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{{short description|Creation and maintenance of websites}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2016}}
'''Web design''' encompasses many different skills and disciplines in the production and maintenance of websites. The different areas of web design include web graphic design; [[user interface design]] (UI design); authoring, including standardised code and [[proprietary software]]; [[user experience design]] (UX design); and [[search engine optimization]]. Often many individuals will work in teams covering different aspects of the design process, although some designers will cover them all.<ref name="different jobs">{{cite web|last=Lester|first=Georgina|title=Different jobs and responsibilities of various people involved in creating a website|url=https://www.arts-wales.co.uk/different-jobs-and-responsibilities-of-various-people-involved-in-creating-a-website/|access-date=2012-03-17|publisher=Arts Wales UK}}</ref> The term "web design" is normally used to describe the design process relating to the front-end (client side) design of a website including writing [[markup language|markup]]. Web design partially overlaps [[web engineering]] in the broader scope of [[web development]]. Web designers are expected to have an awareness of [[Web usability|usability]] and be up to date with [[web accessibility]] guidelines.
==History==
{{See also|History of the World Wide Web}}
===1988–2001===
Although web design has a fairly recent history, it can be linked to other areas such as graphic design, user experience, and multimedia arts, but is more aptly seen from a technological standpoint. It has become a large part of people's everyday lives. It is hard to imagine the Internet without animated graphics, different styles of [[typography]], backgrounds, videos and music. The web was announced on August 6, 1991; in November 1992, [[CERN]] was the first website to go live on the World Wide Web. During this period, websites were structured by using the <nowiki><table> tag which created numbers on the website. Eventually, web designers were able to find their way around it to create more structures and formats. In early history, the structure of the websites was fragile and hard to contain, so it became very difficult to use them. In November 1993, </nowiki>[[ALIWEB]] was the first ever search engine to be created (Archie Like Indexing for the WEB).<ref>{{Cite web |last=CPBI |first=Ryan Shelley |title=The History of Website Design: 30 Years of Building the Web [2022 Update] |url=https://www.smamarketing.net/blog/the-history-of-website-design |access-date=2022-10-12 |website=smamarketing.net |language=en-us |archive-date=2022-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004103827/https://www.smamarketing.net/blog/the-history-of-website-design |url-status=dead }}</ref>
====The start of the web and web design====
In 1989, whilst working at [[CERN]] in Switzerland, British scientist [[Tim Berners-Lee]] proposed to create a global [[hypertext]] project, which later became known as the [[World Wide Web]]. From 1991 to 1993 the World Wide Web was born. [[Text-based web browser|Text-only]] [[HTML]] pages could be viewed using a simple line-mode [[web browser]].<ref name="World Wide Web">{{cite web
|title=Longer Biography
|url=http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/Longer.html
|access-date=2012-03-16
}}</ref> In 1993 [[Marc Andreessen]] and [[Eric Bina]], created the [[Mosaic browser]]. At the time there were multiple browsers, however the majority of them were Unix-based and naturally text-heavy. There had been no integrated approach to [[graphic design]] elements such as [[digital image|image]]s or [[digital audio|sound]]s. The [[Mosaic (web browser)|Mosaic browser]] broke this mould.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Mosaic Browser
|url=http://www.techopedia.com/images/pdfs/history-of-the-internet.pdf
|access-date=2012-03-16
|archive-date=2013-09-02
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902095803/http://www.techopedia.com/images/pdfs/history-of-the-internet.pdf
}}</ref> The [[W3C]] was created in October 1994 to "lead the World Wide Web to its full potential by developing common [[HTTP|protocol]]s that promote its evolution and ensure its [[Interoperability#Software|interoperability]]."<ref>{{cite book
|author=Zwicky, E.D |author2=Cooper, S |author3=Chapman, D.B.
