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→Genetic relationships: The mention of a sign language spontaneously arising in a section devoted to the evolution of spoken languages is misleading. It would be implausible to suppose Basque or Burushaski arose spontaneously, instead of all those languages identifiable as being their genetic relatives going extinct. Tags: references removed Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
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{{Distinguish|Isolating language}}
[[File:Isolated Languages.png|thumb|434x434px|Locations of a few relatively well-known examples of isolated languages]]
A '''language isolate''', or an '''isolated language''', is a [[language]] that has no demonstrable [[Genetic relationship (linguistics)|genetic relationship]] with any other languages.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Campbell|first=Lyle|date=2010-08-24|title=Language Isolates and Their History, or, What's Weird, Anyway?|journal=Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society|language=en|volume=36|issue=1|pages=16–31|doi=10.3765/bls.v36i1.3900|issn=2377-1666|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Salaberri |first1=Iker |title=State of the art of research on language isolates: Introduction |date=2025-01-16 |work=Investigating Language Isolates: Typological and diachronic perspectives |pages=2–19 |editor-last=Salaberri |editor-first=Iker |url=https://benjamins.com/catalog/tsl.135.intro |access-date=2025-01-17 |series=Typological Studies in Language |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |language=en |doi=10.1075/tsl.135.intro |isbn=978-90-272-1899-5 |last2=Krajewska |first2=Dorota |last3=Santazilia |first3=Ekaitz |last4=Zuloaga |first4=Eneko |editor2-last=Krajewska |editor2-first=Dorota |editor3-last=Santazilia |editor3-first=Ekaitz |editor4-last=Zuloaga |editor4-first=Eneko|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Basque language|Basque]] in Europe, [[Ainu language|Ainu]]<ref name=":1" /> and [[Burushaski]] in Asia, [[Sandawe language|Sandawe]] in Africa, [[Haida language|Haida]] and [[Zuni language|Zuni]] in North America, [[Kanoê language|Kanoê]] and [[Trumai language|Trumai]] in South America, and [[Tiwi language|Tiwi]] in Oceania are all examples of such languages. The exact number of language isolates is yet unknown due to insufficient data on several languages.<ref>p. xi. Lyle Campbell. 2018. "Introduction". ''Language Isolates'' edited by Lyle Campbell, pp. xi–xiv. Routledge.</ref>
One explanation for the existence of language isolates is that they might be the last remaining member of a larger language family. Such languages might have had relatives in the past that
Some languages once seen as isolates may be reclassified as small families if some of their dialects are judged to be sufficiently different from the standard to be seen as different languages. Examples include [[Japanese language|Japanese]] and [[Georgian language|Georgian]]: Japanese is now part of the [[Japonic languages|Japonic language family]] with the [[Ryukyuan languages]], and Georgian is the main language in the [[Kartvelian languages|Kartvelian language family]]. There is a difference between language isolates and [[unclassified languages]], but they can be difficult to differentiate when it comes to classifying [[extinct language]]s.<ref name=":1" /> If such efforts eventually do prove fruitful, a language previously considered an isolate may no longer be considered one, as happened with the [[Yanyuwa language]] of northern [[Australia]], which has been placed in the [[Pama–Nyungan languages|Pama–Nyungan]] family.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bradley|first=John|title=Wuka nya-nganunga li-Yanyuwa li-Anthawirriyarra = Language for us, the Yanyuwa Saltwater People: a Yanyuwa encyclopaedia|volume =1|date=2016|others=Jean F. Kirton, Elfreda MacDonald|isbn=978-1-925003-67-3|___location=North Melbourne, Vic|oclc=957570810}}</ref> Since linguists do not always agree on whether a genetic relationship has been demonstrated, it is often disputed whether a language is an isolate.
