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{{Short description|1=Overview of and topical guide to databases}}
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The following is provided as an overview of and topical guide to databases:
'''[[Database]]''' – organized collection of data, today typically in digital form. The data are typically organized to model relevant aspects of reality (for example, the availability of rooms in hotels), in a way that supports processes requiring this information (for example, finding a hotel with vacancies).
== What type of things are databases? ==
Databases can be described as all of the following:
* [[Information]] – sequence of symbols that can be interpreted as a message. Information can be recorded as signs, or transmitted as signals.
* [[Data]] – values of qualitative or quantitative variables, belonging to a set of items. Data in computing (or data processing) are often represented by a combination of items organized in rows and multiple variables organized in columns. Data are typically the results of measurements and can be visualised using graphs or images.
* [[Computer data]] – information in a form suitable for use with a computer. Data is often distinguished from programs. A program is a sequence of instructions that detail a task for the computer to perform. In this sense, data is everything in software that is not program code.
== Types of databases ==
* [[Active database]] – includes an event driven architecture (often in the form of ECA rules) which can respond to conditions both inside and outside the database.
* [[Animation database]] – stores fragments of animations or human movements and which can be accessed, analyzed and queried to develop and assemble new animations.
* [[Back-end database]] – accessed by users indirectly through an external application rather than by application programming stored within the database itself or by low level manipulation of the data (e.g. through [[SQL]] commands).
* [[Bibliographic database]] – database of bibliographic records, an organized digital collection of references to published literature, including journal and newspaper articles, conference proceedings, reports, government and legal publications, patents, books, etc.
* [[Centralized database]] – database located and maintained in one ___location, unlike a distributed database.
* [[Cloud database]] – runs on a cloud computing platform, such as Amazon EC2, GoGrid and Rackspace.
* [[Collection database]] – collection catalog of a museum or archive implemented using a computerized database, in which the institution's objects or material are catalogued.
* [[Collective Optimization Database]] – open repository to enable sharing of benchmarks, data sets and optimization cases from the community, provide web services and Plug-in (computing)|plugins to analyze optimization data and predict program transformations or better hardware designs for multi-objective optimizations based on statistical and machine learning techniques provided there is enough information collected in the repository from multiple users.
* [[Configuration management database]] –
* [[Cooperative database]] – holds information on customers and their transactions.
* [[Correlation database]] – database management system (DBMS) that is data model independent and designed to efficiently handle unplanned, ad hoc queries in an analytical system environment.
* [[Current database]] – conventional database that stores data that is valid now.
* [[Directory (databases)|Directory]] – repository or database of information which is optimized for reading, under the assumption that data updates are very rare compared to data reads. Commonly, a directory supports search and browsing in addition to simple lookups.
* [[Distributed database]] – database in which storage devices are not all attached to a common CPU.
* [[Document-oriented database]] – computer program designed for storing, retrieving, and managing document-oriented, or Semi-structured model|semi structured data, information.
* [[EDA database]] – database specialized for the purpose of electronic design automation.
* [[Endgame tablebase]] – computerized database that contains precalculated exhaustive analysis of a chess endgame position.
* [[Food composition database]] (FCDB) – provides detailed information on the nutritional composition of foods.
* [[Full-text database]] – database that contains the complete text of books, dissertations, journals, magazines, newspapers or other kinds of textual documents. Also called a "complete-text database".
* [[Government database]] – collects personal information for various reasons ([[mass surveillance]], Schengen Information System in the European Union, social security, statistics, etc.).
* [[Graph database]] – uses graph structures with nodes, edges, and properties to represent and store data.
* [[Knowledge base]] – special kind of database for knowledge management. A knowledge base provides a means for information to be collected, organised, shared, searched and utilised.
* [[Mobile database]] – can be connected to by a mobile computing device over a mobile network.
* [[Navigational database]] – database in which objects (or records) in it are found primarily by following references from other objects.
* [[Non-native speech database]] – speech database of non-native pronunciations of English.
* [[Online database]] – database accessible from a network, including from the Internet.
* [[Operational database]] – accessed by an Operational System to carry out regular operations of an organization.
* [[Parallel database]] – improves performance through parallelization of various operations, such as loading data, building indexes and evaluating queries.