|title=Building Internet Firewalls
|year=2000
|publisher=O'Reily & Associates
|___location=United States
|isbn=1-56592-871-7
|page=[https://archive.org/details/buildinginternet00zwic/page/804 804]
|url=https://archive.org/details/buildinginternet00zwic/page/804
}}</ref> This discouraged any one company from monopolizing a proprietary browser and [[programming language]], which could have altered the effect of the World Wide Web as a whole. The W3C continues to set standards, which can today be seen with [[JavaScript]] and other languages. In 1994 Andreessen formed Mosaic Communications Corp. that later became known as [[Netscape Communications]], the [[Netscape (web browser)|Netscape 0.9 browser]]. Netscape created its HTML tags without regard to the traditional standards process. For example, Netscape 1.1 included tags for changing background colours and formatting text with [[HTML element#Tables|tables]] on web pages. From 1996 to 1999 the [[browser wars]] began, as [[Microsoft]] and [[Netscape]] fought for ultimate browser dominance. During this time there were many new technologies in the field, notably [[Cascading Style Sheets]], [[JavaScript]], and [[Dynamic HTML]]. On the whole, the browser competition did lead to many positive creations and helped web design evolve at a rapid pace.<ref name=Browsers >{{cite book
|last=Niederst |first=Jennifer
|title=Web Design In a Nutshell
|year=2006|publisher=O'Reilly Media
|___location=United States of America
|isbn=0-596-00987-9
|pages=12–14
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bdf4vS2n7N8C&q=history+of+web+design&pg=PT42
}}</ref>
==== Evolution of web design ====
[[File:WebDesignBooks.JPG|thumb|Web design books in a store]]
In 1996, Microsoft released its first competitive browser, which was complete with its features and HTML tags. It was also the first browser to support style sheets, which at the time was seen as an obscure authoring technique and is today an important aspect of web design.<ref name=Browsers/> The [[HTML markup]] for [[HTML element#Tables|tables]] was originally intended for displaying tabular data. However, designers quickly realized the potential of using HTML tables for creating complex, multi-column layouts that were otherwise not possible. At this time, as design and good aesthetics seemed to take precedence over good markup structure, little attention was paid to semantics and [[web accessibility]]. HTML sites were limited in their design options, even more so with earlier versions of HTML. To create complex designs, many web designers had to use complicated table structures or even use blank [[spacer .GIF]] images to stop empty table cells from collapsing.<ref name="Chapman, Evolution" >{{citation |last=Chapman |first=Cameron |title=The Evolution of Web Design |url=http://sixrevisions.com/web_design/the-evolution-of-web-design/|publisher=Six Revisions|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030030802/http://sixrevisions.com/web_design/the-evolution-of-web-design/ |archive-date=30 October 2013}}</ref> [[CSS]] was introduced in December 1996 by the [[W3C]] to support presentation and layout. This allowed [[HTML]] code to be semantic rather than both semantic and presentational and improved web accessibility, see [[tableless web design]].
In 1996, [[Adobe Flash|Flash]] (originally known as FutureSplash) was developed. At the time, the Flash content development tool was relatively simple compared to now, using basic layout and drawing tools, a limited precursor to [[ActionScript]], and a timeline, but it enabled web designers to go beyond the point of HTML, [[Graphics Interchange Format#Animated GIF|animated GIFs]] and [[JavaScript]]. However, because Flash required a [[Plug-in (computing)|plug-in]], many web developers avoided using it for fear of limiting their market share due to lack of compatibility. Instead, designers reverted to [[GIF]] animations (if they did not forego using [[motion graphics]] altogether) and JavaScript for [[software widget|widgets]]. But the benefits of Flash made it popular enough among specific target markets to eventually work its way to the vast majority of browsers, and powerful enough to be used to develop entire sites.<ref name="Chapman, Evolution" />
====End of the first browser wars====
{{Further|Browser wars#First Browser War (1995–2001)}}
In 1998, Netscape released Netscape Communicator code under an [[Open-source license|open-source licence]], enabling thousands of developers to participate in improving the software. However, these developers decided to start a standard for the web from scratch, which guided the development of the open-source browser and soon expanded to a complete application platform.<ref name="Browsers" /> The [[Web Standards Project]] was formed and promoted browser compliance with [[HTML]] and [[CSS]] standards. Programs like [[Acid1]], [[Acid2]], and [[Acid3]] were created in order to test browsers for compliance with web standards. In 2000, Internet Explorer was released for Mac, which was the first browser that fully supported HTML 4.01 and CSS 1. It was also the first browser to fully support the [[Portable Network Graphics|PNG]] image format.<ref name="Browsers" /> By 2001, after a campaign by Microsoft to popularize Internet Explorer, Internet Explorer had reached 96% of [[Usage share of web browsers|web browser usage share]], which signified the end of the first browser wars as Internet Explorer had no real competition.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AMO.NET America's Multimedia Online (Internet Explorer 6 PREVIEW)|url=http://amo.net/NT/01-30-01MSFTIE6.html|website=amo.net|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref>
===2001–2012===
Since the start of the 21st century, the web has become more and more integrated into people's lives. As this has happened, the technology of the web has also continued to evolve. There have also been significant changes in the way people use and access the web, and this has changed how sites are designed.