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==Genetic relationships==
{{Main|Genetic relationship (linguistics)}}
A genetic relationship is when two different languages are descended from a common ancestral language.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Thomason|first=Sarah Grey|title=Language contact, creolization, and genetic linguistics|date=1988|others=Terrence Kaufman|isbn=0-520-07893-4|___location=Berkeley|oclc=16525266}}</ref> This is what makes up a [[language family]], which is a set of languages for which sufficient evidence exists to demonstrate that they descend from a single ancestral language and are therefore genetically related.<ref name=":1" /> For example, [[English language|English]] is related to other [[Indo-European languages]] and [[Mandarin Chinese]] is related to other [[Sino-Tibetan languages]]. By this criterion, each language isolate constitutes a family of its own.<ref name=":4" />
This is not to be confused with family-level isolates, which are not language isolates themselves but form a primary branch of a language family, such as [[Armenian language|Armenian]] within [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] and [[Paiwan language|Paiwan]] within [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]].
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{{Further|Deaf-community sign language|Village sign language}}
A number of [[sign language]]s have arisen independently, without any ancestral language, and thus are language isolates. These include [[Nicaraguan Sign Language]], a well-documented case of what has happened in schools for the deaf in many countries.<ref name="journals.sagepub.com">{{Cite journal|last1=Senghas|first1=Ann|last2=Coppola|first2=Marie|date=July 2001|title=Children Creating Language: How Nicaraguan Sign Language Acquired a Spatial Grammar|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9280.00359|journal=Psychological Science|language=en|volume=12|issue=4|pages=323–328|doi=10.1111/1467-9280.00359|pmid=11476100|s2cid=9978841|issn=0956-7976|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In Tanzania, for example, there are seven schools for the deaf, each with its own [[Tanzanian sign languages|sign language]] with no connection to any other language.<ref>{{Cite book|last=T.|first=Muzale, H. R.|title=Kamusi ya Lugha ya Alama ya Tanzania (LAT) = Tanzanian Sign Language (TSL) dictionary: Kiswahili-TSL-English|date=2004|publisher=Languages of Tanzania Project, University of Dar es Salaam|isbn=9987-691-02-1|oclc=67947374}}</ref> Sign languages have also developed outside schools, in communities with high incidences of deafness, such as [[Kata Kolok]] in Bali, and half a dozen sign languages of the hill tribes in Thailand including the [[Ban Khor Sign Language]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=de Vos|first=Connie|date=March 2011|title=Kata Kolok Color Terms and the Emergence of Lexical Signs in Rural Signing Communities|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2752/174589311X12893982233795|journal=The Senses and Society|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|pages=68–76|doi=10.2752/174589311X12893982233795|hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0012-BB5A-6|s2cid=218839277 |issn=1745-8927|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nonaka|first=Angela M.|date=July 2009|title=Estimating size, scope, and membership of the speech/sign communities of undocumented indigenous/village sign languages: The Ban Khor case study|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0271530909000202|journal=Language & Communication|language=en|volume=29|issue=3|pages=210–229|doi=10.1016/j.langcom.2009.02.004|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
These and more are all presumed isolates or small local families, because many deaf communities are made up of people whose hearing parents do not use sign language, and have manifestly, as shown by the language itself, not borrowed their sign language from other deaf communities during the recorded history of these languages.<ref name=":3" />
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{{Further|Languages of Africa#Unclassified languages}}
