QR code: Difference between revisions

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[[File:QR code for mobile English Wikipedia.svg|thumb|A QR code for the [[URL]] of the [[English Wikipedia]] Mobile main page|alt=A QR code for the URL of the English Wikipedia Mobile main page]]

A '''QR code,''' short for '''quick-response code''',<ref>{{cite interview |last=Hara |first=Masahiro |subject-link=Masahiro Hara |interviewer-last=Muller |interviewer-first=Derek

A '''QR code,''' short for '''quick-response code''',<ref>{{cite interview |last=Hara |first=Masahiro |subject-link=Masahiro Hara |interviewer-last=Muller |interviewer-first=Derek |interviewer-link=Derek Muller |title=I used to hate QR codes. But they're actually genius |date=1 October 2024 |at=34:09 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w5ebcowAJD8&t=2049 |access-date=1 October 2024 |quote=The biggest feature of QR codes is that they can be read quickly. It's called Quick Response because it reacts quickly.}}</ref> is a type of two-dimensional [[Barcode#Matrix (2D) codes|matrix barcode]] invented in 1994 by [[Masahiro Hara]] of the [[Japan]]ese company [[Denso#DENSO Wave|Denso Wave]] for labelling automobile parts.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hung|first1=Shih-Hsuan|last2=Yao|first2=Chih-Yuan|last3=Fang|first3=Yu-Jen|last4=Tan|first4=Ping|last5=Lee|first5=RuenRone|last6=Sheffer|first6=Alla|last7=Chu|first7=Hung-Kuo|date=2020-09-01|title=Micrography QR Codes|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8632711|journal=IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics|volume=26|issue=9|pages=2834–2847|doi=10.1109/TVCG.2019.2896895|issn=1077-2626|pmid=30716038|s2cidbibcode=73433883|access-date=21 April 2021|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web2020ITVCG.archive.org/web/20210421010504/https://ieeexplore26.ieee.org/document/8632711/2834H |url-statuss2cid=live73433883}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chen|first1=Rongjun|last2=Yu|first2=Yongxing|last3=Xu|first3=Xiansheng|last4=Wang|first4=Leijun|last5=Zhao|first5=Huimin|last6=Tan|first6=Hong-Zhou|date=2019-12-11|title=Adaptive Binarization of QR Code Images for Fast Automatic Sorting in Warehouse Systems|journal=Sensors|volume=19|issue=24|pages=5466|doi=10.3390/s19245466|pmc=6960674|pmid=31835866|bibcode=2019Senso..19.5466C |doi-access=free}}</ref> It features black squares on a white background with [[fiducial markers]], readable by imaging devices like cameras, and processed using [[Reed–Solomon error correction]] until the image can be appropriately interpreted. The required data is then extracted from patterns that are present in both the horizontal and the vertical components of the QR image.<ref name=autogenerated1/>

Whereas a barcode is a machine-readable optical image that contains information specific to the labeled item, the QR code contains the data for a locator, an identifier, and web-tracking. To store data efficiently, QR codes use four standardized modes of encoding: [[Number|numeric]], [[Alphanumericals|alphanumeric]], [[Byte pair encoding|byte]] or [[Binary number|binary]], and [[kanji]].<ref name="QRCodefeatures">{{cite web |url=http://www.qrcode.com/en/qrfeature.html |title=QR Code features |publisher=Denso-Wave |access-date=3 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129064920/http://www.qrcode.com/en/qrfeature.html |archive-date=2013-01-29}}</ref>

Compared to standard [[Universal Product Code|UPC barcodes]], the QR labeling system was applied beyond the automobile industry because of faster reading of the optical image and greater data-storage capacity in applications such as product tracking, item identification, time tracking, document management, and general marketing.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://www.nacs.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=D1FpVAvvJuo%3D&tabid=1426&mid=4802 |title=QR Code Essentials |publisher=Denso ADC |year=2011 |access-date=12 March 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512180619/http://www.nacs.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=D1FpVAvvJuo%3d&tabid=1426&mid=4802 |archive-date=12 May 2013}}</ref>