Since the end of the [[Browser wars|browsers wars]]{{when|date=May 2016}} new browsers have been released. Many of these are [[open-source software|open source]], meaning that they tend to have faster development and are more supportive of new standards. The new options are considered by many{{Weasel inline|date=May 2016}} to be better than Microsoft's [[Internet Explorer]].
The [[World Wide Web Consortium|W3C]] has released new standards for HTML ([[HTML5]]) and CSS ([[CSS3]]), as well as new [[JavaScript]] [[Application programming interface|APIs]], each as a new but individual standard.{{when|date=May 2016}} While the term HTML5 is only used to refer to the new version of HTML and ''some'' of the JavaScript APIs, it has become common to use it to refer to the entire suite of new standards (HTML5, CSS3 and JavaScript).
===2012 and later===
With the advancements in [[3G]] and [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]] internet coverage, a significant portion of website traffic shifted to mobile devices. This shift influenced the web design industry, steering it towards a minimalist, lighter, and simpler style. The "mobile first" approach emerged as a result, emphasizing the creation of website designs that prioritize mobile-oriented layouts first, before adapting them to larger screen dimensions.
==
Web designers use a variety of different tools depending on what part of the production process they are involved in. These tools are updated over time by newer standards and software but the principles behind them remain the same. Web designers use both [[Vector graphics editor|vector]] and [[Raster graphics editor|raster]] graphics editors to create web-formatted imagery or design prototypes. A website can be created using [[WYSIWYG]] [[website builder]] software or a [[content management system]], or the individual web pages can be [[Markup language|hand-coded]] in just the same manner as the first web pages were created. Other tools web designers might use include markup [[HTML validator|validators]]<ref name="W3C_validator">{{cite web|title=W3C Markup Validation Service|url=http://validator.w3.org/}}</ref> and other testing tools for usability and accessibility to ensure their websites meet web accessibility guidelines.<ref>{{cite web|last=W3C|title=Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI)|url=http://www.w3.org/WAI/}}</ref>
=== UX Design ===
One popular tool in web design is UX Design. A popular modality of modern web design art, it features a user-friendly interface and appropriate presentation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Web Design? |url=https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics/web-design |access-date=2022-10-12 |website=The Interaction Design Foundation |language=en}}</ref>
== Skills and techniques ==
=== Marketing and communication design ===
Marketing and communication design on a website may identify what works for its target market. This can be an age group or particular strand of culture; thus the designer may understand the trends of its audience. Designers may also understand the type of website they are designing, meaning, for example, that [[business-to-business]] (B2B) website design considerations might differ greatly from a consumer-targeted website such as a retail or entertainment website. Careful consideration might be made to ensure that the aesthetics or overall design of a site do not clash with the clarity and accuracy of the content or the ease of [[web navigation]],<ref>{{cite journal|last=THORLACIUS|first=LISBETH|title=The Role of Aesthetics in Web Design|journal=Nordicom Review|year=2007|volume=28|issue=28|pages=63–76|doi=10.1515/nor-2017-0201|s2cid=146649056|doi-access=free}}</ref> especially on a B2B website. Designers may also consider the reputation of the owner or business the site is representing to make sure they are portrayed favorably. Web designers normally oversee the development of sites with respect to their functioning, often initiating changes as business needs require. They may change elements including text, photos, graphics, and layout. Before beginning work on a website, web designers normally set an appointment with their clients to discuss layout, colour, graphics, and design. Web designers spend the majority of their time designing sites and ensuring their satisfactory performance. They typically engage in testing and communication with other designers about marketing issues and the layout and composition of websites.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is a Web Designer? (2022 Guide) |url=https://brainstation.io/career-guides/what-is-a-web-designer |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=BrainStation® |language=en-US}}</ref>
