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{{Short description|British multinational oil and gas company}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Shell plc
| former_name = {{Ubl
| Forthdeal Limited (2002{{endash}}2004)
| Royal Dutch Shell plc (2004{{endash}}2022)<ref name="CompaniesHouse">{{Cite web |date=5 February 2002 |title=Shell PLC overview – Find and update company information – GOV.UK |url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/04366849 |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=[[Companies House]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Modern Slavery Act Statement 2022 |url=https://www.shell.com/uk-modern-slavery-act/_jcr_content/root/main/section/call_to_action/links/item0.stream/1678297669616/bc592f9f745abb7862b8395a156b54d2165eca47/shell-plc-modern-slavery-act-statement-2022.pdf |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Shell}}</ref>
}}
| logo = [[File:Shell logo.svg]] <br> [[File:Shell wordmark 2019.svg|150px]]
| logo_size = 150
| logo_caption =
| image = The Shell Centre (8709496019).jpg
| image_caption = [[Shell Centre]] headquarters in London
| type = [[Public limited company|Public]]
<!-- Please DO NOT add any other exchanges to the following parameter, other than the LSE and Euronext Amsterdam, Shell's primary exchanges. The infobox documentation precludes secondary listings, including the NYSE-listed SHEL security. -->| traded_as = {{plainlist|
* {{LSE|SHEL}}
* {{EuronextAmsterdam|SHELL|GB00BP6MXD84|XAMS}}
* {{NYSE|SHEL}}
* [[FTSE 100 Index|FTSE 100 component]]
* [[AEX index|AEX component]]}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|GB00BP6MXD84|sl=no}}
| industry = {{ubl|[[Energy industry|Energy]]|[[Petroleum industry|Petroleum]]}}
| founded = {{start date and age|1907|04||df=yes}} (as ''Royal Dutch Shell'')<br />{{start date and age|2005|07|20|df=yes}} in [[Shell Centre]], London (current entity)
| founders = {{Plainlist|
*[[Henri Deterding]]
*[[Marcus Samuel, 1st Viscount Bearsted|Marcus Samuel]]
*[[Samuel Samuel]]
}}
| ___location = [[Shell Centre]]<br>London, England
| predecessors = {{plainlist|
*Royal Dutch Petroleum Company (1890)
*The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company (1897)}}
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{ubl|{{nowrap|{{wd-chairperson}}}}|{{wd-ceo}}}}
| products = {{ubl|[[LNG]]|[[Lubricant]]s|Natural gas|[[Petrochemical]]s|Petroleum}}
| brands = {{flatlist|
* [[Jiffy Lube]]
* [[Pennzoil]]
* [[Quaker State]]
* Shell Advance
* Shell Broadband
* Shell Helix
* Shell Nautilus
* Shell Rimula
* [[Shell Rotella]]
* [[Shell V-Power]]
}}
| revenue = {{decrease}} US$284.3 billion<ref name=results>{{cite web|url=https://www.shell.com/investors/investor-presentations/_jcr_content/root/main/section_1529014047_c_540020954/tabs/tab/text_copy_copy_94812_1071018427/links/item1.stream/1738202255123/061da40ba997fdbb6805333af18fdf3c796a0d98/q4-2024-qra-document.pdf|title=4th Quarter 2024 and Full Year Unaudited Results|publisher=Shell|access-date=9 February 2025}}</ref>
| revenue_year = 2024
| operating_income = {{decrease}} US$34.7 billion<ref name=results/>
| income_year = 2024
| net_income = {{decrease}} US$16.5 billion<ref name=results/>
| net_income_year = 2024
| assets = {{decrease}} US$387.6 billion<ref name=results/>
| assets_year = 2024
| equity = {{decrease}} US$180.2 billion<ref name=results/>
| equity_year = 2024
| num_employees = 90,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.shell.com/sustainability/people.html|title=People|publisher=Shell plc|access-date=9 February 2025}}</ref>
| num_employees_year = 2025
| divisions = {{plainlist|
* [[Shell Chemicals]]
* [[Shell Gas & Power]]}}
| subsid = {{collapsible list|
* Shell Argentina
* [[Shell Australia]]
* [[Shell Canada]]
* [[Brunei Shell Petroleum|Shell Brunei]]
* Shell Chile
* Shell Hong Kong
* Shell India
* Shell Italia
* Shell Morocco
* [[Shell Nigeria]]
* Shell Oman
* [[Shell Pakistan]]
* Shell Philippines
* Shell South Africa
* Shell Tunisia
* [[Shell USA]]}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.shell.com/|shell.com}}
| footnotes = {{unbulleted list|style= line-height 1.3|{{note label|reference_name_A|a|}} formerly known as "the Royal Dutch Company for the Exploitation of Petroleum Wells in the Dutch East Indies"}}
}}
'''Shell plc''' is a British [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[petroleum|oil]] and [[natural gas|gas]] company, headquartered in [[London]], United Kingdom.<ref name=reuters7222>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/shell-begin-trading-under-simpler-single-line-share-structure-2022-01-31/|title=Shell begins trading under simpler, single-line share structure|access-date=7 February 2022|work=Reuters|date=31 January 2022|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207120542/https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/shell-begin-trading-under-simpler-single-line-share-structure-2022-01-31/|url-status=live}}</ref> Shell is a [[public limited company]] with a primary listing on the [[London Stock Exchange]] (LSE) and secondary listings on [[Euronext|Euronext Amsterdam]] and the [[New York Stock Exchange]]. A core component of [[Big Oil]], Shell is the second largest investor-owned oil and gas company in the world by revenue (after [[ExxonMobil]]), and among the [[List of largest companies by revenue|world's largest companies]] out of any industry.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global 500|url=https://fortune.com/global500/|url-status=live|access-date=18 January 2022|website=Fortune|language=en|archive-date=24 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724015805/http://fortune.com/global500/}}</ref> Measured by both its own emissions, and the emissions of all the fossil fuels it sells, Shell was the [[Top contributors to greenhouse gas emissions|ninth-largest corporate producer of greenhouse gas emissions]] in the period 1988–2015.
Shell was formed in April 1907 through the [[Mergers and acquisitions|merger]] of '''Royal Dutch Petroleum Company''' of the Netherlands and '''The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company''' of the United Kingdom. The combined company rapidly became the leading competitor of the American [[Standard Oil]] and by 1920 Shell was the largest producer of oil in the world.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Garavini |first1=Giuliano |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_W6fDwAAQBAJ |title=The Rise and Fall of OPEC in the Twentieth Century |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2019 |isbn=9780198832836 |page=14 |access-date=2 April 2021 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111213/https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_OPEC_in_the_Twentie/_W6fDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> Shell first entered the chemicals industry in 1929. Shell was one of the "[[Seven Sisters (oil companies)|Seven Sisters]]" which dominated the global petroleum industry from the mid-1940s to the mid-1970s. In 1964, Shell was a partner in the world's first commercial sea transportation of [[liquefied natural gas]] (LNG).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peebles |first1=Malcolm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BFddDwAAQBAJ&q=shell+first+lng+cargo+1964 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816111115/https://books.google.com/books?id=BFddDwAAQBAJ&q=shell+first+lng+cargo+1964 |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 August 2021 |title=Evolution of the Gas Industry |publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education |year=1980 |isbn=9781349051557 |page=194 }}</ref> In 1970, Shell acquired the mining company [[BHP#Billiton|Billiton]], which it subsequently sold in 1994 and now forms part of [[BHP]]. In recent decades gas has become an increasingly important part of Shell's business<ref name="bloom8415">{{cite news |last=Fox |first=Justin |date=8 April 2015 |title=Stop Calling Shell an Oil Company |publisher=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2015-04-08/maybe-it-s-time-to-stop-calling-shell-an-oil-company |url-status=live |access-date=29 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030081338/https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2015-04-08/maybe-it-s-time-to-stop-calling-shell-an-oil-company |archive-date=30 October 2016}}</ref> and Shell acquired [[BG Group]] in 2016.<ref name="bloom8415" />
Shell is [[Vertical integration|vertically integrated]] and is active in every area of the oil and gas industry, including [[Hydrocarbon exploration|exploration]], [[Extraction of petroleum|production]], [[refining]], [[Petroleum transport|transport]], [[Midstream|distribution and marketing]], [[petrochemical]]s, [[power generation]], and trading. Shell has operations in over 99 countries,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://reports.shell.com/tax-contribution-report/2020/_assets/downloads/shell-tax-contribution-report-2020.pdf|title=Tax Contribution Report|year=2020|publisher=Shell|access-date=17 December 2021|archive-date=16 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216222908/https://reports.shell.com/tax-contribution-report/2020/_assets/downloads/shell-tax-contribution-report-2020.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> produces around 3.7 million [[Barrel of oil equivalent|barrels of oil equivalent]] per day and has around 44,000 service stations worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shell.com/home/content/aboutshell/at_a_glance/|title=Shell at a glance|access-date=30 August 2010|publisher=Royal Dutch Shell plc|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829175102/http://www.shell.com/home/content/aboutshell/at_a_glance/|archive-date=29 August 2010}}</ref><ref name="bgcombin">{{cite web|url=http://www.shell.com/investors/pre-combination-bg-group-publications/recommended-cash-and-share-offer-for-bg-group-plc-by-royal-dutch-shell-plc/_jcr_content/par/textimage_931903780.stream/1447807511882/0d4c28106256a8fda81c66a7abeca10ab78288bd4407420d3ae8f385a8870849/offer-announcement-royaldutchshellplc-bggroupplc.pdf|title=8 Apr 2015 – Recommended Cash and Share Offer Announcement|access-date=29 October 2016|publisher=Royal Dutch Shell plc|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030005314/http://www.shell.com/investors/pre-combination-bg-group-publications/recommended-cash-and-share-offer-for-bg-group-plc-by-royal-dutch-shell-plc/_jcr_content/par/textimage_931903780.stream/1447807511882/0d4c28106256a8fda81c66a7abeca10ab78288bd4407420d3ae8f385a8870849/offer-announcement-royaldutchshellplc-bggroupplc.pdf|archive-date=30 October 2016}}</ref> As of 31 December 2019, Shell had total proved reserves of {{convert|11.1|e9oilbbl}} of oil equivalent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://reports.shell.com/annual-report/2019/servicepages/downloads/files/shell_annual_report_2019.pdf|title=Shell Annual Report and Accounts 2019Annual Report and Accounts 2019|publisher=Royal Dutch Shell|access-date=28 February 2021|archive-date=4 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304214440/https://reports.shell.com/annual-report/2019/servicepages/downloads/files/shell_annual_report_2019.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Shell Oil Company|Shell USA]], its principal subsidiary in the United States, is one of its largest businesses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shell.us/home/content/usa/aboutshell/shell_businesses/upstream/ |title=Exploration & Production in the United States |access-date=30 August 2010 |publisher=Royal Dutch Shell plc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724200232/http://www.shell.us/home/content/usa/aboutshell/shell_businesses/upstream/ |archive-date=24 July 2011 }}</ref> Shell holds 44%<ref>{{Cite news|title=Shareholding Structure|url=https://ri.raizen.com.br/en/about-raizen/shareholding-structure/|access-date=17 December 2021|website=Raízen RI|language=en-US|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217133038/https://ri.raizen.com.br/en/about-raizen/shareholding-structure/|url-status=live}}</ref> of [[Raízen]], a publicly listed joint venture with [[Cosan]], which is the third-largest Brazil-based energy company.<ref name="Sugarcane Ethanol" /> In addition to the main Shell brand, the company also owns the [[Jiffy Lube]], [[Pennzoil]] and [[Quaker State]] brands.