With few exceptions, all of Africa's languages have been gathered into four major phyla: [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]], [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]], [[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]] and [[Khoisan languages|Khoisan]].<ref>Blench, Roger. 2017. African language isolates. In ''Language Isolates'', edited by Lyle Campbell, pp. 176–206. Routledge.</ref> However, the genetic unity of some language families, like [[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Starostin|first=George|title=The Nilo-Saharan hypothesis tested through lexicostatistics: current state of affairs |website=Academia |date=5 February 2016 |url=https://www.academia.edu/21582071|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last1=Harald Hammarström|title=glottolog/glottolog: Glottolog database 4.2.1|date=2020-04-16|chapter-url=https://zenodo.org/record/3754591|doi=10.5281/zenodo.3754591|access-date=2020-08-12|last2=Robert Forkel|last3=Martin Haspelmath|last4=Sebastian Bank|chapter=Linguistics }}</ref> is questionable, and so there may be many more language families and isolates than currently accepted. Data for several African languages, like [[Kwisi language|Kwisi]], are not sufficient for classification. In addition, [[Jalaa language|Jalaa]], [[Shabo language|Shabo]], [[Laal language|Laal]], [[Kujargé language|Kujargé]], and a few other languages within [[Nilo-Saharan]] and [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]-speaking areas may turn out to be isolates upon further investigation. [[Defaka language|Defaka]] and [[Ega language|Ega]] are highly divergent languages located within [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]]-speaking areas, and may also possibly be language isolates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/General/Niger-Congo%20an%20alternative%20view.pdf|title=Niger-Congo: an Alternative View|last=Blench|first=Roger}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" RULES="ALL"
|-
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| data-sort-value=2 |Vulnerable
|[[Tanzania]]
| Spoken on the southern shore of [[Lake Eyasi]] in the southwest of [[Arusha Region]]. Once listed as an outlier among the [[Khoisan languages]].<ref name="Witzlack-Nakagawa">{{cite book |last1=Witzlack-Makarevich |first1=Alena |last2=Nakagawa |first2=Hirosi |editor1-last=Ekkehard-Wolff |editor1-first=H. |title=The Cambridge Handbook of African Linguistics |date=2019 |publisher=CUP |pages=382–416 |chapter=Linguistic Features and Typologies in Languages Commonly Referred to as 'Khoisan'}}</ref> Language use is vigorous, though there are fewer than 1,000 speakers.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Miller |first1=Kirk |title=Highlights of Hadza Fieldwork |website=Academia |date=29 April 2018 |url=https://www.academia.edu/36533860}}</ref>
|-
|[[Jalaa language|Jalaa]]
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|-
| [[Ainu language|Ainu]]
| data-sort-value=4 | Moribund▼
|[[Japan]]
| Spoken on the island of [[Hokkaido]] in [[Japan]]. Sometimes hypothesized to be related to [[Korean language|Korean]] and [[Japanese language|Japanese]],<ref name=grenberg2000>Joseph Greenberg (2000–2002): ''Indo-European and Its Closest Relatives: The Eurasiatic Language Family'', 2 volumes. Stanford University Press.</ref> while at other times proposed to be a branch of [[Altaic languages|Altaic]].<ref name=patrie78>James Tyrone Patrie (1978): ''The genetic relationship of the Ainu language''. PhD thesis, University of Hawaii.</ref><ref name=patrie82>James Tyrone Patrie (1982): ''The Genetic Relationship of the Ainu Language.'' University of Hawaii Press. {{ISBN|0-8248-0724-3}}</ref>
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| data-sort-value=2 | Vulnerable
| [[India]]
| Possible language isolate spoken by the [[Hruso people]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] in India.<ref name="auto"
|-
| [[Kusunda language|Kusunda]]
Line 254 ⟶ 253:
|1,500
| Spoken on [[New Ireland (island)|New Ireland]]. Also known as Panaras. Suggested to form part of the [[East Papuan languages|East Papuan family]].<ref name="Dunn" />
|-▼
| [[Laragiya language|Laragiya]]▼
| data-sort-value="4" |Moribund▼
|-
|[[Lavukaleve language|Lavukaleve]]
Line 407 ⟶ 400:
|-
|[[Alsea language|Alsea]]
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" rowspan="
| rowspan="
|Poorly attested. Spoken along the central coast of [[Oregon]] until the early 1950s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Buckley |first1=Eugene |title=The Structure of the Alsea Verb Root: Papers from the 1989 Hokan-Penutian Workshop. Ed. Scott DeLancey |journal=University of Oregon Papers in Linguistics |date=1989 |volume=2 |issue=17}}</ref> Sometimes regarded as two separate languages. Often included in the [[Penutian languages|Penutian]] hypothesis in a [[Coast Oregon Penutian languages|Coast Oregon Penutian]] branch.<ref name="journals.uchicago.edu">{{cite journal |last1=Grant |first1=A.P. |title=Coast Oregon Penutian: Problems and Possibilities |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |date=1997 |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=144–156 |doi=10.1086/466316 |s2cid=143822361 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/466316 |access-date=7 February 2021|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|-