* [[Probabilistic database]] – uncertain database in which the possible worlds have associated probabilities.
* [[Real-time database]] – processing system designed to handle workloads whose state is constantly changing (Buchmann).
* [[Relational database]] – collection of data items organized as a set of formally described tables from which data can be accessed easily.
* [[Spatial database]] – database that is optimized to store and query data that is related to objects in space, including points, lines and polygons.
* [[Temporal database]] – database with built-in time aspects, for example a temporal data model and a temporal version of Structured Query Language (SQL).
* [[Time series database]] – a time series is an associative array of numbers indexed by a datetime or a datetime range. These time series are often called profiles or curves, depending upon the market. A time series of stock prices might be called a price curve, or a time series of energy consumption might be called a load profile. Despite the disparate naming, the operations performed on them are sufficiently common as to demand special database treatment.
* [[Triplestore]] – purpose-built database for the storage and retrieval of triples, a triple being a data entity composed of subject-predicate-object, like "Bob is 35" or "Bob knows Fred".
* [[Very large database]] (VLDB) – contains an extremely high number of tuples (database rows), or occupies an extremely large physical filesystem storage space.
* [[Virtual private database]] (VPD) – masks data in a larger database so that security allows only the use of apparently private data.
* [[Vulnerability database]] – platform aimed at collecting, maintaining, and disseminating information about discovered vulnerabilities targeting real computer systems.
* [[XLDB]] – Stands for "eXtremely Large Data Base".
* [[XML database]] – data stored in XML format, where it can be queried, exported and serialized into the desired format.
<!-- Following are specific databases that need to be placed somewhere else.
* [[IBM Lotus Domino]] –
* [[Oxford English Corpus]] – text corpus of English language used by the makers of the Oxford English Dictionary and by Oxford University Press's language research programme.
* [[Pakistan MNP Database (Guarantee) Limited]] –
* [[RecordSetter]] – formerly known as the Universal Record Database (URDB), is a social media website containing a collection of world records created by the public and evaluated by staff and visitors to the site.
* [[Project-Level Aid Database]] –
* [[Simple Sloppy Semantic Database]] –
* [[Suppliers and Parts database]] –
-->
<!-- Following are DBMS' (not databases), and therefore need to be moved to another section:
* [[Column-oriented DBMS]] – database management system (DBMS) that stores data tables as sections of columns of data rather than as rows of data, like most relational DBMSs. -->
== History of databases ==
* [[Database#History|History of databases]] –
* [[Database management system#History|History of database management systems]] –:
==Database use==
* [[Database#Major database usage requirements|Database usage requirements]] –
* [[Database theory]] –
* [[Database
* [[Database
* [[Database
** [[Database
* [[Database
** [[Datasource]] – name given to the connection set up to a database from a server. The name is commonly used when creating a query to the database. The Database Source Name (DSN) does not have to be the same as the filename for the database. For example, a database file named "friends.mdb" could be set up with a DSN of "school". Then DSN "school" would then be used to refer to the database when performing a query.
** [[Data Source Name]] (DSN) – are data structures used to describe a connection to a data source. Sometimes known as a database source name though data sources are not limited to databases.
* [[Database administrator]] (DBA) – is a person responsible for the installation, configuration, upgrade, administration, monitoring and maintenance of physical{{clarify|date=March 2012}} databases.
* [[Lock (database)|Lock]] –
* [[Comparison of database tools]] – (provides tables for comparing general and technical information for a number of available database administrator tools.)
* [[Database-centric architecture]] – software architectures in which databases play a crucial role. Also called "data-centric architecture".
* [[Intelligent database]] – was put forward as a system that manages information (rather than data) in a way that appears natural to users and which goes beyond simple record keeping.
* [[Two-phase locking]] (2PL) – is a concurrency control method that guarantees serializability.
* [[
* [[Load file]] – in the litigation community is commonly referred to as the file used to import data (coded, captured or extracted data from ESI processing) into a database; or the file used to link images.
* [[Database publishing]] – area of automated media production in which specialized techniques are used to generate paginated documents from source data residing in traditional databases.
* [[Halloween Problem]] – a phenomenon in databases in which an update operation causes a change in the physical ___location of a row, potentially allowing the row to be visited more than once during the operation.