Shell is a constituent of the [[FTSE 100 Index]] and had a [[market capitalisation]] of US$199 billion on 15 September 2022, the largest of any company listed on the LSE and the 44th-largest of any company in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Largest Companies by Market Cap |url=https://companiesmarketcap.com/ |website=companiesmarketcap.com |access-date=15 September 2022 |language=en-us |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414112804/https://companiesmarketcap.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In terms of the revenue, Shell generated $284B in 2024, a significant decline over a decade, from $451B in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shell (SHEL) - Revenue |url=https://companiesmarketcap.com/shell/revenue/ |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=companiesmarketcap.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
{{TOC limit|limit=3}}
==History==
===Origins===
[[File:KITLV - 26871 - Kleingrothe, C.J. - Medan - Burning of natural gases at an oil drilling site, presumably at Pangkalan Brandan, East Coast of Sumatra - circa 1905.tif|thumb|left|The oil well at [[Pangkalan Brandan]], [[North Sumatra]], is considered to be the origin of the Royal Dutch Shell, c. 1905]]
[[File:Aurora 1914 Sydney Harbour.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Shell benzine for Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton, Antarctic Expedition 1915]]
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Afscheepsteiger Tarakan 14 TMnr 10010382.jpg|thumb|Royal Dutch Petroleum dock in the [[Dutch East Indies]] (now [[Indonesia]]), c. 1925]]
The Royal Dutch Shell Group was created in April 1907 through the amalgamation of two rival companies: the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company ({{langx|nl|Koninklijke Nederlandse Petroleum Maatschappij}}) of the Netherlands and The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company Limited of the United Kingdom.<ref name="beginnings" /> It was a move largely driven by the need to compete globally with [[Standard Oil]].<ref name="Aftalion2001">{{cite book|author=Fred Aftalion|title=A History of the International Chemical Industry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zTP1MFJw8CsC&pg=PA142|year=2001|publisher=Chemical Heritage Foundation|isbn=978-0-941901-29-1|page=142|access-date=14 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128120644/https://books.google.com/books?id=zTP1MFJw8CsC&pg=PA142|archive-date=28 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The Royal Dutch Petroleum Company was a Dutch company founded in 1890 to develop an oilfield in [[Pangkalan Brandan]], [[North Sumatra]],{{sfn|Merrillees|2015|p=60}} and initially led by [[Jean Baptiste August Kessler|August Kessler]], Hugo Loudon, and [[Henri Deterding]]. The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company (the quotation marks were part of the legal name) was a [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] company, founded in 1897 by [[Marcus Samuel, 1st Viscount Bearsted]], and his brother [[Samuel Samuel]].<ref name=history>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shell.com/home/content/aboutshell/who_we_are/our_history/dir_our_history_14112006.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011102905/http://www.shell.com/home/content/aboutshell/who_we_are/our_history/dir_our_history_14112006.html|url-status=dead|title=Royal Dutch Shell: History|archive-date=11 October 2008}}</ref> Their father had owned an antique company in [[Houndsditch]], London,<ref name="Forsyth2011">{{cite book|author=Mark Forsyth|title=The Etymologicon: A Circular Stroll through the Hidden Connections of the English Language|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KUZxTvay3PMC|year=2011|publisher=Icon Books|isbn=978-1-84831-319-4|page=140|access-date=14 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128120639/https://books.google.com/books?id=KUZxTvay3PMC|archive-date=28 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> which expanded in 1833 to import and sell seashells, after which the company "Shell" took its name.<ref name=beginnings>{{cite web|url=http://www.shell.com/global/aboutshell/who-we-are/our-history/the-beginnings.html|title=The beginnings|work=shell.com|access-date=21 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331024927/http://www.shell.com/global/aboutshell/who-we-are/our-history/the-beginnings.html|archive-date=31 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Falola">{{cite book|last1=Falola|last2=Genova|first1=Toyin|first2=Ann|title=The Politics of the Global Oil Industry: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BXWasJHiT-kC&q=marcus+samuel+sold+shells&pg=PA30|year=2005|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|page=30|isbn=9780275984007|access-date=14 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128120639/https://books.google.com/books?id=BXWasJHiT-kC&pg=PA30&lpg=PA30&dq=marcus+samuel+sold+shells&source=bl&ots=spB9T3LJjT&sig=iI8KbrjxYzslXq6Pl27xah1BcKE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DXO1U7OWIZe2yASP5oKADg&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q=marcus%20samuel%20sold%20shells&f=false|archive-date=28 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=dy>{{cite book |last1=Yergin |first1=Daniel |title=The Prize, The Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power |date=1991 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |___location=New York |isbn=9780671799328 |pages=63–77,86–87,114–127}}</ref>
For various reasons, the new firm operated as a [[dual-listed company]], whereby the merging companies maintained their legal existence but operated as a single-unit partnership for business purposes. The terms of the merger gave 60 percent stock ownership of the new group to Royal Dutch, and 40 percent to Shell. Both became [[holding company|holding companies]] for [[Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij]], containing the production and refining assets, and Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Company, containing the transport and storage assets.<ref name="Gerretson346">{{cite book|author=F. C. Gerretson|title=History of the Royal Dutch|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IsoUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA346|year=1953|publisher=Brill Archive|page=346|id=GGKEY:NNJNHTLUZKG|access-date=14 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128120639/https://books.google.com/books?id=IsoUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA346|archive-date=28 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> National patriotic sensibilities would not permit a full-scale merger or takeover of either of the two companies.<ref name="Gerretson346" /> The Dutch company, ''Koninklijke Nederlandsche Petroleum Maatschappij'' at [[The Hague]], was in charge of production and manufacture.<ref name="Gerretson347">{{cite book|author=F. C. Gerretson|title=History of the Royal Dutch|year=1953|publisher=Brill Archive|page=346|id=GGKEY:NNJNHTLUZKG}}</ref> The British ''Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Company'' was based in London, to direct the transport and storage of the products.<ref name="Gerretson347" /><ref name=dy/>
In 1912, Royal Dutch Shell purchased the [[Rothschild & Co|Rothschilds]]' [[Bnito|Russian oil assets]] in a stock deal. The Group's production portfolio then consisted of 53 percent from the [[East Indies]], 29 percent from the [[Russian Empire]], and 17 percent from [[Romania]].<ref name=dy/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Yergin |first1=Daniel |title=The Prize, The Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power |date=1991 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |___location=New York |isbn=9780671799328 |pages=133}}</ref>
===20th century===
[[File:Ford Shell Fuel Lkw IMG 20180417 192801.jpg|thumb|Shell tank truck from 1926 based on a [[Ford Model TT]]]]
During the [[First World War]], Shell was the main supplier of fuel to the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War I)|British Expeditionary Force]].<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://www.shell.com/global/aboutshell/who-we-are/our-history/early-20th-century.html|title=The early 20th century|work=shell.com|access-date=21 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331032656/http://www.shell.com/global/aboutshell/who-we-are/our-history/early-20th-century.html|archive-date=31 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> It was also the sole supplier of [[aviation fuel]] and supplied 80 percent of the British Army's [[TNT]].<ref name=autogenerated1 /> It also volunteered all of its shipping to the [[British Admiralty]].<ref name=autogenerated1 />
The [[Romanian Campaign (1916)|German invasion of Romania]] in 1916 saw 17% of the group's worldwide production destroyed.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> In 1919, Shell took control of the [[Mexican Eagle Petroleum Company]] and in 1921 formed Shell-Mex Limited, which marketed products under the "Shell" and "Eagle" brands in the United Kingdom. During the [[Genoa Conference (1922)|Genoa Conference]] of 1922 Royal Dutch Shell was in negotiations for a monopoly over Soviet oilfields in [[Baku]] and [[Grozny|Grosny]], although the leak of a draft treaty led to breakdown of the talks.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Steiner|first=Zara|title=The lights that failed : European international history, 1919–1933|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-151881-2|___location=Oxford|oclc=86068902}}</ref> In 1929, [[Shell Chemicals]] was founded.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> By the end of the 1920s, Shell was the world's leading oil company, producing 11 percent of the world's [[crude oil]] supply and owning 10 percent of its tanker tonnage.<ref name=autogenerated1 />
During the [[Spanish Civil War]] the company sold oil to the Nationalist side of [[Francisco Franco]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Casanova |first1=Julián |title=The Spanish Republic and Civil War |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=233}}</ref>
[[File:Куда бы вы ни поехали, вы можете быть уверены в Shell.jpg|thumb|left|1932 Shell advertisement poster by the British surrealist painter [[Paul Nash (artist)|Paul Nash]]]]
Located in the north bank of the [[River Thames]] in London, [[Shell Mex House]] was completed in 1931, and was the head office for Shell's marketing activity worldwide.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> In 1932, partly in response to the difficult economic conditions of the [[Great Depression]], Shell-Mex merged its UK marketing operations with those of [[BP]] (British Petroleum) to create [[Shell-Mex & BP]],<ref>Reference and contact details: GB 1566 SMBP Title:Shell-Mex and BP Archive Dates of Creation: 1900–1975 Held at: BP Archive GB 1566 SMBP</ref> a company that traded until the brands separated in 1975. Royal Dutch Company ranked 79th among United States corporations in the value of [[World War II]] military production contracts.<ref>[[Whiz Kids (Department of Defense)|Peck, Merton J.]] & [[Frederic M. Scherer|Scherer, Frederic M.]] ''The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis'' (1962) [[Harvard Business School]] p.619</ref>