=== User experience design and interactive design ===
User understanding of the content of a website often depends on user understanding of how the website works. This is part of the [[user experience design]]. User experience is related to layout, clear instructions, and labeling on a website. How well a user understands how they can interact on a site may also depend on the [[interactive design]] of the site. If a user perceives the usefulness of the website, they are more likely to continue using it. Users who are skilled and well versed in website use may find a more distinctive, yet less intuitive or less [[usability|user-friendly]] website interface useful nonetheless. However, users with less experience are less likely to see the advantages or usefulness of a less intuitive website interface. This drives the trend for a more universal user experience and ease of access to accommodate as many users as possible regardless of user skill.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Castañeda|first1=J.A Francisco |last2=Muñoz-Leiva|first2=Teodoro Luque|title=Web Acceptance Model (WAM): Moderating effects of user experience|journal=Information & Management |year=2007 |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=384–396|doi=10.1016/j.im.2007.02.003}}</ref> Much of the user experience design and interactive design are considered in the [[user interface design]].
Advanced interactive functions may require [[plug-in (computing)|plug-ins]] if not advanced coding language skills. Choosing whether or not to use interactivity that requires plug-ins is a critical decision in user experience design. If the plug-in doesn't come pre-installed with most browsers, there's a risk that the user will have neither the know-how nor the patience to install a plug-in just to access the content. If the function requires advanced coding language skills, it may be too costly in either time or money to code compared to the amount of enhancement the function will add to the user experience. There's also a risk that advanced interactivity may be incompatible with older browsers or hardware configurations. Publishing a function that doesn't work reliably is potentially worse for the user experience than making no attempt. It depends on the target audience if it's likely to be needed or worth any risks.
=== Progressive enhancement ===
[[File:Progressive enhancement web design pyramid (HTML, CSS, JS).svg|thumb|The order of progressive enhancement]]
{{main article|Progressive enhancement}}
'''Progressive enhancement''' is a strategy in web design that puts emphasis on [[web content]] first, allowing [[Universal design|everyone to access]] the basic content and functionality of a web page, whilst [[user (computing)|users]] with additional browser features or faster Internet access receive the enhanced version instead.
In practice, this means serving content through [[HTML]] and applying styling and animation through [[CSS]] to the technically possible extent, then applying further enhancements through [[JavaScript]]. Pages' text is loaded immediately through the HTML source code rather than having to wait for JavaScript to initiate and load the content subsequently, which allows content to be readable with minimum loading time and bandwidth, and through [[text-based browser]]s, and maximizes [[backwards compatibility]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Building a resilient frontend using progressive enhancement |url=https://www.gov.uk/service-manual/technology/using-progressive-enhancement |website=GOV.UK |access-date=27 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
As an example, [[MediaWiki]]-based sites including Wikipedia use progressive enhancement, as they remain usable while JavaScript and even CSS is deactivated, as pages' content is included in the page's HTML source code, whereas counter-example [[Everipedia]] relies on JavaScript to load pages' content subsequently; a blank page appears with JavaScript deactivated.
===
Part of the user interface design is affected by the quality of the [[page layout]]. For example, a designer may consider whether the site's page layout should remain consistent on different pages when designing the layout. Page pixel width may also be considered vital for aligning objects in the layout design. The most popular fixed-width websites generally have the same set width to match the current most popular browser window, at the current most popular screen resolution, on the current most popular monitor size. Most pages are also center-aligned for concerns of [[aesthetics]] on larger screens.