| [[Atakapa language|Atakapa]]
| Spoken on the Gulf coast of eastern [[Texas]] and southwestern [[Louisiana]] until the early 1900s. Often linked to [[Muskogean languages|Muskogean]] in a [[Gulf languages|Gulf]] hypothesis.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Munro|first=Pamela|date=1994|title=Gulf and Yuki-Gulf|journal=Anthropological Linguistics|volume=36|issue=2|pages=125–222|jstor=30028292|issn=0003-5483}}</ref>
▲|-
| Spoken in [[Oregon]] until the 1930s. Classified as a language isolate per Campbell (2024).<ref>{{Citation |last=Campbell |first=Lyle |title=North American Indian Languages North of Mexico |date=2024-06-25 |work=The Indigenous Languages of the Americas |pages=28–145 |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/57386/chapter/464713514 |access-date=2025-06-25 |edition=1 |publisher=Oxford University PressNew York |language=en |doi=10.1093/oso/9780197673461.003.0002 |isbn=978-0-19-767346-1|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|-
| [[Chimariko language|Chimariko]]
Line 450 ⟶ 446:
|12
| data-sort-value=4 | Moribund
| rowspan="
| Spoken along the [[Klamath River]] in northwestern [[California]]. Part of the [[Hokan languages|Hokan]] hypothesis, but little evidence for this.<ref name="AmerIndLang-Campbell" />
|-
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| data-sort-value=3 |Endangered
|Spoken in several pueblos throughout [[New Mexico]], including [[Cochiti, New Mexico|Cochiti]] and [[Acoma Pueblo|Acoma]] Pueblos. Has two main dialects: Eastern and Western. Sometimes those two dialects are separated into languages in a Keresan family.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Wick |title=Proto-Keresan Phonology |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |date=1963 |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=310–330 |doi=10.1086/464748 |s2cid=143519987 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/464748 |access-date=11 February 2021|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|-▼
| [[Konkow language|Konkow]]▼
|3▼
| data-sort-value=4 rowspan="2" | Moribund▼
|-
| [[Kutenai language|Kutenai]]
|345
▲| data-sort-value=4 | Moribund
|[[Canada]], [[United States]]
| Spoken in the [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]] of northeastern [[Idaho]], northwestern [[Montana]] and southeastern [[British Columbia]]. Attempts have been made to place it in a Macro-Algic or Macro-Salishan family, but these have not gained significant support.<ref name="AmerIndLang-Campbell" />
Line 482 ⟶ 474:
|-
| [[Purépecha language|Purépecha]]
|142,500<ref>[http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/hipertexto/todas_lenguas.htm Lenguas indígenas y hablantes de 3 años y más, 2020] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165419/http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/hipertexto/todas_lenguas.htm |date=2016-03-03 }} INEGI. Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020.</ref>
| data-sort-value=3 | Endangered
|[[Mexico]]
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| style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" |Extinct
|[[United States]]
| Spoken along the south-central coast of [[California]]. Part of the [[Hokan languages|Hokan]] hypothesis.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Turner |first1=Katherina |title=Areal and Genetic linguistic affiliations of the Salinan |journal=Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics |date=1983 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=215–247 |url=https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/482/ling.wp.v8.n2.paper6.pdf;sequence=1 |access-date=12 February 2021 |archive-date=22 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722025627/https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/482/ling.wp.v8.n2.paper6.pdf;sequence=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[Seri language|Seri]]
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|-
| [[Siuslaw language|Siuslaw]]
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" rowspan="
| rowspan="
| Spoken on the southwest coast of [[Oregon]] until 1960. Likely related to [[Alsea language|Alsea]], [[Coosan languages]], or possibly the [[Wintuan languages]]. Part of the [[Penutian]] hypothesis.<ref name="journals.uchicago.edu"/>
|-
| [[Takelma language|Takelma]]
| Spoken in western [[Oregon]] until mid 20th century.