[[File:Shell petrol pump 1952.jpg|thumb|upright|Vintage petrol pump (1952)]]
The 1930s saw Shell's Mexican assets seized by the local government.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> After the [[German invasion of the Netherlands|invasion of the Netherlands]] by [[Nazi Germany]] in 1940, the head office of the Dutch companies was moved to [[Curaçao]].<ref name=autogenerated1 /> In 1945, Shell's Danish headquarters in [[Copenhagen]], at the time being used by the [[Gestapo]], was bombed by [[Royal Air Force]] [[De Havilland Mosquito]]es in [[Operation Carthage]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.milhist.dk/besattelsen/shell/shell.html |title= The Bombing of the Shellhus on March 21, 1945 |website= milhist.dk |first= Klaus |last= Velschow |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140410023949/http://www.milhist.dk/besattelsen/shell/shell.html |archive-date= 10 April 2014 |url-status= dead |access-date= 21 April 2015 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>
In 1937, [[Iraq Petroleum Company]] (IPC), 23.75 percent owned by Royal Dutch Shell plc,<ref name="RLA">{{Cite web |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/red-line |title=United States Office of the Historian: The 1928 Red Line Agreement |access-date=21 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717191817/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/red-line |archive-date=17 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> signed an oil concession agreement with the [[Muscat and Oman|Sultan of Muscat]]. In 1952, IPC offered financial support to raise an armed force that would assist the Sultan in occupying the interior region of [[Oman]], an area that geologists believed to be rich in oil. This led to the 1954 outbreak of the [[Jebel Akhdar War]] in Oman that lasted for more than 5 years.<ref name="OmansInsurgencies">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wkUhBQAAQBAJ&q=moff%20oman&pg=PT43|title=Oman's Insurgencies: The Sultanate's Struggle for Supremacy|first=J. E.|last=Peterson|date=2 January 2013|publisher=Saqi|isbn=9780863567025|access-date=29 April 2018|via=Google Books|archive-date=17 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111151/https://books.google.com/books?id=wkUhBQAAQBAJ&q=moff%20oman&pg=PT43|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Tankstationmijnsheerenland.png|thumb|left|[[Royal Dutch Shell]] filling station and garage in [[Mijnsheerenland]], the Netherlands, late-1970s]]
Around 1952, Shell was the first company to purchase and use a computer in the Netherlands.<ref>[http://www.xs4all.nl/~onnoz/miracle/ The Ferranti Mark 1* that went to Shell labs in Amsterdam, Netherlands] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412161507/http://www.xs4all.nl/~onnoz/miracle/ |date=12 April 2010 }} (Dutch only)</ref> The computer, a [[Ferranti Mark 1]]*, was assembled and used at the Shell laboratory in Amsterdam. In 1970, Shell acquired the mining company [[BHP#Billiton|Billiton]], which it subsequently sold in 1994.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mining-conglomerates-analysis-idUSTRE68Q2NH20100927?pageNumber=2|title=Analysis: Cash bounty lures miners into risky empire-building|access-date=22 April 2011|work=[[Reuters]]|date=27 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619225601/http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/09/27/us-mining-conglomerates-analysis-idUSTRE68Q2NH20100927?pageNumber=2|archive-date=19 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 1989, Shell redesigned a $3-billion natural gas platform in the [[North Sea]], raising its height one to two meters, to accommodate an anticipated [[sea level rise]] due to [[Climate change|global warming]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lieberman |first1=Amy |last2=Rust |first2=Susanne |date=31 December 2015 |title=Big Oil braced for global warming while it fought regulations |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=http://graphics.latimes.com/oil-operations/ |url-status=live |access-date=22 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121025207/http://graphics.latimes.com/oil-operations/ |archive-date=21 January 2016}}</ref>
In the 1990s, protesters criticised the company's environmental record, particularly the possible pollution caused by the proposed disposal of the [[Brent Spar]] platform into the North Sea. Despite support from the UK government, Shell reversed the decision under public pressure but maintained that sinking the platform would have been environmentally better.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/218527.stm Brent Spar's long saga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331041643/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/218527.stm |date=31 March 2008 }} BBC News, 1998</ref> Shell subsequently published an unequivocal commitment to [[sustainable development]], supported by executive speeches reinforcing this commitment.<ref>{{cite web |last= Ek Kia |first= Tan |title= Sustainable Development in Shell |date= 19 April 2005 |url= http://www.shellchemicals.com/chemicals/pdf/speeches/sydney_speech_april_2005.pdf |access-date= 30 August 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070926070114/http://www.shellchemicals.com/chemicals/pdf/speeches/sydney_speech_april_2005.pdf |archive-date= 26 September 2007 |url-status= dead |df= dmy-all}}</ref> Shell was subsequently criticised by the [[European Commission]] and five European Union members after deciding to leave part of its decommissioned oil rigs standing in the North Sea. Shell argued that removing them would be too costly and risky. Germany said that the estimated 11,000 tonnes of raw oil and toxins remaining in the rigs would eventually seep into the sea, and called it a 'ticking timebomb'.<ref>{{Cite web |url =https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/sep/04/uk-facing-eu-outrage-over-timebomb-of-north-sea-oil-rigs |title= UK facing EU outrage over 'timebomb' of North Sea oil rigs |date=4 September 2019 |website=The Guardian |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190905000116/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/sep/04/uk-facing-eu-outrage-over-timebomb-of-north-sea-oil-rigs |archive-date=5 September 2019 |access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref>
On 15 January 1999, off the [[Argentina|Argentinian]] town of [[Magdalena, Buenos Aires]], the Shell tanker ''Estrella pampeana'' collided with a German [[cargo ship]], emptying its contents into the lake, polluting the environment, drinkable water, plants and animals. Over a decade after the spill, a referendum held in Magdalena determined the acceptance of a US$9.5 million compensatory payout from Shell.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 May 2009 |title=Argentinian town agrees to damages for oil spill |url=http://www.rnw.nl/english/article/argentinian-town-agrees-damages-oil-spill |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917120313/http://www.rnw.nl/english/article/argentinian-town-agrees-damages-oil-spill |archive-date=17 September 2009 |access-date=3 March 2014 |work=Radio Netherlands Worldwide }}</ref> Shell denied responsibility for the spill, but an Argentine court ruled in 2002 that the corporation was responsible.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 November 2002 |title=Court rules Shell must spend US$35mn on Magdalena clean-up |url=http://www.bnamericas.com/news/oilandgas/Court_rules_Shell_must_spend_US*35mn_on_Magdalena_clean-up |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303105042/http://www.bnamericas.com/news/oilandgas/Court_rules_Shell_must_spend_US*35mn_on_Magdalena_clean-up |archive-date=3 March 2014 |access-date=3 March 2014 |work=BNamericas }}</ref>
===21st century===
[[File:ShellgebouwAmsterdam.JPG|thumb|Former Shell Research and Technology Centre, [[Amsterdam]], c. 2000]]
[[File:Shell Refueller.JPG|thumb|A Shell JET A refueller truck on the ramp at [[Vancouver International Airport]], 2005]]
In 2002, Shell acquired [[Pennzoil|Pennzoil-Quaker State]] through its American division for US$22 per share, or about US$1.8 billion. Through its acquisition of Pennzoil, Shell became a [[Successors of Standard Oil|descendant of Standard Oil]]. With its acquisition, Shell inherited multiple auto part brands including [[Jiffy Lube]], [[Rain-X]], and [[Fix-a-Flat]]. The company was notably late in its acquisition as seen by journalists, with Shell seen as streamlining its assets around the same time of other major mergers and acquisitions in the industry, such as [[BP]]'s purchase of [[Amoco]] and the merger of [[ExxonMobil|Exxon]] and [[Mobil]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Shell Oil To Acquire Pennzoil|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/26/business/shell-oil-to-acquire-pennzoil.html|access-date=13 October 2022|date=26 March 2002|newspaper=New York Times|archive-date=7 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007035147/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/26/business/shell-oil-to-acquire-pennzoil.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Shell Gas Station at Gaya Street Sunday Market, Kota Kinabalu 24.jpg|thumb|Shell Gas Station at Gaya Street Sunday Market, [[Kota Kinabalu]]]]
In 2004, Shell overstated its oil reserves, resulting in loss of confidence in the group, a £17 million fine by the [[Financial Services Authority]] and the departure of the chairman [[Philip Watts]]. A lawsuit resulted in the payment of $450 million to non-American shareholders in 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Shell Settles With Europe on Overstated Oil Reserves|author=G. Thomas Sims|date=12 April 2007|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/12/business/12shell.html|work=The New York Times|access-date=18 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102172034/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/12/business/12shell.html|archive-date=2 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/may/31/royal-dutch-shell-compensation-shareholders|title=Royal Dutch Shell to compensate shareholders for reserves scandal|author=Jill Treanor|work=The Guardian|date=31 May 2009|___location=London|access-date=13 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102174359/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/may/31/royal-dutch-shell-compensation-shareholders|archive-date=2 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3524438.stm|title=Shell's slippery slope|author=Tim Fawcett|work=BBC News|date=18 March 2004|access-date=24 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111074859/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3524438.stm|archive-date=11 January 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>