* [[Log shipping]] – process of automating the backup of a database and transaction log files on a primary (production) database server, and then restoring them onto a standby server.
=== Database languages ===
[[Database#Database languages|Database languages]] –
* [[Data definition language]] –
* [[Data manipulation language]] –
* [[Query language]] –
** [[Information retrieval query language]] –
** [[SQL]] (Structured Query Language) – special-purpose programming language designed for managing data held in a relational database management system (RDBMS), or for stream processing in a relational data stream management system (RDSMS).
** [[XQuery]] – a query and functional programming language that queries and transforms collections of structured and unstructured data.
=== Database security ===
[[Database security]] –
* [[Database activity monitoring]]
* [[Database audit]] –
* [[Database forensics]] –
* [[Negative database]] –
=== Database design ===
[[Database design]] –
* [[
* [[Database normalization]] –
* [[Database refactoring]] –
=== Database programming ===
* [[Database abstraction layer]] –
* [[
=== Database management ===
* [[Database virtualization]] –
* [[Database tuning]] –
** [[Database caching]] –
*
* [[Database preservation]] –
* [[Database integrity]] –
== Database management systems ==
[[Database management system]] –
* [[Database model]] –
* [[Database normalization]] – organizing tables based on their attributes so that the data presented can avoid having redundancy and dependency.
*
* [[Distributed database management system]] –
* [[Federated database system]] –
* [[Referential integrity]] – .
* [[Relational algebra]] –
* [[Relational calculus]] –
* [[Relational database]] –
* [[Relational database management system]]
* [[Relational model]] –
* [[
* [[Transaction processing]] –
=== Concepts ===
* [[Database]] –
* [[ACID]] –
* [[Create, read, update and delete]] (CRUD) –
* [[Null (SQL)|Null]] –
* [[Candidate key]] –
* [[Foreign key]] –
* [[Primary key]] –
* [[Superkey]] –
* [[Surrogate key]] – unique identifier in a database
* [[Armstrong's axioms]] –
* [[NoSQL]] –
=== Objects ===
* [[Relation (database)|Relation]] –
** [[Table (database)|Table]] –
** [[Column (database)|Column]] –
** [[Row (database)|Row]] –
* [[View (database)|View]] –
* [[Database transaction]] –
* [[Transaction log]] –
* [[Database trigger]] –
* [[Index (database)|Index]] –
* [[Stored procedure]] –
* [[Cursor (databases)|Cursor]] –
* [[Partition (database)|Partition]] –
=== Components ===
* [[Concurrency control]] –
* [[Data dictionary]] –
* [[Java Database Connectivity]] – .
* [[Open Database Connectivity]] –
* [[Query language]] –
* [[Query optimizer]] –
* [[Query plan]] –
=== Functions ===
* [[Database administration
* [[Query optimization]] –
* [[Database replication]] –
=== Database products ===
* [[List of object-oriented database management systems]] –
** [[Comparison of
* [[List of relational database management systems]] –
** [[Comparison of relational database management systems]] –
** [[MySQL]] ([[Outline of MySQL|outline]]) –
* [[Document-oriented database]] – computer program designed for storing, retrieving, and managing document-oriented, or Semi-structured model|semi structured data, information.
== Database models ==
* [[Database model]] – theoretical foundation of a database and fundamentally determines in which manner data can be stored, organized, and manipulated in a database system. It thereby defines the infrastructure offered by a particular database system. The most popular example of a database model is the relational model.
=== Models ===
* [[Flat file database]] –
* [[Hierarchical database model]] –
*
* [[Network model]] –
* [[Relational model]] –
* [[
* [[Graph database]] –
* [[Object database]] –
* [[
=== Other models ===
* {{section link|Online analytical processing|Multidimensional databases}} –
* [[
* [[Star schema]] – is the simplest style of data warehouse schema. Also called "star-join schema", "[[data cube]]", or "multi-dimensional schema".
