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{{About|the activity involving computing machinery|the magazines|Computing (magazine)|and|Compute!}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
[[File:ENIAC-changing_a_tube.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Early vacuum tube Turing complete computer|[[ENIAC]], the first programmable general-purpose electronic digital computer]]▼
[[File:GalvesLocherbach_-_Low_resolution.gif|thumb|right|alt=Computer simulation|[[Data visualization]] and [[computer simulation]] are important computing applications. This is a [[3D visualization]] of a [[Neural network (biology)|neural network]] simulation.]]
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The term ''computing'' is also [[synonymous]] with [[counting]] and [[calculation|calculating]]. In earlier times, it was used in reference to the action performed by [[Mechanical computer|mechanical computing machines]], and before that, to [[Computer (occupation)|human computers]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The History of Computing|url=http://mason.gmu.edu/~montecin/computer-hist-web.htm|access-date=12 April 2019|website=mason.gmu.edu}}</ref>
▲[[File:ENIAC-changing_a_tube.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Early vacuum tube Turing complete computer|[[ENIAC]], the first programmable general-purpose electronic digital computer]]
== History ==
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Application software applies the power of a particular [[computing platform]] or system software to a particular purpose. Some apps, such as [[Microsoft Office]], are developed in multiple versions for several different platforms; others have narrower requirements and are generally referred to by the platform they run on. For example, a ''[[Geographic information system|geography]] application for [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]]'' or an ''[[Android (operating system)|Android]] application for [[Educational software|education]]'' or ''[[Linux gaming]]''. Applications that run only on one platform and increase the desirability of that platform due to the popularity of the application, known as [[killer application]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The Fibreculture Journal : 25 {{!}} FCJ-181 There's a History for That: Apps and Mundane Software as Commodity |journal=The Fibreculture Journal |issue=FCJ-181 |url=https://twentyfive.fibreculturejournal.org/fcj-181-theres-a-history-for-that-apps-and-mundane-software-as-commodity/ |access-date=5 February 2024 |language=en-US |last1=Morris (Aff1) |first1=Jeremy Wade |last2=Elkins (Aff1) |first2=Evan }}</ref>
=== Computer
{{Main|Computer network}}
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{{Main|Computer Industry|Software industry}}
The computer industry is made up of businesses involved in developing computer software, designing computer hardware and [[computer networking]] infrastructures, manufacturing computer components, and providing information technology services, including [[System administrator|system administration]] and maintenance.<ref>{{Cite journal |
The software industry includes businesses engaged in [[software development|development]], [[software maintenance|maintenance]], and [[software publisher|publication]] of software. The industry also includes software [[Service (economics)|service]]s, such as [[training]], [[software documentation|documentation]], and consulting.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}
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{{further|List of unsolved problems in computer science}}
[[DNA computing|DNA-based computing]] and [[quantum computing]] are areas of active research for both computing hardware and software, such as the development of [[quantum algorithm]]s. Potential infrastructure for future technologies includes [[DNA origami]] on photolithography<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kershner | first1 = Ryan J. | last2 = Bozano | first2 = Luisa D. | last3 = Micheel | first3 = Christine M. | last4 = Hung | first4 = Albert M. | last5 = Fornof | first5 = Ann R. | last6 = Cha | first6 = Jennifer N. | last7 = Rettner | first7 = Charles T. | last8 = Bersani | first8 = Marco | last9 = Frommer | first9 = Jane | last10 = Rothemund | first10 = Paul W. K. | last11 = Wallraff | first11 = Gregory M. | year = 2009 | title = Placement and orientation of individual DNA shapes on lithographically patterned surfaces | journal = [[Nature Nanotechnology]] | volume = 4| issue = 9| pages = 557–561| doi = 10.1038/nnano.2009.220 | pmid = 19734926 | bibcode = 2009NatNa...4..557K | citeseerx = 10.1.1.212.9767 }} [http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/vaop/ncurrent/extref/nnano.2009.220-s1.pdf supplementary information: DNA origami on photolithography]</ref> and [[quantum antenna]]e for transferring information between ion traps.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1038/nature09800 | volume=471 | title=Trapped-ion antennae for the transmission of quantum information | year=2011 | journal=Nature | pages=200–203 | last1 = Harlander | first1 = M.| issue = 7337 | pmid = 21346764 | arxiv = 1011.3639 | bibcode = 2011Natur.471..200H | s2cid = 4388493 }}
*{{cite press release |date=26 February 2011 |title=Atomic antennas transmit quantum information across a microchip |website=ScienceDaily |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/02/110223133444.htm}}</ref> By 2011, researchers had [[Qubit#Quantum entanglement|entangled]] 14 [[qubit]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.130506 | volume=106 | title=14-Qubit Entanglement: Creation and Coherence | year=2011 | journal=Physical Review Letters | last1 = Monz | first1 = Thomas| issue=13 | pmid=21517367 | arxiv=1009.6126 | bibcode=2011PhRvL.106m0506M |
</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=20823.php|title=World record: Calculations with 14 quantum bits|website=www.nanowerk.com}}</ref> Fast [[digital circuit]]s, including those based on [[Josephson junction]]s and [[rapid single flux quantum]] technology, are becoming more nearly realizable with the discovery of [[nanoscale superconductor]]s.<ref>Saw-Wai Hla et al., ''Nature Nanotechnology'' 31 March 2010 [http://www.thinq.co.uk/news/2010/3/30/worlds-smallest-superconductor-discovered/ "World's smallest superconductor discovered"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528133148/http://www.thinq.co.uk/news/2010/3/30/worlds-smallest-superconductor-discovered/ |date=28 May 2010 }}. Four pairs of certain molecules have been shown to form a nanoscale superconductor, at a dimension of 0.87 [[nanometer]]s. Access date 31 March 2010</ref>
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One area of interest in this field is its potential to support energy efficiency. Allowing thousands of instances of computation to occur on one single machine instead of thousands of individual machines could help save energy. It could also ease the transition to renewable energy source, since it would suffice to power one server farm with renewable energy, rather than millions of homes and offices.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Berl|first1=A.|last2=Gelenbe|first2=E.|last3=Girolamo|first3=M. Di|last4=Giuliani|first4=G.|last5=Meer|first5=H. De|last6=Dang|first6=M. Q.|last7=Pentikousis|first7=K.|date=September 2010|title=Energy-Efficient Cloud Computing|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8130358|journal=The Computer Journal|volume=53|issue=7|pages=1045–1051|doi=10.1093/comjnl/bxp080|issn=1460-2067|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
However, this centralized computing model poses several challenges, especially in security and privacy. Current legislation does not sufficiently protect users from companies mishandling their data on company servers. This suggests potential for further legislative regulations on cloud computing and tech companies.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kaufman|first=L. M.|date=July 2009|title=Data Security in the World of Cloud Computing|journal=IEEE Security & Privacy|volume=7|issue=4|pages=61–64|doi=10.1109/MSP.2009.87|bibcode=2009ISPri...7d..61H |s2cid=16233643|issn=1558-4046}}</ref>
=== Quantum computing ===
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