/2013/11/07/what-you-need-to-know-about-nodejs |access-date=2022-02-06 |website=readwrite.com}}</ref>

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In 2019, the JS Foundation and Node.js Foundation merged to form the [[OpenJS Foundation]].

On September 6, 2023, Node.js 20.6.0 was released. The update brought the addition of built-in support for <code>.env</code> files, the unflagging of <code>import.meta.resolve</code>, the introduction of a new <code>node:<var>module</var></code> API register for module customization hooks and a new initialize hook. Additionally, the module customization load hook now supports [[CommonJS]], and Node.js C++ add-ons have gained experimental support for cppgc (Oilpan), which is a C++ garbage collection library for V8.<ref name="Previous Releases">{{Cite web |title=Previous Releases |url=https://nodejs.org/en/download/releases/ |website=Node.js}}</ref>

===Branding===

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JavaScript is the only language that Node.js supports natively, but many [[Source-to-source compiler|compile-to-JS]] languages are available.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/jashkenas/coffeescript/wiki/list-of-languages-that-compile-to-js|title=List of languages that compile to JS|website=Github}}</ref> As a result, Node.js applications can be written in [[CoffeeScript]],<ref name="b6">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oda-MgEACAAJ&q=nodejs |title=CoffeeScript on Node.js |publisher=O'Reilly Media, Inc. |date=15 April 2013 |access-date = 17 May 2015|isbn=9781449316846 }}</ref> [[Dart (programming language)|Dart]], [[TypeScript]], [[ClojureScript]] and others.

Node.js is primarily used to build network programs such as web servers.<ref name="b2">[https://books.google.com/books?id=KZQQAlhTOBgC&q=nodejs Node.js for PHP Developers], O'Reilly Media, Inc., 2013</ref> The most significant difference between Node.js and [[PHP]] is that most functions in PHP [[Asynchronous I/O|block]] until completion (commands execute only after previous commands finish), while Node.js functions are [[Asynchronous I/O|non-blocking]] (commands execute [[Concurrent computing|concurrently]] and use [[Callback (computer programming)|callbacks]] to signal completion or failure),.<ref name="b2"/> thus opening up new attack surfaces that are inherently absent in most web server applications.

Node.js is officially supported by [[Linux]], {{nowrap|[[macOS]]}} and [[Microsoft Windows]] 8.1 and Server 2012 (and later),<ref name="supportedOS" /> with Tier 2 support for [[SmartOS]] and [[IBM AIX]] and experimental support for [[FreeBSD]]. [[OpenBSD]] also works, and LTS versions are available for [[IBM i]] (AS/400).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=Node js |title=Installing Node.js via package manager |url=https://nodejs.org/en/download/package-manager/ |access-date=2019-05-19 |website=Node.js |language=en}}</ref> The source code may also be built on similar operating systems that are not officially supported, such as [[NonStop OS]]<ref name="bomBora - Node.js for NonStop">{{cite web |title=bomBora - Node.js for NonStop |url=http://infrasoft.com.au/bomBora.html |access-date=14 August 2015 |website=infrasoft.com.au |publisher=Infrasoft |archive-date=11 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311040354/http://infrasoft.com.au/bomBora.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Unix]] servers.

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=== Industry support ===

There are thousands of open-source libraries for Node.js, most of which are hosted on the npm website. Multiple developer conferences and events are held that support the Node.js community, including NodeConf, Node Interactive, and Node Summit, as well as a number of regional events.

The open-source community has developed [[web framework]]s to accelerate the development of applications. Such frameworks include [[Express.js]], [[Socket.IO]], [[Sails.js]], [[Next.js]] and [[Meteor (web framework)|Meteor]].<ref name="b1"/><ref name="b7">[https://books.google.com/books?id=5eGRAwAAQBAJ&q=nodejs Express.js Guide: The Comprehensive Book on Express.js], Azat Mardan, 28-May-2014</ref> Various packages have also been created for interfacing with other languages or runtime environments such as [[Microsoft .NET]].<ref>[http://www.techrepublic.com/article/edge-js-bridges-the-gap-between-node-js-and-net/ Edge.js bridges the gap between Node.js and .NET], TechRepublic, Tony Patton, 1 July 2014</ref>