|-
| [[Timucua language|Timucua]]
| Well attested. Spoken in northern [[Florida]] and southern [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] until the mid- to late 1700s. Briefly spoken in Cuba by a migrant community established in 1763. A connection with the poorly known [[Tawasa language]] has been suggested, but this may be a dialect.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Granberry |first1=Julian |title=A grammatical sketch of Timucua |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |year=1990 |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=60–101 |doi=10.1086/466138 |s2cid=143759206 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/466138|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|-▼
| [[Tol language|Tol]]▼
| data-sort-value=3 | Endangered▼
|-
| [[Tonkawa language|Tonkawa]]
▲| style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Extinct
| Spoken in central and northern [[Texas]] until the early 1940s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Frawley |first=William |title=International encyclopedia of linguistics |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195307450 |edition=2nd |___location=New York, NY |oclc=66910002}}</ref>
|-
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| [[Canichana language|Canichana]]
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" |Extinct
| rowspan="
| Spoken in the [[Llanos de Moxos]] region of [[Beni Department]] until around 2000. Connections with various language families have been proposed, none widely accepted.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Crevils |first1=Mily |title=Tomo II: Amazonia – Canichana |url=https://www.ru.nl/cls/our-research/completed-research-projects/completed-projects/lenguas-de-bolivia-es/lenguas-de-bolivia/tomo-ii-amazonia/ |website=Lenguas de Bolivia |publisher=Centre for Language Studies-Radboud University |access-date=19 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
Line 592 ⟶ 576:
| data-sort-value=2 |Vulnerable
|Spoken along the Beni river in [[Beni Department]]. Also spelled Tsimané. Sometimes split into multiple languages in a Moséten family. Linked to the [[Chonan languages]] in a [[Moseten–Chonan languages|Moseten-Chonan]] hypothesis.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sakel |first1=Jeanette |title=Tomo I: Ámbito andino – Mosetén y Chimane (Tsimane') |url=https://www.ru.nl/cls/our-research/completed-research-projects/completed-projects/lenguas-de-bolivia-es/lenguas-de-bolivia/tomo-ambito-andino/|website=Lenguas de Bolivia |publisher=Centre for Language Studies-Radboud University |access-date=19 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[Chiquitano language|Chiquitano]]
|2,400
|
| [[Bolivia]], [[Brazil]]
|Spoken in the eastern part of Santa Cruz department and the southwestern part of [[Mato Grosso]] state. Has been linked to the [[Macro-Jê languages|Macro-Jê]] family.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Galeote |first1=Jesús |title=Tomo III: Oriente – Chiquitano |url=https://www.ru.nl/cls/our-research/completed-research-projects/completed-projects/lenguas-de-bolivia-es/lenguas-de-bolivia/tomo-iii-oriente/|website=Lenguas de Bolivia |publisher=Centre for Language Studies-Radboud University |access-date=19 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Adelaar |first1=Willem |editor1-last=elles de Araujo Pereira Lima |editor1-first=S.V |editor2-last=Santos de Paula |editor2-first=A |title=Topicalizando Macro-Jê |date=2008 |publisher=Nectar |pages=9–28 |chapter=Chapter 1: Relações externas do Macro-Jê: O caso do chiquitano}}</ref>
▲|-
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" |Extinct
|Spoken in [[Chonos Archipelago]] and [[Chiloé Archipelago]] until 1875. ''[[Glottolog]]'' and Campbell (2024) characterize it as a language isolate.