'''Fluid layouts''' increased in popularity around 2000 to allow the browser to make user-specific layout adjustments to fluid layouts based on the details of the reader's screen (window size, font size relative to window, etc.). They grew as an alternative to HTML-table-based layouts and [[Grid (page layout)|grid-based design]] in both page layout design principles and in coding technique but were very slow to be adopted.<ref group="note" ><code><table></code>-based markup and [[spacer .GIF]] images</ref> This was due to considerations of [[Screen reader|screen reading devices]] and varying window sizes which designers have no control over. Accordingly, a design may be broken down into units (sidebars, content blocks, [[Web banner|embedded advertising]] areas, navigation areas) that are sent to the browser and which will be fitted into the display window by the browser, as best it can. Although such a display may often change the relative position of major content units, sidebars may be displaced below [[body text]] rather than to the side of it. This is a more flexible display than a hard-coded grid-based layout that doesn't fit the device window. In particular, the relative position of content blocks may change while leaving the content within the block unaffected. This also minimizes the user's need to horizontally scroll the page.
[[Responsive web design]] is a newer approach, based on CSS3, and a deeper level of per-device specification within the page's style sheet through an enhanced use of the CSS <code>@media</code> rule. In March 2018 Google announced they would be rolling out mobile-first indexing.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://webmasters.googleblog.com/2018/03/rolling-out-mobile-first-indexing.html|title=Rolling out mobile-first indexing|work=Official Google Webmaster Central Blog|access-date=2018-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref> Sites using responsive design are well placed to ensure they meet this new approach.
===
{{Main|typography}}
Web designers may choose to limit the variety of website typefaces to only a few which are of a similar style, instead of using a wide range of [[typeface]]s or [[Typeface#Style of typefaces|type styles]]. Most browsers recognize a specific number of safe fonts, which designers mainly use in order to avoid complications.
Font downloading was later included in the CSS3 fonts module and has since been implemented in Safari 3.1, [[Opera 10]], and [[Mozilla Firefox 3.5]]. This has subsequently increased interest in [[web typography]], as well as the usage of font downloading.
Most site layouts incorporate negative space to break the text up into paragraphs and also avoid center-aligned text.<ref>{{cite web|last=Stone|first=John|title=20 Do's and Don'ts of Effective Web Typography|url=http://webdesignledger.com/tips/20-dos-and-donts-of-effective-web-typography|access-date=2012-03-19|date=2009-11-16}}</ref>
===Motion graphics===
The page layout and user interface may also be affected by the use of motion graphics. The choice of whether or not to use motion graphics may depend on the target market for the website. Motion graphics may be expected or at least better received with an entertainment-oriented website. However, a website target audience with a more serious or formal interest (such as business, community, or government) might find animations unnecessary and distracting if only for entertainment or decoration purposes. This doesn't mean that more serious content couldn't be enhanced with animated or video presentations that is relevant to the content. In either case, [[motion graphic design]] may make the difference between more effective visuals or distracting visuals.
Motion graphics that are not initiated by the site visitor can produce accessibility issues. The World Wide Web consortium accessibility standards require that site visitors be able to disable the animations.<ref>[http://www.w3.org/TR/UNDERSTANDING-WCAG20/time-limits-pause.html World Wide Web Consortium: Understanding Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.2.2: Pause, Stop, Hide]</ref>
===
Website designers may consider it to be good practice to conform to standards. This is usually done via a description specifying what the element is doing. Failure to conform to standards may not make a website unusable or error-prone, but standards can relate to the correct layout of pages for readability as well as making sure coded elements are closed appropriately. This includes errors in code, a more organized layout for code, and making sure IDs and classes are identified properly. Poorly coded pages are sometimes colloquially called [[tag soup]]. [[W3C Markup Validation Service|Validating via W3C]]<ref name="W3C_validator" /> can only be done when a correct DOCTYPE declaration is made, which is used to highlight errors in code. The system identifies the errors and areas that do not conform to web design standards. This information can then be corrected by the user.<ref>{{cite web|last=W3C QA|title=My Web site is standard! And yours?|url=http://www.w3.org/QA/2002/04/Web-Quality|access-date=2012-03-21}}</ref>
=== Generated content ===
There are two ways websites are generated: statically or dynamically.