Modern desktop [[integrated development environment|IDEs]] provide editing and debugging features specifically for Node.js applications. Such IDEs include [[Atom (text editor)|Atom]], [[Brackets (text editor)|Brackets]], [[JetBrains MPS|JetBrains]] [[WebStorm]],<ref>[https://www.jetbrains.com/webstorm/help/node-js.html Node.js], WebStorm supports integration with the Node.js runtime environment, WebStorm Help</ref><ref>[https://www.jetbrains.com/webstorm/help/running-and-debugging-node-js.html Running and Debugging Node.js], WebStorm Help</ref> [[Microsoft Visual Studio]] (with Node.js Tools for Visual Studio,<ref>{{cite web |title=Node.js Tools for Visual Studio |url=https://www.visualstudio.com/en-us/features/node-js-vs.aspx |access-date=1 Feb 2016 |website=microsoft.com}}</ref> or [[TypeScript]] with Node definitions<ref>[https://github.com/soywiz/typescript-node-definitions soywiz/typescript-node-definitions TypeScript's typings for some popular node.js modules], GitHub</ref><ref>[https://github.com/DefinitelyTyped/DefinitelyTyped DefinitelyTyped], GitHub</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://definitelytyped.org/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203083254/http://definitelytyped.org/|url-status=dead|title=The repository for high quality TypeScript type definitions|archivedate=3 February 2016|website=definitelytyped.org}}</ref><ref>[https://www.typescriptlang.org/Samples#ImageBoard ImageBoard, A Node.js + Express + MongoDB application built using TypeScript on the server] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518111659/http://www.typescriptlang.org/samples/#ImageBoard |date=18 May 2019 }}, TypeScript Samples</ref>), [[NetBeans]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Krill |first=Paul |date=2015-11-10 |title=Node.js takes center stage in NetBeans 8.1 |url=http://www.infoworld.com/article/3003414/java/nodejs-takes-center-stage-in-netbeans-81.html |access-date=2015-11-10 |website=infoworld.com |publisher=[[InfoWorld]]}}</ref> Nodeclipse Enide Studio<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120508061750/http://www.nodeclipse.org/ Nodeclipse, Enide -- Node.JS development in Eclipse]}}, Nodeclipse Website</ref> ([[Eclipse (software)|Eclipse]]-based) and [[Visual Studio Code]].<ref>[https://channel9.msdn.com/Blogs/cloud-with-a-silver-lining/hello-visual-studio-code-nodejs Hello Visual Studio Code (with NodeJS)], Channel 9, Microsoft

</ref><ref>

[https://code.visualstudio.com/Docs/runtimes/nodejs Node.js Applications with VS Code], Visual Studio Code

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| 2022-06-01

|-

| {{Version|coo|18.x}}

| {{Version|coo|Maintenance LTSEnd-of-Life}}

|Hydrogen<ref name="Release" />

| 2022-04-19

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|-

|-

| {{Version|coc|22.x}}

| {{Version|coc|Active LTS}}

| Jod <ref name="Codenames" /><ref name="Release" />

| 2024-04-24

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|-

|-

| {{Version|co|23.x}}

| {{Version|co|CurrentEnd-of-Life}}

| <ref name="Release" />

| 2024-10-15

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|-

|-

| {{Version|pcp|24.x}}

| {{Version|pcp|PlannedCurrent}}

| Krypton <ref name="Codenames" />

| 2025-04-22

| 2028-04-30

|-

|-

| colspan="5" | <small>{{Version |l |show=111101}}</small>

| {{Version|p|26.x}}

| {{Version|p|Planned}}

| Lithium<ref name="Codenames" />

| 2026

| 2029

|-

|-

| {{Version|p|28.x}}

| {{Version|p|Planned}}

| Magnesium <ref name="Codenames" />

| 2027

| 2030

|-

|-

| {{Version|p|30.x}}

| {{Version|p|Planned}}

| Neon<ref name="Codenames" />

| 2028

| 2031

|-

|-

| {{Version|p|32.x}}

| {{Version|p|Planned}}

| Oxygen<ref name="Codenames" />

| 2029

| 2032

|-

|-

| {{Version|p|34.x}}

| {{Version|p|Planned}}

| Platinum<ref name="Codenames" />

| 2030

| 2033

|-

| colspan="5" | <small>{{Version |l |show=111101111111}}</small>

|}

New major releases of Node.js are cut from the [[GitHub]] main branch every six months. Even-numbered versions are cut in April and odd-numbered versions are cut in October. When a new odd version is released, the previous even version undergoes transition to [[Long-term support|Long Term Support]] (LTS), which gives that version 12 months of active support from the date it is designated LTS. After these 12 months expire, an LTS release receives an additional 18 months of maintenance support. An active version receives non-breaking backports of changes a few weeks after they land in the current release. A maintenance release receives only critical fixes and documentation updates.<ref name="Release">{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/nodejs/Release|title=nodejs/Release|website=GitHub|language=en|access-date=2018-05-03}}</ref> The LTS Working Group manages strategy and policy in collaboration with the Technical Steering Committee of the Node.js Foundation.

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| aduh95 || Antoine du Hamel

|-

| anonrig || Yagiz Nizipli

| apapirovski || Anatoli Papirovski

|-

| benjamingr || Benjamin Gruenbaum

|-

| BridgeAR || Ruben Bridgewater

|-

| GeoffreyBooth || Geoffrey Booth

|-

| gireeshpunathil || Gireesh Punathil

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|-

| mhdawson || Michael Dawson

|-

| MoLow || Moshe Atlow

|-

| RafaelGSS || Rafael Gonzaga

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{{JavaScript}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}

[[Category:2009 software]]