As a result of the scandal, the corporate structure was simplified. Two classes of ordinary shares, A (code RDSA) and B (code RDSB), identical but for the tax treatment of dividends, were issued for the company.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.joshuakennon.com/royal-dutch-shell-class-a-vs-class-b-shares/|title=Royal Dutch Shell Class A vs Class B Shares|first=Joshua|last=Kennon|date=9 July 2013 |access-date=19 June 2020|archive-date=21 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621050824/https://www.joshuakennon.com/royal-dutch-shell-class-a-vs-class-b-shares/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Filling station.jpg|thumb|Shell filling station in the UK, 2006]]
In November 2004, following a period of turmoil caused by the revelation that Shell had been overstating its [[oil reserves]], it was announced that the Shell Group would move to a single capital structure, creating a new parent company to be named Royal Dutch Shell plc, with its primary listing on the LSE, a secondary listing on [[Euronext Amsterdam]], its headquarters and tax residency in [[The Hague]], Netherlands and its registered office in London. The company was already incorporated in 2002 as '''Forthdeal Limited''', a [[shelf corporation]] incorporated by Swift Incorporations Limited and Instant Companies Limited, both based in Bristol.<ref name="chshell">{{cite web |title=SHELL PLC overview – Find and update company information – GOV.UK |url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/04366849 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206214703/https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/04366849 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |access-date=6 February 2022 |publisher=[[Companies House]]}}</ref> The unification was completed on 20 July 2005 and the original owners delisted their companies from the respective exchanges. On 20 July 2005, The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company plc was delisted from the LSE,<ref>[http://www.shell.com/home/content/investor/shareholder_information/unification_archive/st_archive/share_capital_history/ The Shell Transport & Trading Company plc] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522212951/http://www.shell.com/home/content/investor/shareholder_information/unification_archive/st_archive/share_capital_history/ |date=22 May 2012 }} delisted from LSE,</ref> changing its name to The Shell Transport and Trading Company Limited<ref>{{cite web|url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/00054485/filing-history?page=5 |title=Directors' Report and Accounts 2005|publisher=Shell Transport and Trading Company Limited|access-date=26 March 2025}}</ref> whereas Royal Dutch Petroleum Company was delisted from the [[New York Stock Exchange]] on 18 November 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/rules/delist/1-03788_111805.pdf|title=N.V. Koninklijke Nederlandsche Petroleum Maatschappij (English translation, Royal Dutch Petroleum Company) to Withdraw its Ordinary Shares, par value 0.56 Euro, from NYSE|access-date=13 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109153338/https://www.sec.gov/rules/delist/1-03788_111805.pdf|archive-date=9 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The shares of the company were issued at a 60/40 advantage for the shareholders of Royal Dutch in line with the original ownership of the Shell Group.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4628983.stm Shell shareholders agree merger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214094846/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4628983.stm |date=14 December 2007 }} BBC News, 2005</ref>
During the [[Economy of Iraq#2009 Oil services contracts|2009 Iraqi oil services contracts tender]], a consortium led by Shell (45%) and which included [[Petronas]] (30%) was awarded a production contract for the "Majnoon field" in the south of Iraq, which contains an estimated {{convert|12.6|Goilbbl|m3}} of oil.<ref name=GT-DEX-2009-47>{{cite news|title=Iraq holds oil auction, Shell wins giant field|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-44646120091211|access-date=22 August 2012|work=Reuters|date=11 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619230728/http://in.reuters.com/article/2009/12/11/idINIndia-44646120091211|archive-date=19 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/natural_resources/article6954091.ece|title=Shell secures vital toehold in 'the new Iraq' where oil is ready to flow|access-date=22 April 2011|work=[[The Times]]|date=12 December 2009|___location=London|first=Robin|last=Pagnamenta|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712060026/http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/natural_resources/article6954091.ece|archive-date=12 July 2012|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> The "West Qurna 1 field" production contract was awarded to a consortium led by [[ExxonMobil]] (60%) and included Shell (15%).<ref>[[Iraq oil#2009 Oil services contracts|2009 Iraqi oil services contracts tender]]</ref>
In February 2010, Shell and [[Cosan]] formed a 50:50 joint-venture, [[Raízen]], comprising all of Cosan's Brazilian ethanol, energy generation, fuel distribution and sugar activities, and all of Shell's Brazilian retail fuel and aviation distribution businesses.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cosan-shell-idUSTRE6101TW20100201|title=Shell bets on ethanol in $21 billion deal with Brazil's Cosan|access-date=22 April 2011|work=Reuters|date=1 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015084623/http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/02/01/us-cosan-shell-idUSTRE6101TW20100201|archive-date=15 October 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2010, Shell announced the sale of some of its assets, including its liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) business, to meet the cost of a planned $28bn capital spending programme. Shell invited buyers to submit indicative bids, due by 22 March, with a plan to raise $2–3bn from the sale.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/energy-and-clean-tech/2010/03/lpg-business-gas-shell-capital|title=Shell to fund capital spending by selling LPG assets|date=1 March 2010|access-date=11 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605055332/http://www.newstatesman.com/energy-and-clean-tech/2010/03/lpg-business-gas-shell-capital|archive-date=5 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2010, Shell agreed to acquire all the business of [[East Resources]] for a cash consideration of $4.7 billion. The transaction included East Resources' tight gas fields.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.infogrok.com/index.php/energy-companies/shell-acquires-east-resources-tight-gas-fields.html |title=Shell Acquires East Resources' Tight Gas Fields |publisher=Infogrok.com |date=31 May 2010 |access-date=17 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227073518/http://www.infogrok.com/index.php/energy-companies/shell-acquires-east-resources-tight-gas-fields.html |archive-date=27 February 2012 }}</ref>
Over the course of 2013, the corporation began the sale of its [[Shale gas in the United States|US shale gas]] assets and canceled a US$20 billion gas project that was to be constructed in the US state of [[Louisiana]]. A new CEO [[Ben van Beurden]] was appointed in January 2014, prior to the announcement that the corporation's overall performance in 2013 was 38 percent lower than in 2012—the value of Shell's shares fell by 3 percent as a result.<ref name="Tom" /> Following the sale of the majority of its Australian assets in February 2014, the corporation plans to sell a further US$15 billion worth of assets in the period leading up to 2015, with deals announced in Australia, Brazil and Italy.<ref name="Bloom">{{cite news |author=James Paton |date=21 February 2014 |title=Vitol to Pay Shell A$2.9 Billion for Australian Assets |newspaper=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-02-20/vitol-to-pay-a-2-9-billion-for-shell-s-australian-gas-stations.html |url-status=live |access-date=24 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222194512/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-02-20/vitol-to-pay-a-2-9-billion-for-shell-s-australian-gas-stations.html |archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref>
Shell announced on 8 April 2015 it had agreed to buy [[BG Group]] for £47 billion (US$70 billion), subject to shareholder and regulatory approval.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-royal-dutch-shell-bg-group-20150408-story.html|title=Shell-BG tie-up could challenge market leader Exxon Mobil|work=Los Angeles Times|author=Tiffany Hsu|date=8 April 2015|access-date=8 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408101727/http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-royal-dutch-shell-bg-group-20150408-story.html|archive-date=8 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The acquisition was completed in February 2016, resulting in Shell surpassing [[Chevron Corporation]] and becoming the world's second largest non-state oil company.<ref name="Katakey">{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-02-15/shell-surpasses-chevron-to-become-no-2-oil-company-chart|title=Shell Surpasses Chevron to Become No. 2 Oil Company: Chart|author=Rakteem Katakey|date=15 February 2016|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=11 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125044013/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-02-15/shell-surpasses-chevron-to-become-no-2-oil-company-chart|archive-date=25 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
On 7 June 2016, Shell announced that it would build an [[Pennsylvania Shell ethane cracker plant|ethane cracker plant]] near [[Pittsburgh]], Pennsylvania, after spending several years doing an environmental cleanup of the proposed plant's site.<ref>[http://www.shell.com/media/news-and-media-releases/2016/shell-final-investment-decision-petrochemicals-complex-pennsylvania.html Shell takes final investment decision to build a new petrochemicals complex in Pennsylvania, US] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611103942/http://www.shell.com/media/news-and-media-releases/2016/shell-final-investment-decision-petrochemicals-complex-pennsylvania.html |date=11 June 2016 }} ''Royal Dutch Shell'' (06/07/2016)</ref>
In January 2017, Shell agreed to sell £2.46bn worth of [[North Sea]] assets to oil exploration firm Chrysaor.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-38807175|title=Shell sells North Sea assets worth £2.46bn to Chrysaor|work=[[BBC News]]|date=31 January 2017|access-date=10 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222112208/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-38807175|archive-date=22 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, Shell sold its [[oil sands]] assets to [[Canadian Natural Resources]] in exchange of approximately 8.8% stake in that company. In May 2017, it was reported that Shell plans to sell its shares in Canadian Natural Resources fully exiting the oil sands business.<ref name=reuters240517>{{cite news | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-shell-divestiture-canada-analysis-idUSKBN18L014 | title = Shell, ConocoPhillips oil sands share selloff risks flooding market | first = Nia | last = Williams | work = Reuters | date = 24 May 2017 | access-date = 10 June 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170607110517/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-shell-divestiture-canada-analysis-idUSKBN18L014 | archive-date = 7 June 2017 | url-status = live }}</ref>
