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==Interpretation==
A [[reference range]] is usually defined as the set of values 95 percent of the normal population falls within (that is, 95% [[prediction interval]]).<ref>
===Plasma or whole blood===
In this article, all values (except the ones listed below) denote [[blood plasma]] concentration, which is approximately 60–100% larger than the actual blood concentration if the amount inside [[red blood cells]] (RBCs) is negligible. The precise factor depends on [[hematocrit]] as well as amount inside RBCs. Exceptions are mainly those values that denote total blood concentration, and in this article they are:<ref name="pmid33274357">{{
* All values in ''Hematology – red blood cells'' (except ''hemoglobin in plasma'')
* All values in ''Hematology – white blood cells''
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===Units===
* [[Mass concentration (chemistry)|Mass concentration]] (g/dL or g/L) is the most common measurement unit in the United States. Is usually given with dL (decilitres) as the denominator in the United States, and usually with L (litres) in, for example, Sweden.{{cn|date=February 2024}}
* [[Molar concentration]] (mol/L) is used to a higher degree in most of the rest of the world, including the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe and Australia and New Zealand.<ref>
* [[International unit]]s (IU) are based on measured [[biological activity]] or effect, or for some substances, a specified equivalent mass.{{cn|date=February 2024}}
* [[Enzyme activity]] ([[katal|kat]]) is commonly used for e.g. [[liver function test]]s like [[Aspartate transaminase|AST]], [[Alanine transaminase|ALT]], [[lactate dehydrogenase|LD]] and [[Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase|γ-GT]] in Sweden.<ref name=uppsala/>
* [[Percentage]]s and time-dependent units (mol/s) are used for calculated derived parameters, e.g. for [[beta cell]] function in [[Homeostatic model assessment|homeostasis model assessment]] or [[thyroid's secretory capacity]].<ref>{{
===Arterial or venous===
If not otherwise specified, a reference range for a blood test is generally the [[vein|venous]] range, as the standard process of obtaining a sample is by [[venipuncture]]. An exception is for acid–base and [[blood gas]]es, which are generally given for arterial blood.<ref>{{
Still, the blood values are approximately equal between the arterial and venous sides for most substances, with the exception of acid–base, blood gases and drugs (used in [[therapeutic drug monitoring]] (TDM) assays).<ref name="Dufour">
===Usual or optimal===
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===Variability===
{{Further|Reference range}}
References range may vary with age, sex, race, pregnancy,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abbassi-Ghanavati
==Sorted by concentration==
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| [[CA19-9]] || || 40<ref name=southwest/> || U/mL || Pancreatic cancer
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| [[CA-125]] || || 30,<ref name=gp-ca125>[http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=-100270014 GP Notebook > range (reference, ca-125)] Retrieved on Jan 5, 2009</ref> 35<ref>[http://www.clinlabnavigator.com/Test-Interpretations/ca-125.html ClinLab Navigator > Test Interpretations > CA-125] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626000109/http://www.clinlabnavigator.com/Test-Interpretations/ca-125.html |date=2012-06-26 }} Retrieved on March 8, 2011</ref> || kU/L or U/mL ||
|-
|rowspan=3| [[Carcinoembryonic antigen]] (CEA) || Non-smokers, 50 years || 3.4,<ref name=uppsala/> 3.6<ref name=bjerner>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bjerner J, Høgetveit A, Wold Akselberg K, etal |s2cid=12545738 |title=Reference intervals for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CA125, MUC1, Alfa-foeto-protein (AFP), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and CA19.9 from the NORIP study |journal=Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation |volume= 68|issue= 8|pages=703–13 |date=June 2008 |pmid=18609108 |doi=10.1080/00365510802126836 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/11808120 }}</ref> ||rowspan=3| μg/L ||
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|rowspan=2| [[Progesterone]]<br />{{hatnote|-more detailed ranges<br /> in [[Progesterone#Levels|Progesterone]] article}} ||rowspan=2| Female in mid-[[luteal phase]] (day 21–23) || 17,<ref name=Stricker/> 35<ref name=progesterone-mass>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 314.46 g/mol</ref> || 92<ref name="progesterone-mass"/> || nmol/L
|-
| 6,<ref name=Stricker/> 11<ref name=Bhattacharya>Bhattacharya Sudhindra Mohan (July/August 2005) [http://medind.nic.in/jaq/t05/i4/jaqt05i4p350.pdf Mid-luteal phase plasma progesterone levels in spontaneous and clomiphene citrate induced conception cycles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602092012/http://medind.nic.in/jaq/t05/i4/jaqt05i4p350.pdf |date=2010-06-02 }} J Obstet Gynecol India Vol. 55, No. 4 : July/August 2005 pp. 350–52</ref> || 29<ref name=Bhattacharya/> || ng/mL
|-
|rowspan=3| [[Androstenedione]] || Adult male and female || 60<ref name=nyhq/> || 270<ref name=nyhq/> ||rowspan=3| ng/dL
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! Unit
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Adrenocorticotropic hormone]] (ACTH) ||rowspan=2| || 2.2<ref name="Nieman">{{cite web |last1=Nieman |first1=Lynnette K |title=Measurement of ACTH, CRH, and other hypothalamic and pituitary peptides |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/measurement-of-acth-crh-and-other-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-peptides |website=www.uptodate.com |publisher=UpToDate |access-date=25 June 2021 |date=29 September 2019 |archive-date=25 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625125528/https://www.uptodate.com/contents/measurement-of-acth-crh-and-other-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-peptides |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 13.3<ref name="Nieman"/> || pmol/L
|-
| 20<ref name=southwest/> || 100<ref name=southwest/> || pg/mL
|-
|rowspan=4| [[Cortisol]] ||rowspan=2| 09:00 [[ante meridiem|am]] || 140<ref name=goodhope>[http://www.goodhope.org.uk/departments/pathweb/refranges.htm Biochemistry Reference Ranges at Good Hope Hospital] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720014644/http://www.goodhope.org.uk/Departments/pathweb/refranges.htm |date=2010-07-20 }} Retrieved on Nov 8, 2009</ref> || 700<ref name=goodhope/> || nmol/L
|-
| 5<ref name=cortisol-derived>Derived from molar values using molar mass of 362 g/mol</ref> || 25<ref name=cortisol-derived/> || μg/dL
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|rowspan=2| [[Antithrombin]] || 0.80<ref name=uppsala/> || 1.2<ref name=uppsala/> || kIU/L || rowspan=2 |
|-
| 0.15,<ref name=teruya2014>{{EMedicine|article|2084978|Antithrombin III}}</ref> 0.17<ref name=mgh>[http://mghlabtest.partners.org/coagbook/co000300.htm Antithrombin CO000300] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909215510/http://mghlabtest.partners.org/coagbook/co000300.htm |date=2017-09-09 }} in ''Coagulation Test Handbook'' at [[Massachusetts General Hospital]]. In turn citing:
* Elizabeth M. Van Cott, M.D., and Michael Laposata, M.D., Ph.D., "Coagulation." In: Jacobs DS et al, ed. The Laboratory Test Handbook, 5th Edition. Lexi-Comp, Cleveland, 2001; 327–58.</ref> || 0.2,<ref name=teruya2014/> 0.39<ref name=mgh/> || mg/mL
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