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{{short description|Punctuation marks (
{{redirect2|¡|¿|text=Not to be confused with [[Temherte slaq]], [[Sublingual consonant]], [[i]], or [[İ]]. For "?", see [[Question mark]]. For "!", see [[Exclamation mark]]}}
{{Infobox punctuation mark|mark=¿ ¡
|name=Upside-down question mark<br />Upside-down exclamation mark
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{{unichar|00A1|Inverted exclamation mark}}
}}
The '''upside-down''' (also '''inverted''', '''turned''' or '''rotated''') '''question mark''' {{char|¿}} and '''exclamation mark''' {{char|¡}} are [[punctuation]] marks used to begin interrogative and exclamatory sentences or clauses in [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and some languages that have cultural ties with Spain, such as [[Asturian language|Asturian]] and [[Waray language|Waray]].<ref>{{cite book|last=
Upside-down marks are supported by various standards, including
▲The '''upside-down''' (also '''inverted''', '''turned''' or '''rotated''') '''question mark''' {{char|¿}} and '''exclamation mark''' {{char|¡}} are [[punctuation]] marks used to begin interrogative and exclamatory sentences or clauses in [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and some languages that have cultural ties with Spain, such as [[Asturian language|Asturian]] and [[Waray language|Waray]].<ref>{{cite book|last=De Veyra|first=Vicente I.|title=Kandabao: Essays on Waray language, literature, and culture|date=1982|chapter=Ortograpiya han Binisaya}}</ref> The initial marks are mirrored at the end of the sentence or clause by the ordinary [[question mark]], {{char|?}}, or [[exclamation mark]], {{char|!}}.
▲Upside-down marks are supported by various standards, including [[ISO/IEC 8859-1|ISO-8859-1]], [[Unicode]], and [[SGML entity|HTML]]. They can be entered directly on keyboards designed for Spanish-speaking countries.
==Usage==
{{Main|
[[File:Signosdepuntuación html y binario.pdf
The upside-down question mark {{char|¿}} is written before the first letter of an interrogative sentence or clause to indicate that a question follows. It is a rotated form of the standard symbol "?" recognized by speakers of other languages written with the [[Latin script]]. A regular question mark is written at the end of the sentence or clause.
Upside-down punctuation is
In sentences that are both declarative and interrogative, the clause that asks a question is isolated with the starting-symbol upside-down question mark, for example: {{lang|es|"Si no puedes ir con ellos, ¿quieres ir con nosotros?"|italic=yes}} ("If you cannot go with them, would you like to go with us?"), not *{{lang|es|"¿Si no puedes ir con ellos, quieres ir con nosotros?"|italic=yes}} This helps to recognize questions and exclamations in long sentences.
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Unlike the ending marks, which are printed along the [[Baseline (typography)|baseline]] of the text, the upside-down marks (¿ and ¡) [[Descender|descend below the line]].
==
Upside-down marks, simple in the era of hand typesetting, were originally recommended by the {{Lang|es|[[Royal Spanish Academy|Real Academia Española]]}} (Royal Spanish Academy), in the second edition of the {{lang|es|Ortografía de la lengua castellana}} (Orthography of the Castilian language) in 1754<ref>{{cite web
These new rules were slow to be adopted: there are 19th-century books in which the printer uses neither "¡" nor "¿".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carrithers|first1=Michael|last2=Candea|first2=Matei|last3=Sykes|first3=Karen|last4=Holbraad|first4=Martin|last5=Venkatesan|first5=Soumya|date=May 28, 2010|title=Ontology is just another word for culture |url=https://archive.today/20250626220935/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0308275X09364070|url-access=subscription|website=[[Critique of Anthropology]]|publisher=[[Sage Journals]]|archive-url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0308275x09364070|archive-date=June 26, 2025 |access-date=June 26, 2025}}</ref>
▲Upside-down marks, simple in the era of hand typesetting, were originally recommended by the {{Lang|es|[[Royal Spanish Academy|Real Academia Española]]}} (Royal Spanish Academy), in the second edition of the {{lang|es|Ortografía de la lengua castellana}} (Orthography of the Castilian language) in 1754<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rae.es/sites/default/files/Tabla_ediciones_Ortografia.pdf|title=Ediciones de la Ortografía Académica|trans-title=Editions of the Academic Orthography|publisher=Real Academia Española |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617020907/https://www.rae.es/sites/default/files/Tabla_ediciones_Ortografia.pdf |archive-date= Jun 17, 2023 }}</ref> recommending it as the symbol indicating the beginning of a question in written Spanish—e.g. {{lang|es|"¿Cuántos años tienes?"|italic=yes}} ("How old are you?"; {{lit|How many years do you have?|}}). The Real Academia also ordered the same upside-down-symbol system for statements of exclamation, using the symbols "¡" and "!".