|-
| [[Cofán language|Cofán]]
|1,500
| [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]]
|
|-
|[[Fulniô language|Fulniô]]
Line 618 ⟶ 603:
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" |Extinct
| [[Argentina]]
| Formerly spoken in [[Argentina]] by the Guachí. Linkage has been proposed to the [[Mataco–Guaicuru languages|Mataco–Guaicuru language family]], however Campbell (2012) classifies it as an isolate.<ref
|-
|[[Guató language|Guató]]
Line 629 ⟶ 614:
|90
| data-sort-value="3" | Endangered
| Spoken by the Irántxe and Mỹky peoples in the state of [[Mato Grosso]] in [[Brazil]]. Recent descriptions of the language analyze it as a language isolate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Documenting Manoki (Mỹky), an isolate of Brazilian Amazonia {{!}} Endangered Languages Archive |url=https://www.elararchive.org/dk0498/ |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=www.elararchive.org}}</ref> According to Arruda (2003), it "bears no similarity with other language families".
|-
| [[Itonama language|Itonama]]
Line 645 ⟶ 630:
|[[Kanoê language|Kanoê]]
|3
| data-sort-value=4
| [[Brazil]]
| Spoken in southeastern [[Rondônia]]. Also known as ''Kapishana''. Tentatively linked to [[Kwaza language|Kwaza]] and [[Aikanã language|Aikanã]].<ref name="Voort, Hein 2005"/> Part of a [[Macro-Paesan languages|Macro-Paesan]] proposal.<ref name="Kaufman, Terrence 1994">Kaufman, Terrence. 1994. The native languages of South America. In: Christopher Moseley and R. E. Asher (eds.), ''Atlas of the World's Languages'', 59–93. London: Routledge.</ref>
▲| rowspan="2" | [[Chile]]
|-
| [[Kunza language|Kunza]]
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" |Extinct
| Spoken in areas near [[Salar de Atacama]] until the 1950s. Also known as ''Atacameño''. Part of a [[Macro-Paesan languages|Macro-Paesan]] proposal.<ref name="Kaufman, Terrence 1994"/>
|-
Line 720 ⟶ 701:
| [[Payagua language|Payaguá]]
| [[Argentina]], [[Paraguay]]
| Spoken in [[Argentina]] and [[Paraguay]] by the [[Payaguá]] until 1943. Linkage has been proposed to the [[Mataco–Guaicuru languages|Mataco–Guaicuru language family]], however Campbell (2012) classifies it as an isolate.<ref
|-
| [[Pirahã language|Pirahã]]
Line 731 ⟶ 712:
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" |Extinct
| [[Argentina]], [[Chile]]
| Spoken in the Pampas region, last speaker died around 1960.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Viegas Barros |first1=J. Pedro |title=Un nuevo análisis fonológico del Gününa Yajüch |url=http://www.adilq.com.ar/FONOLOGIA%20GUNUNA.pdf |website=ADILQ |publisher=Asociación de Investigadores en Lengua Quechua |access-date=21 February 2021 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305072046/http://www.adilq.com.ar/FONOLOGIA%20GUNUNA.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sometimes linked to [[Het language|Het]], as part of the [[Chonan languages]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Viegas Barros |first1=J. Pedro |title=La familia lingüística tehuelche |journal=Revista Patagónica |date=1992 |volume=54 |issue=13 |pages=39–46}}</ref> Included in a proposed [[Macro-Jibaro languages|Macro-Jibaro]] family.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kaufman |first1=Ternece |editor1-last=Payne |editor1-first=Doris |title=Amazonian Linguistics Studies in Lowland South American Languages |date=1990 |publisher=University of Texas Press |chapter=Language History in South America: What We Know and How to Know More}}</ref>
|-
| [[Puinave language|Puinave]]
Line 743 ⟶ 724:
| [[Venezuela]]
| Spoken along the [[Paragua River]] and Karuna River in [[Venezuela]] until 2018. Also known as ''Kaliana'' or ''Caliana''. Part of the proposed [[Arutani–Sape languages|Arutani–Sape language family]] but more likely to be an isolate.