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== History ==

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In 2015, the [[Central Bank of Russia|Central Bank of the Russian Federation]] issued a 100-[[ruble]]s note to commemorate the [[annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 23, 2015 |title=Russia Marks Crimea Annexation With A Banknote Rapidly Losing Value |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2015/12/23/460831232/russia-marks-crimea-annexation-with-a-banknote-rapidly-losing-value |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223201150/https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2015/12/23/460831232/russia-marks-crimea-annexation-with-a-banknote-rapidly-losing-value |archive-date=December 23, 2015 |access-date=June 20, 2024 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> It contains a QR code into its design, and when scanned with an internet-enabled mobile device, the code goes to a website that details the historical and technical background of the commemorative note. In 2017, the [[Bank of Ghana]] issued a 5-[[Ghanaian cedi|cedis]] banknote to commemorate 60 years of [[central bank]]ing in [[Ghana]]. It contains a QR code in its design which, when scanned with an internet-enabled mobile device, goes to the official Bank of Ghana website.

Credit card functionality is under development. In September 2016, the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) launched the eponymously named [[BharatQR]], a common QR code jointly developed by all the four major card payment companies – [[National Payments Corporation of India]] that runs [[RuPay]] cards along with [[Mastercard]], [[Visa Inc.|Visa]], and [[American Express]]. It will also have the capability of accepting payments on the [[Unified Payments Interface]] (UPI) platform.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/e-commerce/e-tailing/with-indiaqr-launch-retail-payments-to-get-digital-edge/57158555|title=With IndiaQR launch, retail payments to get digital edge |publisher=ET Retail |access-date=2017-02-15|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215063349/http://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/e-commerce/e-tailing/with-indiaqr-launch-retail-payments-to-get-digital-edge/57158555|archive-date=15 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indiaqr-to-debut-on-feb-20/articleshow/57154107.cms|title=IndiaQR to debut on Feb 20|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2017-02-15|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216133710/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indiaqr-to-debut-on-feb-20/articleshow/57154107.cms|archive-date=16 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Augmented reality ===

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=== Joining a Wi‑Fi network ===

[[File:QR code Wi-Fi generic.svg|thumb|upright|A QR code to automatically join a Wi‑Fi network]]

By specifying the SSID, encryption type, password/passphrase, and if the SSID is hidden or not, mobile device users can quickly scan and join networks without having to manually enter the data.<ref>{{cite web|title=Share your Wi-Fi SSID & Password using a QR Code|url=http://www.technostarry.com/share-wi-fi-details-using-qr-code/|date=2015-07-19|access-date=6 January 2018|archive-date=12 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112193217/http://www.technostarry.com/share-wi-fi-details-using-qr-code/|url-status=live|author-first1=Mrinmay|author-last1=Bhattacharjee|website=Technostarry}}</ref> A [[MeCard (QR code)|MeCard]]-like format is supported by Android and iOS 11+.<ref>{{cite web |title=zxing documentation: barcode contents |url=https://github.com/zxing/zxing/wiki/Barcode-Contents |website=GitHub |publisher=zxing |access-date=26 May 2016 |archive-date=15 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215201205/https://github.com/zxing/zxing/wiki/Barcode-Contents |url-status=live}}</ref>

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=== Secure QR code{{anchor|SQR}} ===

Secure Quick Response Code (SQRSQRC) code is a QR code that contains a "private data" segment after the terminator instead of the specified filler bytes "ec 11".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fukuchi.org/works/qrhack/qrhack1.html|title=Embedding Secret Data in QR Code|access-date=29 October 2018|archive-date=30 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030090645/https://fukuchi.org/works/qrhack/qrhack1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This private data segment must be deciphered with an encryption key. This can be used to store private information and to manage a company's internal information.<ref>{{cite web|title=SQRC|url=http://www.qrcode.com/en/codes/sqrc.html|website=qrcode.com|access-date=26 December 2017|archive-date=1 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101191507/http://www.qrcode.com/en/codes/sqrc.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Frame QR ===