==== Static websites ====
{{Main|Static web page}}
A static website stores a unique file for every one of its pages. Each time a page is requested, the same content is returned. This content is created once, during the design of the website. It is usually manually authored, although some sites use an automated creation process, similar to a dynamic website, whose results are stored long-term as completed pages. These automatically created static sites became more popular around 2015, with generators such as [[Jekyll (software)|Jekyll]] and [[Adobe Muse]].<ref>{{Cite web
| last = Christensen| first = Mathias Biilmann
| title = Static Website Generators Reviewed: Jekyll, Middleman, Roots, Hugo
| website= Smashing Magazine| access-date = 2016-10-26| date = 2015-11-16
|url=https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2015/11/static-website-generators-jekyll-middleman-roots-hugo-review/
}}</ref>
The benefits of a static website are that they were simpler to host, as their server only needed to serve static content, not execute server-side scripts. This required less server administration and had less chance of exposing security holes. They could also serve pages more quickly, on low-cost server hardware. This advantage became less important as cheap web hosting expanded to also offer dynamic features, and [[virtual machine|virtual server]]s offered high performance for short intervals at low cost.
Almost all websites have some static content, as supporting assets such as images and style sheets are usually static, even on a website with highly dynamic pages.
==== Dynamic websites ====
{{Main|Dynamic web page}}
Dynamic websites are generated on the fly and use server-side technology to generate web pages. They typically extract their content from one or more back-end databases: some are database queries across a relational database to query a catalog or to summarise numeric information, and others may use a [[document database]] such as [[MongoDB]] or [[NoSQL]] to store larger units of content, such as blog posts or wiki articles.
In the design process, dynamic pages are often mocked-up or [[website wireframe|wireframe]]d using static pages. The skillset needed to develop dynamic web pages is much broader than for a static page, involving server-side and database coding as well as client-side interface design. Even medium-sized dynamic projects are thus almost always a team effort.
When dynamic web pages first developed, they were typically coded directly in languages such as [[Perl]], [[PHP]] or [[Active Server Pages|ASP]]. Some of these, notably PHP and ASP, used a 'template' approach where a server-side page resembled the structure of the completed client-side page, and data was inserted into places defined by 'tags'. This was a quicker means of development than coding in a purely procedural coding language such as Perl.
Both of these approaches have now been supplanted for many websites by higher-level application-focused tools such as [[content management system]]s. These build on top of general-purpose coding platforms and assume that a website exists to offer content according to one of several well-recognised models, such as a time-sequenced blog, a thematic magazine or news site, a wiki, or a user forum. These tools make the implementation of such a site very easy, and a purely organizational and design-based task, without requiring any coding.
Editing the content itself (as well as the template page) can be done both by means of the site itself and with the use of third-party software. The ability to edit all pages is provided only to a specific category of users (for example, administrators, or registered users). In some cases, anonymous users are allowed to edit certain web content, which is less frequent (for example, on forums – adding messages). An example of a site with an anonymous change is Wikipedia.