▲|-
▲|3
▲| data-sort-value=4 rowspan="2" | Moribund
|[[Brazil]], [[Guyana]] and [[Suriname]]
| Originally spoken around the mouth of the [[Rio Negro (Amazon)|Rio Negro]] river, now located in [[Maruranau]] village among the [[Wapishana]]. Kaufman (1990) proposed it to be distantly related to [[Katembri language|Katembri]], but this relationship has not been repeated in recent surveys of South American languages by Campbell (2012), confirming that this language is an isolate.<ref name="Serke22">{{Cite thesis |last=Serke |first=Anna K. |title=A description of Taruma phonology |date=2022 |publisher=Universitat Leiden |url=https://studenttheses.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A3454579/view}}</ref><ref name="Campbell-SAmerica"/>
|-
| [[Taushiro language|Taushiro]]
|1
| rowspan="2" | [[Peru]]
| Spoken in the northeastern area of the [[Loreto province]]. Linkage to the [[Saparo–Yawan languages|Saparo–Yawan language family]] has been proposed.
Line 753 ⟶ 739:
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" |Extinct
| Spoken in the central part of [[Department of Loreto|Loreto]] until the 1950s. Also known as [[Auishiri]]. A connection with [[Canichana language|Canichana]] has been proposed.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}
▲| [[Colombia]]
|-
| [[Trumai language|Trumai]]
|51
| [[Brazil]]
| Settled on the upper Xingu River. Currently reside in the [[Xingu National Park]] in the northern part of [[Mato Grosso]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Angelis |first1=Wimar |title="Línguas Indígenas no Brasil: urgência de ações para que sobrevivam." Paper presented at the round table: "A situação atual das línguas indígenas brasileiras", no IX ELESI – Encontro sobre Leitura e Escrita em Sociedades Indígenas (Porto Seguro, BA, 22 a 26 de outubro de 2012). Publicada em: Anari Braz Bomfim & Francisco Vanderlei F. da Costa (orgs), Revitalização de língua indígena e educação escolar indígena inclusiva (Salvador: Egba, 2014, p. 93-117).|url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/58350913/Linguas_Indigenas_-_para_que_sobrevivam.pdf?1549532226=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DLinguas_Indigenas_no_Brasil_urgencia_de.pdf&Expires=1614430091&Signature=Pcis05y7U0nTc4oEfbeoIF5iGR3zzkzWpARPSQOnHq2kZfRPoV2RDQcSTscjKcquVKFEq5fB2Ly6DKezbbp8nIygMST3IjG36BaxxDR9W-35oYGwKst5EpcURqAS7Jzx0mO57IWerkAWByK6uu2SO-T7l1NYUu-WdzkhL~Y~tYIjhPk8ovsxIiFw42AMDpbNlEYvVU~Rx7QXDro7~faYRrzVaWSdjhViCIEWaMEXGshLvjKPUIrBIVXjo48O19FiDZIY2P0B0Lu3ajzRkwMPz0LPOn7Nb9qNCAQoKNCHqO1Wgg6-FOHHZjtV0p8yEvHTMJzQFcxHHP01MCh8FLdFyg__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA |access-date=27 February 2021}}{{dead link|date=May 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
Line 787 ⟶ 762:
| [[Guyana]], [[Suriname]] and [[Venezuela]]
| Spoken in the [[Orinoco Delta]]. Sometimes linked to [[Paezan languages|Paezan]].<ref name="Kaufman, Terrence 1994"/>
|-
| [[Yahgan language|Yahgan]]
| |||