Outside of the Spanish-speaking world, [[John Wilkins]] proposed using the upside-down exclamation mark "¡" as a symbol at the end of a sentence to [[irony punctuation|denote irony]] in 1668. He was one of many, including [[Desiderius Erasmus]], who felt there was a need for such a punctuation mark, but Wilkins' proposal,
▲Outside of the Spanish-speaking world, [[John Wilkins]] proposed using the upside-down exclamation mark "¡" as a symbol at the end of a sentence to [[irony punctuation|denote irony]] in 1668. He was one of many, including [[Desiderius Erasmus]], who felt there was a need for such a punctuation mark, but Wilkins' proposal, as was true of the other attempts, failed to take hold.<ref name="Houston2013">{{cite book|first=Keith|last=Houston|title=Shady Characters: The Secret Life of Punctuation, Symbols, and Other Typographical Marks|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3R2SAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA214|date=24 September 2013|publisher=W. W. Norton|isbn=978-0-393-24154-9|page=214}}</ref><ref name="irony mark">{{cite web|last=Popova|first=Maria |title=Ironic Serif: A Brief History of Typographic Snark and the Failed Crusade for an Irony Mark|url=http://www.brainpickings.org/index.php/2013/09/27/shady-characters-irony/|work=Brain Pickings|date=27 September 2013 |access-date=1 Sep 2014}}</ref>
Some Spanish-language writers, among them Nobel laureate [[Pablo Neruda]] (1904–1973), refuse to use the upside-down question mark.<ref>
▲== Adoption ==
▲ | url = https://portaldaspalabras.gal/video/posicion-signo-de-interrogacion-e-exclamacion/ | title = A posición do signo de interrogación (?) e exclamación (!) |trans-title= The position of the question mark (?) and exclamation mark (!) | date = 21 October 2017 | website =Portal das Palabras | access-date = 25 December 2021 }}</ref> and formerly in [[Catalan language|Catalan]].<ref>{{citation |chapter=Els signes d'interrogació i d'admiració (Acord de l'11 de juny de 1993) |title=Documents de la Secció Filològica |volume=III |year=1996 |author=Institut d'Estudis Catalans |pages=92–94 |chapter-url=http://www.iecat.net/institucio/seccions/Filologica/llenguacatalana/documentsnormatius/docsf2.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906173859/http://www.iecat.net/institucio/seccions/Filologica/llenguacatalana/documentsnormatius/docsf2.htm |archive-date=2011-09-06 |author-link=Institut d'Estudis Catalans }}</ref> Certain Catalan-language authorities, such as [[Joan Solà i Cortassa]], insist that both the opening and closing question marks be used for clarity.{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}} The current [[Institute for Catalan Studies]] prescription is never to use the upside-down marks for Catalan.<ref>{{citation |chapter=Els signes d'entonació inicials|title=Manual d'estil. La redacció i l'edició de textes. |author=Josep M. Mestres |author2=Joan Coste |author3=Mireira Oliva |author4=Ricard Fité |edition=4 |year=2009 |pages=197–200 |chapter-url=https://estil.llocs.iec.cat/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2019/02/07_Pag_167-278_p-4.pdf|author-link=Institut d'Estudis Catalans }}</ref>
Upside-down marks are often omitted when [[texting]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}
▲Some Spanish-language writers, among them Nobel laureate [[Pablo Neruda]] (1904–1973), refuse to use the upside-down question mark.<ref>Pablo Neruda, {{cite web |url= http://www.pehuen.cl/docman/neruda/antlogia-fundamental/download.html |title= ''Antología Fundamental'' |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120425154155/http://www.pehuen.cl/docman/neruda/antlogia-fundamental/download.html |archive-date= 2012-04-25 }} {{small|(556 KB)}}, (June 2008). {{ISBN|978-956-16-0169-7}}. p. 7 {{in lang|es}}</ref>
==
It is acceptable in Spanish to begin a sentence with an opening upside-down [[exclamation mark]] ("¡") and end it with a question mark ("?"), or vice versa, for statements that are questions but also have a clear sense of exclamation or surprise such as: {{lang|es|¡Y tú quién te crees?}} ("And who do you think you are?!"). Normally, four signs are used, always with one type in the outer side and the other in the inner side (nested) (''{{lang|es|¿¡Y tú quién te crees!?}}'', ''{{lang|es|¡¿Y tú quién te crees?!}}'')<ref>
[[Unicode#Versions|Unicode 5.1]] also includes {{unichar|2E18|INVERTED INTERROBANG}}, which is an [[Interrobang#Inverted interrobang|upside-down version of the interrobang]], a nonstandard punctuation mark used to denote both excitement and a question in one glyph. It is also known as a "gnaborretni"
▲== Mixtures == <!-- Courtesy note per [{WP:RSECT]]: [[Interrobang#Inverted interrobang]] links here. -->
▲It is acceptable in Spanish to begin a sentence with an opening upside-down [[exclamation mark]] ("¡") and end it with a question mark ("?"), or vice versa, for statements that are questions but also have a clear sense of exclamation or surprise such as: {{lang|es|¡Y tú quién te crees?}} ("And who do you think you are?!"). Normally, four signs are used, always with one type in the outer side and the other in the inner side (nested) (''{{lang|es|¿¡Y tú quién te crees!?}}'', ''{{lang|es|¡¿Y tú quién te crees?!}}''<ref>[[Real Academia Española|RAE]]'s [http://lema.rae.es/dpd/srv/search?id=Ivs8zvWdED6bQUncsG%7CbH8aKhoE1D6eF5Wp4C] {{in lang|es}}</ref>)
▲[[Unicode#Versions|Unicode 5.1]] also includes {{unichar|2E18|INVERTED INTERROBANG}}, which is an [[Interrobang#Inverted interrobang|upside-down version of the interrobang]], a nonstandard punctuation mark used to denote both excitement and a question in one glyph. It is also known as a "gnaborretni"{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} ({{IPAc-en|ŋ|ˌ|n|ɑː|b|ɔːr|ˈ|ɛ|t|.|n|i
==Computer usage==
[[File:KB Spanish.svg|thumb|420px|The [[Languages of Spain|Spanish]] keyboard provides the symbols 'as standard' (top row, right).]]
===Encodings===
{{char|¡}} and {{char|¿}} are in the [[Latin-1 Supplement (Unicode block)| "Latin-1 Supplement" Unicode block]], which is inherited from [[ISO-8859-1]]:
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* {{unichar|00BF|inverted question mark}}
▲== See also ==
* [[Spanish orthography]]
* {{anli|Unicode input}}
==
{{Reflist}}
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