* [[XML database]] –
=== Implementations ===
* [[Flat file database]] –
* [[Deductive database]] –
* [[Document-oriented database]] –
* [[
* [[Temporal database]] –
* [[XML database]] –
* [[Triplestore]] –
== Data warehouse ==
[[Data warehouse]] –
=== Creating the data warehouse ===
==== Concepts ====
* [[Dimension (data warehouse)|Dimension]] –
* [[Dimensional modeling]] (DM) –
* [[Fact (data warehouse)|Fact]] –
* [[Online analytical processing]] (OLAP) –
* [[Star schema]] –
* [[Aggregate (Data Warehouse)|Aggregate]] –
==== Variants ====
* [[Anchor Modeling]] –
* [[Column-oriented DBMS]] –
* [[Data Vault Modeling]] –
* [[HOLAP]] –
* [[MOLAP]] –
* [[ROLAP]] –
* [[Operational data store]]
==== Elements ====
* [[Data dictionary]] – /[[Metadata]] –
* [[Data mart]] –
* [[Sixth normal form]]
* [[Surrogate key]] –
==== Fact ====
* [[Fact table]] –
* [[Early-arriving fact]] –
* [[Measure (data warehouse)|Measure]] –
==== Dimension ====
* [[Dimension table]] –
* [[Degenerate dimension]] –
* [[Slowly changing dimension]] –
==== Filling ====
* [[Extract, transform, load|Extract-Transform-Load (ETL)
* [[Data extraction]] –
* [[Data transformation]] –
* [[Data loading]] –
=== Using the data warehouse ===
==== Concepts ====
* [[Business intelligence]] (BI) –
* [[Dashboard (business)|Dashboard]] –
* [[Data mining]] – is
* [[Decision support system|Decision support system (DSS)
* [[OLAP cube]] –
==== Languages ====
* [[Data Mining Extensions
* [[MultiDimensional eXpressions
* [[XML for Analysis
==== Tools ====
* [[Business intelligence tools]] –
* [[List of reporting software]] –
* [[Spreadsheets]] –
=== People ===
* [[Edgar F. Codd]] – English Computer scientist who introduced the relational database model
* [[Bill Inmon]] –
* [[Ralph Kimball]]
=== Products ===
* [[Comparison of OLAP
== Database-related organizations ==
* ''[[Database (journal)|Database]]''
* ''[[Journal of Database Management]]''
== Database-related publications ==
* [[Ling Liu (computer scientist)|Ling Liu]] and Tamer M. Özsu (Eds.) (2009). "[
* Beynon-Davies, P. (2004). Database Systems. 3rd Edition. Palgrave, Houndmills, Basingstoke.
* Connolly, Thomas and Carolyn Begg. ''Database Systems.'' New York: Harlow, 2002.
* {{cite book|last=Date |first=C. J. |authorlink=Christopher J. Date |title=An Introduction to Database Systems, Fifth Edition |publisher=Addison Wesley |year= 2003 |isbn=0-201-51381-1
* Gray, J. and Reuter, A. ''Transaction Processing: Concepts and Techniques'', 1st edition, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1992.
* Kroenke, David M. and David J. Auer. ''Database Concepts.'' 3rd ed. New York: Prentice, 2007.
* {{cite book|last1=Lightstone |first1=S. |first2=T. |last2=Teorey |first3=T. |last3=Nadeau |title=Physical Database Design: the database professional's guide to exploiting indexes, views, storage, and more |publisher=Morgan Kaufmann Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-12-369389-
* Teorey, T.; Lightstone, S. and Nadeau, T. ''Database Modeling & Design: Logical Design'', 4th edition, Morgan Kaufmann Press, 2005. {{ISBN
== Database scholars ==
* [[Serge Abiteboul]]
* [[David Maier]]
* [[Ralph Kimball]]
* [[Kamran Parsaye]]
* [[C. J. Date]]
* [[Peter Chen]]
== See also ==
* [[Outline of computing]]
** [[Outline of software]]
* [[Databank]]
* [[Database model]]
* [[Database schema]]
* [[Record (database)]]
* [[Key (database)]]
* [[Internet research]]
* [[List of academic databases and search engines]]
* [[List of biodiversity databases]]
* [[List of Internet forums]]
* [[List of online databases]]
{{Clear}}
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== External links ==
{{
* [http://www.fileextension.org/DB DB File extension] – information about files with the DB extension
{{Outline footer}}
[[Category:Databases|
[[Category:Outlines of computing and engineering|Databases]]
[[Category:Outlines|Databases]]
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