On 5 November 2017, the [[Paradise Papers]], a set of confidential [[electronic document]]s relating to [[offshore investment]], revealed that Argentine Energy Minister [[Juan José Aranguren]] was revealed to have managed the [[offshore companies]] 'Shell Western Supply and Trading Limited' and 'Sol Antilles y Guianas Limited', both subsidiaries of Shell. One is the main bidder for the purchase of diesel oil by the government through the state owned [[Compañía Administradora del Mercado Mayorista Eléctrico Sociedad Anónima|CAMMESA]] (Compañía Administradora del Mercado Mayorista Eléctrico).<ref name="perfil1">{{cite news|title=Aranguren: su paso por una offshore de Shell a la que el Estado le compró gasoil por US$ 150 M|url=http://www.perfil.com/paradisepapers/paradise-papers-aranguren-su-paso-por-una-offshore-de-shell-a-la-que-el-estado-le-compro-gasoil-por-us-150-m.phtml|access-date=7 November 2017|work=[[Perfil]]|date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107155244/http://www.perfil.com/paradisepapers/paradise-papers-aranguren-su-paso-por-una-offshore-de-shell-a-la-que-el-estado-le-compro-gasoil-por-us-150-m.phtml|archive-date=7 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
On 30 April 2020, Shell announced that it would cut its [[dividend]] for the first time since the [[Second World War]], due to the [[2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war|oil price collapse]] following the reduction in oil demand during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. Shell stated that their net income adjusted for the cost of supply dropped to US$2.9 billion in three months to 31 March. This compared with US$5.3 billion in the same period the previous year.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Raval|first=Anjli|date=30 April 2020|title=Shell cuts dividend for first time since second world war|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/9e9419b9-63d7-4671-9dd5-527b57434777|access-date=30 April 2020|archive-date=1 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501110845/https://www.ft.com/content/9e9419b9-63d7-4671-9dd5-527b57434777|url-status=live}}</ref> On 30 September 2020, the company said that it would cut up to 9,000 jobs as a result of the economic effects caused by the pandemic and announced a "broad restructuring".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/shell-to-cut-up-to-9-000-jobs-11601457301?mod=business_lead_pos12|title=Shell to Cut Up to 9,000 Jobs|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|last=McFarlane|first=Sarah|date=30 September 2020|access-date=30 September 2020|archive-date=18 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818064244/https://www.wsj.com/articles/shell-to-cut-up-to-9-000-jobs-11601457301?mod=business_lead_pos12|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2020, Shell forecast another write-down of $3.5–4.5 billion for the fourth quarter due to lower oil prices, following $16.8 billion of impairment in the second quarter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/oil-gas-stock-roundup-exxon-132201930.html|title=Oil & Gas Stock Roundup: Exxon Ups Emission Goal, Shell's Q4 Update, Flurry of M&A|date=23 December 2020|publisher=Yahoo Finance|access-date=23 December 2020|archive-date=2 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102191553/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/oil-gas-stock-roundup-exxon-132201930.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
In February 2021, Shell announced a loss of $21.7 billion in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic,<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 February 2021|title=Royal Dutch Shell sees huge loss as pandemic hits oil demand|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-55931523|access-date=6 February 2021|archive-date=5 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205172519/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-55931523|url-status=live}}</ref> despite reducing its operating expenses by 12%, or $4.5 billion, according to a [[Morningstar, Inc.|Morningstar]] analysis cited by [[Barron's (newspaper)|Barron's]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Good|first=Allen|date=8 February 2021|title=Shell Increases Dividend Again With Q4 Results; Attention Turns to Upcoming Strategic Update|url=https://www.morningstar.com/stocks/xnys/rds.a/quote|access-date=12 February 2021|website=Morningstar.com|archive-date=29 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129045455/https://www.morningstar.com/stocks/xnys/rds.a/quote|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Constable|first=Simon|date=11 February 2021|title=Oil Prices Are Rebounding. Why Royal Dutch Shell Stock Is Looking Cheap.|url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/oil-prices-are-rebounding-why-royal-dutch-shell-stock-looks-attractive-51613035800|access-date=12 February 2021|website=Barrons.com|language=en-US|archive-date=11 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211093653/https://www.barrons.com/articles/oil-prices-are-rebounding-why-royal-dutch-shell-stock-looks-attractive-51613035800|url-status=live}}</ref>
In November 2021, Shell announced that it is planning to relocate their headquarters to London, abandon its dual share structure, and change its name from Royal Dutch Shell plc to Shell plc.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-59288593|title=Shell plans to move headquarters to the UK|newspaper=BBC|date=15 November 2021|access-date=15 November 2021|archive-date=15 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115090320/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-59288593|url-status=live}}</ref> The company's name change was registered in the [[Companies House]] on 21 January 2022.<ref name="chshell"/>
In December 2021, Shell pulled out of the [[Cambo oil field]], off the Shetland Islands, claiming that "the economic case for investment in this project is not strong enough at this time, as well as having the potential for delays". The proposed oilfield had been the subject of intense campaigning by environmentalists in the run-up to the COP26 UN climate summit in Glasgow in November 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 December 2021|title=Shell pulls out of Cambo oilfield project|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/02/shell-pulls-out-of-cambo-oilfield-project|access-date=31 January 2022|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=31 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131174056/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/02/shell-pulls-out-of-cambo-oilfield-project|url-status=live}}</ref>
On 4 March 2022, during the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] and in the midst of the growing [[2022 boycott of Russia and Belarus|boycott of Russian economy and related divestments]], Shell bought a cargo of discounted Russian crude oil.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Payne |first=Julia |date=4 March 2022 |title=Shell buys cargo of Russian crude loading mid-March from Trafigura |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/shell-buys-cargo-russian-crude-loading-mid-march-trafigura-2022-03-04/ |access-date=6 March 2022 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308233842/https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/shell-buys-cargo-russian-crude-loading-mid-march-trafigura-2022-03-04/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The next day, following criticism from Ukraine's Foreign Minister [[Dmytro Kuleba]], Shell defended the purchase as a short term necessity, but also announced that it intended to reduce such purchases, and it would put profits from any Russian oil it purchases into a fund that would go towards humanitarian aid to Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bousso |first=Ron |date=5 March 2022 |title=Shell to put profits from Russian oil trade into Ukraine aid fund |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/shell-put-profits-russian-oil-trade-into-ukraine-aid-fund-2022-03-05/ |access-date=6 March 2022 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308202254/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/shell-put-profits-russian-oil-trade-into-ukraine-aid-fund-2022-03-05/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 8 March, Shell announced that it would stop buying Russian oil and gas and close its service stations in the country.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 March 2022 |title=Ukraine war latest: Shell to stop buying Russian oil and gas |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/a29d2d7d-fb07-4976-bd76-45100df07bbf |access-date=8 March 2022 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307235949/https://www.ft.com/content/a29d2d7d-fb07-4976-bd76-45100df07bbf |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2022, the major oil and gas companies, including Shell,<ref>{{cite news |title=Shell makes record profits as Ukraine war shakes energy markets |url=https://www.ft.com/content/b2713bd1-afa5-4638-ab2d-be0c4e8a7ab7 |work=Financial Times |date=5 May 2022 |access-date=24 June 2022 |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627130650/https://www.ft.com/content/b2713bd1-afa5-4638-ab2d-be0c4e8a7ab7 |url-status=live }}</ref> reported sharp rises in interim revenues and profits.<ref>{{cite news |title=Oil giants reap record profits as war rages in Ukraine, energy prices soar: Here's how much they made |url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/money/economy/2022/05/07/oil-company-record-profits-2022/9686761002/ |work=USA Today |date=7 May 2022 |access-date=24 June 2022 |archive-date=11 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611082454/https://eu.usatoday.com/story/money/economy/2022/05/07/oil-company-record-profits-2022/9686761002/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In fact, this rise in profit for Shell was so sharp, that 2022 was the company's best year, as Shell recorded double the profits from 2021, and the highest profit in its entire history.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-64489147 | title=Shell reports highest profits in 115 years | date=2 February 2023 | publisher=BBC News | access-date=2 February 2023 | archive-date=2 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202084424/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-64489147 | url-status=live }}</ref>
In November 2024, Shell won a case in the Hague court of appeal against [[Friends of the Earth]] which would have required Shell to cut its carbon emissions by 45%, in line with the [[Paris Climate Accords]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2024 |title=Shell wins landmark climate case against green groups in Dutch appeal |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cx240l9xq2yo |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>
==Corporate affairs==
{{Big Oil}}
