QR code: Difference between revisions

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[[File:QR code for mobile English Wikipedia.svg|thumb|A QR code for the [[URL]] of the [[English Wikipedia]] Mobile main page|alt=A QR code for the URL of the English Wikipedia Mobile main page]]

A '''QR code,''' short for '''quick-response code''',<ref>{{cite interview |last=Hara |first=Masahiro |subject-link=Masahiro Hara |interviewer-last=Muller |interviewer-first=Derek

A '''QR code,''' short for '''quick-response code''',<ref>{{cite interview |last=Hara |first=Masahiro |subject-link=Masahiro Hara |interviewer-last=Muller |interviewer-first=Derek |interviewer-link=Derek Muller |title=I used to hate QR codes. But they're actually genius |date=1 October 2024 |at=34:09 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w5ebcowAJD8&t=2049 |access-date=1 October 2024 |quote=The biggest feature of QR codes is that they can be read quickly. It's called Quick Response because it reacts quickly.}}</ref> is a type of two-dimensional [[Barcode#Matrix (2D) codes|matrix barcode]] invented in 1994 by [[Masahiro Hara]] of the [[Japan]]ese company [[Denso#DENSO Wave|Denso Wave]] for labelling automobile parts.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hung|first1=Shih-Hsuan|last2=Yao|first2=Chih-Yuan|last3=Fang|first3=Yu-Jen|last4=Tan|first4=Ping|last5=Lee|first5=RuenRone|last6=Sheffer|first6=Alla|last7=Chu|first7=Hung-Kuo|date=2020-09-01|title=Micrography QR Codes|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8632711|journal=IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics|volume=26|issue=9|pages=2834–2847|doi=10.1109/TVCG.2019.2896895|issn=1077-2626|pmid=30716038|s2cidbibcode=73433883|access-date=21 April 2021|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web2020ITVCG.archive.org/web/20210421010504/https://ieeexplore26.ieee.org/document/8632711/2834H |url-statuss2cid=live73433883}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chen|first1=Rongjun|last2=Yu|first2=Yongxing|last3=Xu|first3=Xiansheng|last4=Wang|first4=Leijun|last5=Zhao|first5=Huimin|last6=Tan|first6=Hong-Zhou|date=2019-12-11|title=Adaptive Binarization of QR Code Images for Fast Automatic Sorting in Warehouse Systems|journal=Sensors|volume=19|issue=24|pages=5466|doi=10.3390/s19245466|pmc=6960674|pmid=31835866|bibcode=2019Senso..19.5466C |doi-access=free}}</ref> It features black squares on a white background with [[fiducial markers]], readable by imaging devices like cameras, and processed using [[Reed–Solomon error correction]] until the image can be appropriately interpreted. The required data is then extracted from patterns that are present in both the horizontal and the vertical components of the QR image.<ref name=autogenerated1/>

Whereas a [[barcode]] is a machine-readable optical image that contains information specific to the labeled item, the QR code contains the data for a locator, an identifier, and web-tracking. To store data efficiently, QR codes use four standardized modes of encoding: [[Number|numeric]], [[Alphanumericals|alphanumeric]], [[Byte pair encoding|byte]] or [[Binary number|binary]], and [[kanji]].<ref name="QRCodefeatures">{{cite web |url=http://www.qrcode.com/en/qrfeature.html |title=QR Code features |publisher=Denso-Wave |access-date=3 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129064920/http://www.qrcode.com/en/qrfeature.html |archive-date=2013-01-29}}</ref>

Compared to standard [[Universal Product Code|UPC barcodes]], the QR labeling system was applied beyond the automobile industry because of faster reading of the optical image and greater data-storage capacity in applications such as product tracking, item identification, time tracking, document management, and general marketing.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://www.nacs.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=D1FpVAvvJuo%3D&tabid=1426&mid=4802 |title=QR Code Essentials |publisher=Denso ADC |year=2011 |access-date=12 March 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512180619/http://www.nacs.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=D1FpVAvvJuo%3d&tabid=1426&mid=4802 |archive-date=12 May 2013}}</ref>

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In 2015, the [[Central Bank of Russia|Central Bank of the Russian Federation]] issued a 100-[[ruble]]s note to commemorate the [[annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 23, 2015 |title=Russia Marks Crimea Annexation With A Banknote Rapidly Losing Value |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2015/12/23/460831232/russia-marks-crimea-annexation-with-a-banknote-rapidly-losing-value |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223201150/https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2015/12/23/460831232/russia-marks-crimea-annexation-with-a-banknote-rapidly-losing-value |archive-date=December 23, 2015 |access-date=June 20, 2024 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> It contains a QR code into its design, and when scanned with an internet-enabled mobile device, the code goes to a website that details the historical and technical background of the commemorative note. In 2017, the [[Bank of Ghana]] issued a 5-[[Ghanaian cedi|cedis]] banknote to commemorate 60 years of [[central bank]]ing in [[Ghana]]. It contains a QR code in its design which, when scanned with an internet-enabled mobile device, goes to the official Bank of Ghana website.