==
Usability experts, including [[Jakob Nielsen (usability consultant)|Jakob Nielsen]] and Kyle Soucy, have often emphasised homepage design for website success and asserted that the homepage is the most important page on a website.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.usableinterface.com/articles/homepage.php|first=Kyle|last=Soucy|archive-date=8 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608071219/http://www.usableinterface.com/articles/homepage.php |title=Is Your Homepage Doing What It Should?|publisher=Usable Interface}}</ref><ref>{{citation|first1=Jakob|last1=Nielsen|first2=Marie|last2=Tahir|title=Homepage Usability: 50 Websites Deconstructed|date=October 2001|isbn=978-0-7357-1102-0|publisher=New Riders Publishing|url=https://archive.org/details/homepageusabilit00jako_0}}</ref><ref name=20031110nngroup>{{citation|url=http://www.nngroup.com/articles/most-violated-homepage-guidelines/|title=The Ten Most Violated Homepage Design Guidelines|date=10 November 2003|first=Jakob|last=Nielsen|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005150112/http://www.nngroup.com/articles/most-violated-homepage-guidelines/ |archive-date=5 October 2013|publisher=Nielsen Norman Group}}</ref><ref name=20090820sixrevisions>{{citation|url=http://sixrevisions.com/web_design/essential-tips-for-designing-an-effective-homepage/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821151637/http://sixrevisions.com/web_design/essential-tips-for-designing-an-effective-homepage/ |archive-date=21 August 2013|date=20 August 2009|first=Kayla|last=Knight|publisher=Six Revisions|title=Essential Tips for Designing an Effective Homepage}}</ref> However, practitioners into the 2000s were starting to find that a growing amount of website traffic was bypassing the homepage, going directly to internal content pages through search engines, e-newsletters and RSS feeds.<ref name=20050929uie-is>{{citation|url=http://www.uie.com/brainsparks/2005/09/29/is-home-page-design-relevant-anymore/|publisher=User Interface Engineering|first=Jared|last=Spool|date=29 September 2005|archive-date=16 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916092857/http://www.uie.com/brainsparks/2005/09/29/is-home-page-design-relevant-anymore/ |title=Is Home Page Design Relevant Anymore?}}</ref> This led many practitioners to argue that homepages are less important than most people think.<ref name=20100915sixrevisions>{{citation|title=10 Usability Tips Based on Research Studies|url=http://sixrevisions.com/usabilityaccessibility/10-usability-tips-based-on-research-studies/|first=Cameron|last=Chapman|date=15 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902031226/http://sixrevisions.com/usabilityaccessibility/10-usability-tips-based-on-research-studies/ |archive-date=2 September 2013|publisher=Six Revisions}}</ref><ref name=uxmyths717779908>{{citation|url=http://uxmyths.com/post/717779908/myth-the-homepage-is-your-most-important-page|title=Myth #17: The homepage is your most important page|first=Zoltán|last=Gócza|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602172028/http://uxmyths.com/post/717779908/myth-the-homepage-is-your-most-important-page |archive-date=2 June 2013}}</ref><ref name=20100418giraffeforum-the>{{citation|url=http://giraffeforum.com/wordpress/2010/04/18/the-decline-of-the-homepage/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524221238/http://giraffeforum.com/wordpress/2010/04/18/the-decline-of-the-homepage/ |archive-date=24 May 2013|title=The decline of the homepage|first=Gerry|last=McGovern|date=18 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Prioritizing Design Time: A Long Tail Approach|first=Joshua|last=Porter|date=24 April 2006|publisher=User Interface Engineering|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514075119/http://www.uie.com/articles/prioritizing_design_time/ |archive-date=14 May 2013|url=http://www.uie.com/articles/prioritizing_design_time/}}</ref> Jared Spool argued in 2007 that a site's homepage was actually the least important page on a website.<ref name=20070806uie-usability>{{citation|url=http://www.uie.com/brainsparks/2007/08/06/usability-tools-podcast-home-page-design/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429113949/http://www.uie.com/brainsparks/2007/08/06/usability-tools-podcast-home-page-design/ |archive-date=29 April 2013|first=Jared|last=Spool|date=6 August 2007|title=Usability Tools Podcast: Home Page Design}}</ref>