=== Business trends ===
The key trends of Shell are (as at the financial year ending 31 December):<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shell (ex Royal Dutch Shell) A Fundamentalanalyse {{!}} KGV {{!}} Kennzahlen |url=https://www.boerse.de/fundamental-analyse/Shell-ex-Royal-Dutch-Shell-A-Aktie/GB00BP6MXD84 |access-date=6 April 2024 |website=boerse.de |language=de}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable float-left" style="text-align: center;"
!Year
!Revenue (US$ bn)
!Net income (US$ bn)
!Employees
|-
|2017
|305
|12.9
|86.000
|-
|2018
|388
|23.3
|82.000
|-
|2019
|344
|15.8
|83.000
|-
|2020
|180
|−21.6
|87.000
|-
|2021
|261
|20.1
|82.000
|-
|2022
|381
|42.3
|87.000
|-
|2023
|316
|19.3
|87.000
|}
===Management===
On 4 August 2005, the board of directors announced the appointment of [[Jorma Ollila]], chairman and CEO of [[Nokia]] at the time, to succeed Aad Jacobs as the company's non-executive chairman on 1 June 2006. Ollila is the first Shell chairman to be neither Dutch nor British. Other non-executive directors include [[Maarten van den Bergh]], [[Wim Kok]], Nina Henderson, [[John Kerr, Baron Kerr of Kinlochard|Lord Kerr]], Adelbert van Roxe, and Christine Morin-Postel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://markets.ft.com/data/equities/tearsheet/directors?s=RDSA:LSE|title=Royal Dutch Shell: Directors & Officers|publisher=FT.com|access-date=11 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412062028/https://markets.ft.com/data/equities/tearsheet/directors?s=RDSA:LSE|archive-date=12 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
Since 3 January 2014, [[Ben van Beurden]] has been CEO of Shell.<ref name="Tom">{{cite news|title=Royal Dutch Shell issues shock profit warning|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/royal-dutch-shell-issues-shock-profit-warning-9066193.html|access-date=24 February 2014|newspaper=The Independent|date=17 January 2014|author=Tom Bawden|___location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223063400/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/royal-dutch-shell-issues-shock-profit-warning-9066193.html|archive-date=23 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> His predecessor was [[Peter Voser]] who became CEO of Shell on 1 July 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shell.com/home/content/media/news_and_library/press_releases/2008/peter_voser_ceo_29102008.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081102063622/http://www.shell.com/home/content/media/news_and_library/press_releases/2008/peter_voser_ceo_29102008.html|url-status=dead|title=Shell press release|archive-date=2 November 2008}}</ref>
Following a career at the corporation, in locations such as Australia and Africa, Ann Pickard was appointed as the executive vice president of the Arctic at Royal Dutch Shell, a role that was publicized in an interview with [[McKinsey & Company]] in June 2014.<ref name="Ann">{{cite web|author1=Rik Kirkland|title=Leading in the 21st century: An interview with Shell's Ann Pickard|url=http://www.mckinsey.com/Insights/Leading_in_the_21st_century/Leading_in_the_21st_century_An_interview_with_Shells_Ann_Pickard?cid=other-eml-alt-mip-mck-oth-1406|website=McKinsey & Company|access-date=20 June 2014|date=June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118104426/http://www.mckinsey.com/Insights/Leading_in_the_21st_century/Leading_in_the_21st_century_An_interview_with_Shells_Ann_Pickard?cid=other-eml-alt-mip-mck-oth-1406|archive-date=18 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
In January 2023, [[Wael Sawan]] succeeded Ben van Beurden as CEO.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sweney |first1=Mark |title=Shell appoints Wael Sawan to replace outgoing chief Ben van Beurden |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022/sep/15/shell-appoints-wael-sawan-to-replace-outgoing-chief-ben-van-beurden |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=15 September 2022 |archive-date=15 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915065332/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022/sep/15/shell-appoints-wael-sawan-to-replace-outgoing-chief-ben-van-beurden |url-status=live }}</ref>
==== Historical leadership ====
{{Main|List of chairmen of Shell}}
==Name and logo==
The name Shell is linked to The "Shell"<!-- The quotes are intentional, see "History" section --> Transport and Trading Company.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Shell – The history of the Shell logo |work=About Shell |publisher=Shell International B.V. |date=15 June 2007 |url=http://www.shell.com/home/content/aboutshell/who_we_are/our_history/history_of_pecten/ |access-date=10 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713171251/http://www.shell.com/home/content/aboutshell/who_we_are/our_history/history_of_pecten/ |archive-date=13 July 2010 }}
</ref> In 1833, the founder's father, Marcus Samuel Sr., founded an import business to sell [[seashell]]s to London collectors. When collecting seashell [[Biological specimen|specimens]] in the [[Caspian Sea]] area in 1892, the younger Samuel realised there was potential in exporting [[oil lamp|lamp oil]] from the region and commissioned the world's first purpose-built [[oil tanker]], the [[SS Murex (1892)|''Murex'']] (Latin for a type of [[Murex|snail shell]]), to enter this market; by 1907 the company had a fleet. Although for several decades the company had a refinery at [[Shell Haven]] on the Thames, there is no evidence of this having provided the name.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shell.co.uk/media/2011-media-releases/shell-haven.html|title=Shell Haven celebrate a new jetty facility|publisher=Shell|access-date=11 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412062015/http://www.shell.co.uk/media/2011-media-releases/shell-haven.html|archive-date=12 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
The Shell logo is one of the most familiar commercial symbols in the world. This logo is known as the "[[pecten (bivalve)|pecten]]" after the sea shell ''[[Pecten maximus]]'' (the giant [[scallop]]), on which its design is based. The yellow and red colours used are thought<ref name="Superbrands">''Business Superbrands'', Editor: Marcel Knobil, Author James Curtis (2000), Superbrands Ltd. {{ISBN|978-0-9528153-4-1}}, p. 93.</ref> to relate to the colours of the [[flag of Spain]], as Shell built early service stations in California, previously a [[Spanish Empire|Spanish colony]]. The current revision of the logo was designed by [[Raymond Loewy]] in 1971.<ref name=dboom>{{cite web|url=http://www.designboom.com/portrait/loewy.html|title=raymod loewy logos|work=designboom.com|access-date=21 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219080558/http://www.designboom.com/portrait/loewy.html|archive-date=19 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
The slash was removed from the name "Royal Dutch/Shell" in 2005, concurrent with moves to merge the two legally separate companies (Royal Dutch and Shell) to the single legal entity which exists today.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shell.com/global/aboutshell/who-we-are/our-history/1980s-to-new-century.html |title=1980s to the new millennium |publisher=Shell Global |date=17 December 2012 |access-date=6 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011200615/http://www.shell.com/global/aboutshell/who-we-are/our-history/1980s-to-new-century.html |archive-date=11 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
On 15 November 2021, Royal Dutch Shell plc announced plans to change its name to Shell plc.<ref name="Reuters Nov 15">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/shell-proposes-single-share-structure-tax-residence-uk-2021-11-15/|title=Shell ditches the Dutch, seeks move to London in overhaul|last1=Nasralla|first1=Shadia|last2=Ravikumar|first2=Sachin|work=[[Reuters]]|date=15 November 2021|access-date=16 November 2021|archive-date=16 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116010259/https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/shell-proposes-single-share-structure-tax-residence-uk-2021-11-15/|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Logo evolution===
<gallery heights=90>
File:Shell logo 1900.png|1900–04
File:Shell logo 1904.png|1904–09
File:Shell logo 1909.png|1909–30
File:Shell logo 1930.png|1930–48
File:Shell logo 1948.png|1948–55
File:Logo Shell 1973.jpg|1955–70
File:Shell_logo.svg|1971–present{{refn|Designed by [[Raymond Loewy]].<ref name=dboom/>|group=n|name=loew}}
File:Shell wordmark 2019.svg|2019-present (wordmark)
</gallery>
;Notes
{{reflist|group=n}}
==Operations==
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+Sales by business (2022)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Shell plc: Shareholders Board Members Managers and Company Profile {{!}} GB00BP6MXD84 {{!}} MarketScreener |url=https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/SHELL-PLC-130945922/company/ |access-date=8 March 2024 |website=www.marketscreener.com |language=en}}</ref>
!Business
!share
|-
|Chemicals and Products
|37.9%
|-
|Service stations
|31.6%
|-
|Integrated Gas
|14.4%
|-
|Renewable and Energy Solutions
|13.9%
|-
|Upstream
|2.2%
|-
|Corporate Segment
|0.0%
|}
=== Business groupings ===
[[File:Mars Tension-leg Platform.jpg|thumb|[[Mars (oil platform)|Mars oil platform]] operated as a joint venture between Shell and [[BP]] in the [[Gulf of Mexico]].]]
Shell is organised into four major business groupings:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shell.com/about-us/what-we-do.html|title=What we do|publisher=Shell|access-date=11 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507124209/http://www.shell.com/about-us/what-we-do.html|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''Upstream''' – manages the upstream business. It searches for and recovers [[Petroleum|crude oil]] and natural gas and operates the upstream and midstream infrastructure necessary to deliver oil and gas to the market. Its activities are organised primarily within geographic units, although there are some activities that are managed across the business or provided through support units.
* '''Integrated Gas and New Energies''' – manages to [[Liquefied natural gas|liquefy natural gas]], converting gas to liquids and low-carbon opportunities.
* '''Downstream''' – manages Shell's manufacturing, distribution, and marketing activities for oil products and chemicals. Manufacturing and supply include refinery, supply, and shipping of crude oil.
* '''Projects and technology''' – manages the delivery of Shell's major projects, provides technical services and technology capability covering both upstream and downstream activities. It is also responsible for providing functional leadership across Shell in the areas of health, safety and environment, and contracting and procurement.
===Oil and gas activities===
[[File:Shell Pernis refinery 2019.jpg|thumb|Europe's largest refinery, Shell Pernis, in [[Rotterdam]], 2019]]
[[File:Shell filling station, Greece.jpg|thumb|Filling station in [[Argos, Peloponnese]] owned by Shell. Shell and local subsidiaries own and operate thousands of filling stations worldwide.]]