Credit card functionality is under development. In September 2016, the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) launched the eponymously named [[BharatQR]], a common QR code jointly developed by all the four major card payment companies – [[National Payments Corporation of India]] that runs [[RuPay]] cards along with [[Mastercard]], [[Visa Inc.|Visa]], and [[American Express]]. It will also have the capability of accepting payments on the [[Unified Payments Interface]] (UPI) platform.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/e-commerce/e-tailing/with-indiaqr-launch-retail-payments-to-get-digital-edge/57158555|title=With IndiaQR launch, retail payments to get digital edge |publisher=ET Retail |access-date=2017-02-15|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215063349/http://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/e-commerce/e-tailing/with-indiaqr-launch-retail-payments-to-get-digital-edge/57158555|archive-date=15 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indiaqr-to-debut-on-feb-20/articleshow/57154107.cms|title=IndiaQR to debut on Feb 20|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2017-02-15|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216133710/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indiaqr-to-debut-on-feb-20/articleshow/57154107.cms|archive-date=16 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Augmented reality ===

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=== Joining a Wi‑Fi network ===

[[File:QR code Wi-Fi generic.svg|thumb|upright|A QR code to automatically join a Wi‑Fi network]]

By specifying the SSID, encryption type, password/passphrase, and if the SSID is hidden or not, mobile device users can quickly scan and join networks without having to manually enter the data.<ref>{{cite web|title=Share your Wi-Fi SSID & Password using a QR Code|url=http://www.technostarry.com/share-wi-fi-details-using-qr-code/|date=2015-07-19|access-date=6 January 2018|archive-date=12 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112193217/http://www.technostarry.com/share-wi-fi-details-using-qr-code/|url-status=live|author-first1=Mrinmay|author-last1=Bhattacharjee|website=Technostarry}}</ref> A [[MeCard (QR code)|MeCard]]-like format is supported by Android and iOS 11+.<ref>{{cite web |title=zxing documentation: barcode contents |url=https://github.com/zxing/zxing/wiki/Barcode-Contents |website=GitHub |publisher=zxing |access-date=26 May 2016 |archive-date=15 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215201205/https://github.com/zxing/zxing/wiki/Barcode-Contents |url-status=live}}</ref>

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=== Secure QR code{{anchor|SQR}} ===

Secure Quick Response Code (SQRSQRC) code is a QR code that contains a "private data" segment after the terminator instead of the specified filler bytes "ec 11".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fukuchi.org/works/qrhack/qrhack1.html|title=Embedding Secret Data in QR Code|access-date=29 October 2018|archive-date=30 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030090645/https://fukuchi.org/works/qrhack/qrhack1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This private data segment must be deciphered with an encryption key. This can be used to store private information and to manage a company's internal information.<ref>{{cite web|title=SQRC|url=http://www.qrcode.com/en/codes/sqrc.html|website=qrcode.com|access-date=26 December 2017|archive-date=1 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101191507/http://www.qrcode.com/en/codes/sqrc.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Frame QR ===

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The text ''QR Code'' itself is a [[registered trademark]] and [[wordmark]] of Denso Wave Incorporated.<ref name="qrtrademark01">{{cite web |url=http://www.qrcode.com/en/index.html |title=QR Code.com |publisher=Denso-Wave |date=6 November 2003 |access-date=23 April 2009 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120915/http://www.qrcode.com/en/index.html |archive-date=2012-09-15}}</ref> In UK, the trademark is registered as E921775, the term ''QR Code'', with a filing date of 3 September 1998.<ref name="qrtrademarkuk">{{cite web |url=http://www.ipo.gov.uk/types/tm/t-os/t-find/t-find-number?detailsrequested=C&trademark=E921775 |title=UK QR Code Trademark |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120915/http://www.ipo.gov.uk/types/tm/t-os/t-find/t-find-number?detailsrequested=C&trademark=E921775 |archive-date=2012-09-15}}</ref> The UK version of the trademark is based on the Kabushiki Kaisha Denso (DENSO CORPORATION) trademark, filed as Trademark 000921775, the term ''QR Code'', on 3 September 1998 and registered on 16 December 1999 with the European Union OHIM (Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market).<ref name="qrtrademarkeu">{{cite web |url=http://esearch.oami.europa.eu/copla/trademark/data/000921775 |title=EU QR Code Trademark |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120915/http://esearch.oami.europa.eu/copla/trademark/data/000921775 |archive-date=2012-09-15}}</ref>

The U.S. Trademark for the term ''QR Code'' is Trademark 2435991 and was filed on 29 September 1998 with an amended registration date of 13 March 2001, assigned to Denso Corporation.<ref name="qrtrademarkus">{{cite web |url=http://tess2.uspto.gov/bin/showfield?f=doc&state=4010:nrb6eh.2.6 |title=US QR Code Trademark |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120915/http://tess2.uspto.gov/bin/showfield?f=doc&state=4010:nrb6eh.2.6 |archive-date=2012-09-15}}</ref> In South Korea, trademark application filed on 18 November 2011 was refused aton 20 March 2012, because the [[Korean Intellectual Property Office]] viewed that the phrase was [[Generic trademark|genericized]] among South Korean people to refer to matrix barcodes in general.<ref name="qrtrademarkkr">{{cite web |url=https://doi.org/10.8080/4020100059499?urlappend=en |title=KR QR Code Trademark Application |date=2010 |doi=10.8080/4020100059499 |archive-date=2023-11-18 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231118080058/http://engdtj.kipris.or.kr/engdtj/grrt1000a.do?method=biblioTMFrame&masterKey=4020100059499&index=1&kindOfReq=A&valid_fg=&rights=TM&KeyWord=4020100059499&applno=4020100059499&Gubun=1&sCurrPage=1&searchFg=N&expression=4020100059499&openPageId=View01&isMyConcern=N&isMyFolder=N&config=/main/sharePage_EN.jsp,%20className=jeus_jspwork._main._700_sharePage_5fEN_5fjsp,%20jspUri='/main/sharePage_EN.jsp}}</ref>

== Risks ==