In 2012 and 2013, carousels (also called 'sliders' and 'rotating banners') have become an extremely popular design element on homepages, often used to showcase featured or recent content in a confined space.<ref name=Messner2013>{{citation|url=http://www.usability.gov/get-involved/blog/2013/04/image-carousels.html |title=Image Carousels: Getting Control of the Merry-Go-Round|first=Katie|last=Messner|publisher=Usability.gov|date=22 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010094459/http://www.usability.gov/get-involved/blog/2013/04/image-carousels.html |archive-date=10 October 2013}}</ref> Many practitioners argue that carousels are an ineffective design element and hurt a website's search engine optimisation and usability.<ref name=Messner2013/><ref name=searchengineland163496>{{citation|url=http://searchengineland.com/homepage-sliders-are-bad-for-seo-usability-163496|archive-date=22 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122031942/http://searchengineland.com/homepage-sliders-are-bad-for-seo-usability-163496 |title=Homepage Sliders: Bad For SEO, Bad For Usability|first=Harrison|last=Jones|date=19 June 2013}}</ref><ref name=20190608cxl>{{citation|url=https://cxl.com/blog/dont-use-automatic-image-sliders-or-carousels/|title=Image Carousels and Sliders? Don't Use Them. (Here's why.)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210184941/https://cxl.com/blog/dont-use-automatic-image-sliders-or-carousels/ |archive-date=10 December 2019|first=Peep|last=Laja|date=8 June 2019|publisher=CXL}}</ref>
==
There are two primary jobs involved in creating a website: the web designer and [[web developer]], who often work closely together on a website.<ref name ="careersinwebdesign">{{cite book|last=Oleksy|first=Walter|title=Careers in Web Design| year=2001|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc.|___location=New York|isbn=978-0-8239-3191-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/careersinwebdesi0000olek/page/9 9]–11|url=https://archive.org/details/careersinwebdesi0000olek|url-access=registration}}</ref> The web designers are responsible for the visual aspect, which includes the layout, colouring, and typography of a web page. Web designers will also have a working knowledge of [[markup language]]s such as HTML and CSS, although the extent of their knowledge will differ from one web designer to another. Particularly in smaller organizations, one person will need the necessary skills for designing and programming the full web page, while larger organizations may have a web designer responsible for the visual aspect alone.
Further jobs which may become involved in the creation of a website include:
*[[Graphic designers]] to create visuals for the site such as logos, layouts, and buttons
*Internet marketing specialists to help maintain web presence through strategic solutions on targeting viewers to the site, by using marketing and promotional techniques on the internet
*SEO writers to research and recommend the correct words to be incorporated into a particular website and make the website more accessible and found on numerous search engines
*Internet copywriter to create the written content of the page to appeal to the targeted viewers of the site<ref name="different jobs" />
*User experience [[User experience design|(UX) designer]] incorporates aspects of user-focused design considerations which include information architecture, user-centred design, user testing, interaction design, and occasionally visual design.
== Artificial intelligence and web design ==
Chat GPT and other AI models are being used to write and code websites, making their creation faster and easier. There are still discussions about the ethical implications of using artificial intelligence for design as the world becomes more familiar with using AI for time-consuming tasks used in design processes.<ref>Visser, Larno, et al. ''ChatGPT for Web Design : Create Amazing Websites''. [First edition]., PACKT Publishing, 2023.</ref>
== See also ==
{{Portal|Internet}}
{{Columns-list|*[[Aesthetics]]
*[[Color theory]]
*[[Composition (visual arts)]]
*
*
*[[Drawing]]
*
*[[European Design Awards]]
*[[First Things First 2000 manifesto]]
*
*[[Graphic design occupations]]
*
*[[Information graphics]]
*[[:Category:Graphic design schools|List of graphic design institutions]]
*[[List of graphic designers]]
*
*
*[[Progressive Enhancement]]
* [[
* [[Web 2.0]]
* [[Web colors]]
* [[Web safe fonts]]
* [[Web usability]]
* [[Web
* [[Website builder]]
* [[
|colwidth=20em|style=}}
=== Related disciplines ===
{{Columns-list|
*[[Communication design]]
*[[Copywriting]]
*[[Desktop publishing]]
*[[Digital illustration]]
*[[Graphic design]]
*[[Interaction design]]
*[[Information design]]
* [[Light-on-dark color scheme]]
*[[Marketing communications]]
*[[Motion graphic design]]
*[[New media]]
* [[Search engine optimization]] (SEO)
*[[Technical Writer]]
*[[Typography]]
*[[User experience]]
*[[User interface design]]
*[[Web development]]
*[[Computer animation#Web animations|Web animations]]
|colwidth=}}
== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note|liststyle=lower-roman}}
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
== External links ==
{{
* [http://www.w3.org/standards/webdesign/ W3C consortium for web standards]
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