Shell's primary business is the management of a [[Vertical integration|vertically integrated]] oil company. The development of technical and commercial expertise in all stages of this vertical integration, from the initial search for oil (exploration) through its harvesting (production), transportation, [[Oil refinery|refining]] and finally trading and marketing established the core competencies on which the company was founded. Similar competencies were required for natural gas, which has become one of the most important businesses in which Shell is involved, and which contributes a significant proportion of the company's profits. While the vertically integrated business model provided significant [[economies of scale]] and [[barriers to entry]], each business now seeks to be a self-supporting unit without subsidies from other parts of the company.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/2009/03/30/vertical-integration|title=Vertical integration|newspaper=The Economist|date=30 March 2009|access-date=11 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520062103/http://www.economist.com/node/13396061|archive-date=20 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
Traditionally, Shell was a heavily decentralised business worldwide (especially in the downstream) with companies in over 100 countries, each of which operated with a high degree of independence. The upstream tended to be far more centralised with much of the technical and financial direction coming from the central offices in [[The Hague]]. The upstream oil sector is also commonly known as the "exploration and production" sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.psac.ca/business/industry-overview/|title=Industry Overview|publisher=Petroleum Services Association of Canada|access-date=11 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508053546/http://www.psac.ca/business/industry-overview/|archive-date=8 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
Downstream operations, which now also includes the chemicals business, generate the majority of Shell's profits worldwide and is known for its global network of more than 40,000 [[petrol station]]s and its various [[Oil refinery|oil refineries]]. The downstream business, which in some countries also included [[oil refining]], generally included a retail [[petrol station]] network, lubricants manufacture and marketing, industrial fuel and lubricants sales, and a host of other product/market sectors such as [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]] and [[bitumen]]. The practice in Shell was that these businesses were essentially local and that they were best managed by local "operating companies" – often with middle and senior management reinforced by [[expatriates]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/facelift-for-shell-logo-in-pounds-500m-new-look-drive-petrol-giant-plans-to-update-outlets-in-100-1464484.html|title=Facelift for Shell logo in pounds 500m 'new look' drive: Petrol giant plans to update outlets in 100 countries ready for next century|date=30 August 1993|work=The Independent|access-date=11 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412142831/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/facelift-for-shell-logo-in-pounds-500m-new-look-drive-petrol-giant-plans-to-update-outlets-in-100-1464484.html|archive-date=12 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Sponsorships===
[[File:MotoGP 2011 Malaysia Test 1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Valentino Rossi]] MotoGP 2011 Malaysia Test 1]]
Shell has a long history of motorsport sponsorship, most notably [[Scuderia Ferrari]] (1951–1964, 1966–1973 and 1996–present), [[BRM]] (1962–1966 and 1968–1972), [[Scuderia Toro Rosso]] (2007–2013 and 2016), [[McLaren]] (1967–1968 and 1984–1994), [[Team Lotus|Lotus]] (1968–1971), [[Ducati Corse]] (since 1999), [[Team Penske]] (2011–present), [[Hyundai Motorsport]] (since 2005), [[AF Corse]], [[Risi Competizione]], [[BMW Motorsport]] (2015–present with also [[Pennzoil]]) and [[Dick Johnson Racing]] ([[1987 Australian Touring Car Championship|1987]]–[[2004 V8 Supercar Championship Series|2004]] and [[2017 International V8 Supercars Championship|2017]]–present).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motorsport.com/v8supercars/news/shell-to-become-full-time-djr-team-penske-backer-834696/|title=Shell to become full-time DJR Team Penske backer|work=Motorsport.com|date=3 October 2016|access-date=16 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116102339/http://www.motorsport.com/v8supercars/news/shell-to-become-full-time-djr-team-penske-backer-834696/|archive-date=16 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
Starting in 2023, Shell became the official fuel for [[IndyCar Series]], supplying E100 race fuel for all teams.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thecheckeredflag.co.uk/2022/05/indycar-to-use-fully-renewable-shell-fuel-in-2023/|title=IndyCar to use fully renewable Shell fuel in 2023|date=28 May 2022|newspaper=The Chequered Flag|access-date=3 September 2022|archive-date=3 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903111555/https://www.thecheckeredflag.co.uk/2022/05/indycar-to-use-fully-renewable-shell-fuel-in-2023/|url-status=live}}</ref>
In motorcycle racing, Shell and [[Ducati]] have been working together globally for a very long time. Shell has indeed been working with Ducati since 1999, through the first support in the [[Superbike World Championship|Superbike]]. The support continues to win more than 150 races, including seven MotoGP world champions. Both in lubricants and fuel products which have now been established for 25 years. This long-term cooperation contract has just been extended in the [[Netherlands]] at 2024 and will continue until the end of 2027.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ducati.com/gb/en/news/ducati-and-shell-renew-their-global-technical-partnership-with-a-development-focus-on-high-performance-engine-lubricants|title=Ducati and Shell renew their global technical partnership with a development focus on high-performance engine lubricants|work=ducati.com|date=4 April 2024|access-date=23 May 2024}}</ref>
==Operations by region==
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+Sales by region (2022)<ref name=":1" />
!Region
!share
|-
|Asia, Oceania, Africa
|33.2%
|-
|United States
|22.8%
|-
|Europe
|22.5%
|-
|United Kingdom
|13.2%
|-
|Other Americas
|8.3%
|}
=== Arctic ===
==== Kulluk oil rig ====
[[File:Kulluk-aground-sitkalidak.jpg|thumb|The conical drilling unit Kulluk, 2013]]
Following the purchase of an offshore lease in 2005, Shell initiated its US$4.5 billion [[Arctic]] drilling program in 2006, after the corporation purchased the "[[Kulluk]]" oil rig and leased the Noble Discoverer drillship.<ref name="offshore170306">{{cite news |date=17 March 2006 |title=Shell initiates Beaufort Sea oil exploration |work=Offshore Magazine |publisher=[[Pennwell Corporation]] |url=http://www.offshore-mag.com/articles/2006/03/shell-initiates-beaufort-sea-oil-exploration.html |url-status=live |access-date=12 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605084856/http://www.offshore-mag.com/articles/2006/03/shell-initiates-beaufort-sea-oil-exploration.html |archive-date=5 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="petroleum040207">{{cite news |last=Bailey |first=Alan |date=4 February 2007 |title=Shell proposes 18 wells |volume=12 |work=Petroleum News |issue=5 |url=http://www.petroleumnews.com/pntruncate/761266456.shtml |url-status=live |access-date=12 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022061040/http://www.petroleumnews.com/pntruncate/761266456.shtml |archive-date=22 October 2013}}</ref> At inception, the project was led by Pete Slaiby, a Shell executive who had previously worked in the [[North Sea]].<ref name="Jon">{{cite web |author1=Jon Birger |date=3 January 2013 |title=What I learned aboard Shell's grounded Alaskan oil rig |url=http://fortune.com/2013/01/03/what-i-learned-aboard-shells-grounded-alaskan-oil-rig/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006132911/http://fortune.com/2013/01/03/what-i-learned-aboard-shells-grounded-alaskan-oil-rig/ |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=20 June 2014 |website=Fortune Magazine}}</ref> However, after the purchase of a second offshore lease in 2008, Shell only commenced drilling work in 2012, due to the refurbishment of rigs, permit delays from the relevant authorities and lawsuits.<ref name="ng270712">{{cite news |last=Eaton |first=Joe |date=27 July 2012 |title=Shell Scales Back 2012 Arctic Drilling Goals |work=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/shell-2012-arctic-drilling-goals/ |url-status=dead |access-date=12 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227171326/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/shell-2012-arctic-drilling-goals/ |archive-date=27 February 2013}}</ref><ref name="adn270612">
{{cite news |last=Demer |first=Lisa |date=27 June 2012 |title=Shell drill rigs depart Seattle for Arctic waters in Alaska |newspaper=[[Anchorage Daily News]] |url=http://www.adn.com/2012/06/27/2521835/shell-drill-rigs-leave-seattle.html |url-status=dead |access-date=12 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003061040/http://www.adn.com/2012/06/27/2521835/shell-drill-rigs-leave-seattle.html |archive-date=3 October 2012 }}
</ref><ref name="Jerry">{{cite web |author1=Jerry Beilinson |date=1 January 2013 |title=What Shell's Kulluk Oil Rig Accident Means for Arctic Drilling |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/energy/coal-oil-gas/kulluk-oil-rig-accident-arctic-drilling-14928526 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109212203/http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/energy/coal-oil-gas/kulluk-oil-rig-accident-arctic-drilling-14928526 |archive-date=9 January 2015 |access-date=20 June 2014 |website=Popular Mechanics |publisher=Hearst Communication, Inc}}</ref> The plans to drill in the Arctic led to protests from environmental groups, particularly [[Greenpeace]]; furthermore, analysts in the energy field, as well as related industries, also expressed skepticism due to perceptions that drilling in the region is "too dangerous because of harsh conditions and remote locations".<ref name="Jerry" /><ref name="Phil">{{Cite news |author=[[Phil Radford]] |date=24 May 2010 |title=[BP]resident Obama: Where Does BP Begin and Obama End? |newspaper=[[The Huffington Post]] |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/philip-radford/bpresident-obama---where_b_587756.html |url-status=live |access-date=5 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022165125/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/philip-radford/bpresident-obama---where_b_587756.html |archive-date=22 October 2013}}</ref>
Further problems hampered the Arctic project after the commencement of drilling in 2012, as Shell dealt with a series of issues that involved air permits, [[United States Coast Guard|Coast Guard]] certification of a marine vessel, and severe damage to essential oil-spill equipment. Additionally, difficult weather conditions resulted in the delay of drilling during mid-2012 and the already dire situation was exacerbated by the "Kulluk" incident at the end of the year. Shell had invested nearly US$5 billion by this stage of the project.<ref name="Jon" /><ref name="Jerry" />
As the ''Kulluk'' oil rig was being towed to the American state of [[Washington (state)|Washington]] to be serviced in preparation for the 2013 drilling season, a winter storm on 27 December 2012 caused the towing crews, as well as the rescue service, to lose control of the rig. As of 1 January 2013, the Kulluk was grounded off the coast [[Sitkalidak Island]], near the eastern end of [[Kodiak Island]]. Following the accident, a ''Fortune'' magazine contacted Larry McKinney, the executive director at the Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies at [[Texas A&M University|Texas A&M]], and he explained that "A two-month delay in the Arctic is not a two-month delay ... A two-month delay could wipe out the entire drilling season".<ref name="Jon" />
It was unclear if Shell would recommence drilling in mid-2013, following the "Kulluk" incident, and, in February 2013, the corporation stated that it would "pause" its closely watched drilling project off the [[Alaska]]n coast in 2013, and will instead prepare for future exploration.<ref name="Mat">{{cite news |author=Mat Smith |date=27 February 2013 |title=Shell halts Arctic drill plans for 2013 |agency=[[CNN]] |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/27/us/shell-alaska/index.html?hpt=us_c2 |url-status=live |access-date=27 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017122640/http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/27/us/shell-alaska/index.html?hpt=us_c2 |archive-date=17 October 2013}}</ref> In January 2014, the corporation announced the extension of the suspension of its drilling program in the Arctic, with chief executive van Beurden explaining that the project is "under review" due to both market and internal issues.<ref name="Terry">{{cite news |author=Terry Macalister |date=30 January 2014 |title=Shell shelves plan to drill in Alaskan Arctic this summer |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/jan/30/shell-shelves-alaskan-arctic-drilling-oil |url-status=live |access-date=3 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302181906/http://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/jan/30/shell-shelves-alaskan-arctic-drilling-oil |archive-date=2 March 2014}}</ref>
