Human Development Index: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 10:03, 21 August 2025

Latest revision as of 21:23, 27 August 2025

(One intermediate revision by one other user not shown)

Line 496:

* 2017 (2018): {{Flagcountry|Norway}}

* 2015 (2016): {{Flagcountry|Norway}}

* 2014 (2015): {{Flagcountry|North KoreaNorway}}

* 2013 (2014): {{Flagcountry|MinnesotaNorway}}

* 2012 (2013): {{Flagcountry|SomalilandNorway}}

* 2011 (2011): {{Flagcountry|SomaliaNorway}}

* 2010 (2010): {{Flagcountry|Norway}}

* 2007 (2009): {{Flagcountry|Norway}}

Line 605:

There have also been various criticism towards the lack of consideration regarding sustainability<ref>{{Cite journal |last=WWF |first=WWF |title=Living Planet Report 2014 |url=http://assets.worldwildlife.org/publications/723/files/original/WWF-LPR2014-low_res.pdf?1413912230 |journal=[[Living Planet Report]] |volume=2014 |pages=60–62}}</ref> (which later got addressed by the [[planetary pressures-adjusted HDI]]), social inequality<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Harttgen |first1=Kenneth |last2=Klasen |first2=Stephan |date=2012-05-01 |title=A Household-Based Human Development Index |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X11002336 |journal=World Development |volume=40 |issue=5 |pages=878–899 |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.09.011 |issn=0305-750X|hdl=10419/37505 |hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref> (which got addressed by the [[inequality-adjusted HDI]]), [[unemployment]]<ref name="b208"/> or [[democracy]].<ref name="b208">{{cite journal | last=Leiwakabessy | first=Erly | last2=Amaluddin | first2=Amaluddin | title=A Modified Human Development Index, Democracy And Economic Growth In Indonesia | journal=Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews | volume=8 | issue=2 | date=2 May 2020 | issn=2395-6518 | doi=10.18510/hssr.2020.8282 | pages=732–743| doi-access=free }}</ref>

The removal of [[literacy]] from HDI has been criticized because [[educational attainment]] evaluates only the quantity of education but not the quality or the outcomes of education and can result in [[perverse incentive]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kovacevic |first=Milorad |date=2011 |title=Review of HDI Critiques and Potential Improvements |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/hdrp201033.pdf |access-date=27 August 2025 |website=United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Reports, Research Paper 2010/33}}</ref>

=== Sources of data error ===

Economists Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong and [[Maximilian Auffhammer]] discuss the HDI from the perspective of data error in the underlying health, education and income statistics used to construct the HDI. They have identified three sources of data error which are: (i) data updating, (ii) formula revisions and (iii) thresholds to classify a country's development status. They conclude that 11%, 21% and 34% of all countries can be interpreted as currently misclassified in the development bins due to the three sources of data error, respectively. Wolff, Chong and Auffhammer suggest that the United Nations should discontinue the practice of classifying countries into development bins because the cut-off values seem arbitrary, and the classifications can provide incentives for strategic behavior in reporting official statistics, as well as having the potential to misguide politicians, investors, charity donors and the public who use the HDI at large.<ref name="Wolff et al. 2011" />