A June 2014 interview with Pickard indicated that, following a forensic analysis of the problems encountered in 2012, Shell will continue with the project and Pickard stated that she perceives the future of the corporation activity in the Arctic region as a long-term "marathon".<ref name="Ann" /> Pickard stated that the forensic "look back" revealed "there was an on/off switch" and further explained:
<blockquote>In other words, don't spend the money unless you're sure you're going to have the legal environment to go forward. Don't spend the money unless you're sure you're going to have the permit. No, I can't tell you that I'm going to have that permit until June, but we need to plan like we're going to have that permit in June. And so probably the biggest lesson is to make sure we could smooth out the on/off switches wherever we could and take control of our own destiny.<ref name="Ann" /></blockquote>
Based upon the interview with Pickard, Shell is approaching the project as an investment that will reap energy resources with a lifespan of around 30 years.<ref name="Ann" />
According to the [[Bureau of Ocean Energy Management]] report in 2015 the chances of a major spill in a deep-sea Arctic drilling is 75% before century's end.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jun/15/seattle-kayak-activists-detained-blocking-shell-arctic-oil-rig Shell's Arctic oil rig departs Seattle as 'kayaktivists' warn of disaster] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225120126/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jun/15/seattle-kayak-activists-detained-blocking-shell-arctic-oil-rig|date=25 February 2017}} ''The Guardian'' 15 June 2015</ref>
==== Kodiak Island ====
In 2010, Greenpeace activists painted "No Arctic Drilling" using spilled [[BP]] oil on the side of a ship in the [[Gulf of Mexico]] that was en route to explore for [[Arctic]] oil for Shell. At the protest, [[Phil Radford]] of Greenpeace called for "[[Barack Obama|President Obama]] [to] ban all offshore oil drilling and call for an end to the use of oil in our cars by 2030".<ref name="Phil" />
On 16 March 2012, 52 Greenpeace activists from five different countries boarded ''[[MSV Fennica|Fennica]]'' and ''[[MSV Nordica|Nordica]]'', multipurpose [[icebreaker]]s chartered to support Shell's drilling rigs near Alaska.<ref>[http://yle.fi/uutiset/activists_protest_at_shells_finnish_icebreaker_rental/5077036 Activists protest at Shell's Finnish icebreaker rental] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517043637/http://yle.fi/uutiset/activists_protest_at_shells_finnish_icebreaker_rental/5077036|date=17 May 2013}}. YLE, 16 March 2012. {{retrieved|access-date=24 October 2012}}</ref> Around the same time period, a reporter for [[Fortune (magazine)|''Fortune'' magazine]] spoke with [[Edward Itta]], an [[Iñupiat|Inupiat]] leader and the former mayor of the [[North Slope Borough, Alaska|North Slope Borough]], who expressed that he was conflicted about Shell's plans in the Arctic, as he was concerned that an oil spill could destroy the Inupiat peoples hunting-and-fishing culture, but his borough also received major tax revenue from oil and gas production; additionally, further revenue from energy activity was considered crucial to the future of the living standard in Itta's community.<ref name="Jon" />
In July 2012, Greenpeace activists shut down 53 Shell petrol stations in [[Edinburgh]] and London in a protest against the company's plans to drill for oil in the Arctic. Greenpeace's "[[Save the Arctic]]" campaign aims to prevent oil drilling and [[fishing industry|industrial fishing]] in the Arctic by declaring the uninhabited area around the North Pole a global sanctuary.<ref>{{cite news |author=Laurie Tuffrey |title=Greenpeace activists shut down 74 UK Shell petrol stations |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/jul/16/greenpeace-activists-shell-petrol |url-status=live |access-date=21 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128120640/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/jul/16/greenpeace-activists-shell-petrol |archive-date=28 January 2016}}</ref>
A review was announced after the ''Kulluk'' oil rig ran aground near Kodiak Island in December 2012.<ref name="ap080113">{{cite news |author=Dan Joling |date=8 January 2013 |title=Salazar announces Arctic offshore drilling review; Coast Guard investigates Shell grounding |newspaper=[[The Morning Call]] |agency=[[The Associated Press]] |url=http://www.mcall.com/news/nationworld/sns-ap-us--shell-arctic-drill-ship-20130108,0,4095375.story |url-status=dead |access-date=12 January 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216103640/http://www.mcall.com/news/nationworld/sns-ap-us--shell-arctic-drill-ship-20130108,0,4095375.story |archive-date=16 February 2013 }}</ref>
In response, Shell filed lawsuits to seek injunctions from possible protests, and [[Benjamin Jealous]] of the [[NAACP]] and Radford argued that the legal action was "trampling Americans' rights".<ref>{{cite news |author=[[Phil Radford]] and [[Benjamin Jealous]] |date=17 June 2013 |title=How Shell is trying to send a chill through activist groups across the country |agency=[[Grist.org]] |url=http://grist.org/article/how-shell-is-trying-to-send-a-chill-through-activist-groups-across-the-country/ |url-status=live |access-date=5 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006211034/http://grist.org/article/how-shell-is-trying-to-send-a-chill-through-activist-groups-across-the-country/ |archive-date=6 October 2013}}</ref> According to Greenpeace, Shell lodged a request with Google to take down video footage of a Greenpeace protest action that occurred at the Shell-sponsored [[Formula One]] (F1) Belgian Grand Prix on 25 August 2013, in which "SaveTheArctic.org" banners appear at the winners' podium ceremony. In the video, the banners rise up automatically—activists controlled their appearance with the use of four radio car antennas—revealing the website URL, alongside an image that consists of half of a polar bear's head and half of the Shell logo.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 August 2013 |title=Greenpeace protest at Shell Belgian F1 Grand Prix event – video |newspaper=The Guardian |format=Video upload |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/video/2013/aug/27/shell-belgian-f-1-grand-prix-greenpeace-protest |url-status=live |access-date=5 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407095324/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/video/2013/aug/27/shell-belgian-f-1-grand-prix-greenpeace-protest |archive-date=7 April 2014}}</ref>
Shell then announced a "pause" in the timeline of the project in early 2013<ref name="Mat" /> and, in September 2015, the corporation announced the extension of the suspension of its drilling program in the Arctic.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 September 2015 |title=Shell abandons Alaska Arctic drilling |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/sep/28/shell-ceases-alaska-arctic-drilling-exploratory-well-oil-gas-disappoints |url-status=live |access-date=11 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308133506/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/sep/28/shell-ceases-alaska-arctic-drilling-exploratory-well-oil-gas-disappoints |archive-date=8 March 2017}}</ref>
==== Polar Pioneer rig ====
A June 2014 interview with the corporation's new executive vice president of the Arctic indicated that Shell will continue with its activity in the region.<ref name="Ann" /><ref name="Terry" />
In [[Seattle]] [[Seattle Arctic drilling protests|protests began in May 2015]] in response to the news that the [[Port of Seattle]] made an agreement with Shell to berth rigs at the Port's Terminal 5 during the off-season of [[oil exploration]] in [[Alaska]]n waters. The arrival of Shell's new Arctic drilling vessel, ''Polar Pioneer'' ({{IMO Number|8754140}}), a [[semi-submersible]] [[offshore drilling]] rig, was greeted by large numbers of environmental protesters paddling kayaks in [[Elliott Bay]].<ref name="Beekman2015a">{{cite news |last1=Beekman |first1=Daniel |date=14 May 2015 |title=More protests planned after giant oil rig muscles in |work=[[The Seattle Times]] |url=http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/protesters-launching-kayaks-to-unwelcome-oil-rig-to-seattle/ |url-status=live |access-date=9 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529102335/http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/protesters-launching-kayaks-to-unwelcome-oil-rig-to-seattle/ |archive-date=29 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="BBC2015">{{cite news |date=17 May 2015 |title='Paddle in Seattle' Arctic oil drilling protest |publisher=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-32770382 |url-status=live |access-date=9 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608055526/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-32770382 |archive-date=8 June 2015}}</ref>
On 6 May 2015, it was reported that during a coast guard inspection of ''Polar Pioneer'', a piece of anti-pollution gear failed, resulting in fines and delay of the operation.<ref>{{cite web |author=Vice |date=6 May 2015 |title=Shell Plans to Drill in the Arctic This Summer and It's Already Failed a Coast Guard Inspection |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/shell-plans-to-drill-in-the-arctic-this-summer-and-its-already-failed-a-coast-guard-inspection/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517233627/https://news.vice.com/article/shell-plans-to-drill-in-the-arctic-this-summer-and-its-already-failed-a-coast-guard-inspection |archive-date=17 May 2015 |access-date=18 May 2015}}</ref> Oil executives from Total and Eni interviewed by the ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'', expressed scepticism about Shell's new ambitions for offshore drilling in the Arctic, and cited economic and environmental hurdles. [[ConocoPhillips]] and [[Equinor|Equinor (formerly Statoil)]] suspended Arctic drilling earlier, after Shell's failed attempt in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 May 2015 |title=Shell's Record Adds to the Anger of Those Opposing Arctic Drilling |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/13/us/shells-record-adds-to-the-anger-of-those-opposing-arctic-drilling.html |url-status=live |access-date=18 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126031754/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/13/us/shells-record-adds-to-the-anger-of-those-opposing-arctic-drilling.html |archive-date=26 January 2017}}</ref>
=== Australia ===
{{main|Shell Australia}}
On 20 May 2011, Shell's final investment decision for the world's first [[floating liquefied natural gas]] (FLNG) facility was finalized following the discovery of the remote offshore Prelude field—located off Australia's northwestern coast and estimated to contain about 3 trillion cubic feet of natural gas equivalent reserves—in 2007. FLNG technology is based on liquefied natural gas (LNG) developments that were pioneered in the mid-20th century and facilitates the exploitation of untapped natural gas reserves located in remote areas, often too small to extract any other way.<ref name="Post">{{cite web |author1=Peter Staas |date=3 June 2011 |title=Shell's Prelude FLNG Project: An Offshore Revolution? |url=http://www.investingdaily.com/13544/shells-prelude-flng-project-an-offshore-revolution/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808054258/http://www.investingdaily.com/13544/shells-prelude-flng-project-an-offshore-revolution/ |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=3 August 2014 |website=Investing Daily |publisher=Capitol Information Group, Inc}}</ref><ref name="Pete">{{cite news |date=3 December 2013 |title=Shell's massive Prelude hull world's biggest-ever floating vessel and first ocean-based LNG plant |work=Financial Post |url=http://business.financialpost.com/2013/12/03/record-breaking-lng-ship-launched-bigger-one-planned/?__federated=1 |url-status=live |access-date=3 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810144550/http://business.financialpost.com/2013/12/03/record-breaking-lng-ship-launched-bigger-one-planned/?__federated=1 |archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref>
The [[Shell floating LNG plant|floating vessel]] to be used for the Prelude field, known as [[Prelude FLNG|''Prelude'' FLNG]], is promoted as the longest floating structure in the world and will take in the equivalent of 110,000 barrels of oil per day in natural gas—at a ___location 200 km (125 miles) off the coast of [[Western Australia]]—and cool it into liquefied natural gas for transport and sale in Asia. The Prelude is expected to start producing LNG in 2017<ref>{{cite web |date=14 April 2016 |title=Shell's Prelude FLNG to start production in 2017? |url=https://www.lngworldnews.com/shells-prelude-flng-to-start-production-in-2017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412063138/https://www.lngworldnews.com/shells-prelude-flng-to-start-production-in-2017/ |archive-date=12 April 2017 |access-date=11 April 2017 |publisher=LNG World News}}</ref>—analysts estimated the total cost of construction at more than {{USD|12 billion}}.<ref name="Post" /><ref name="Pete" /><ref>{{cite news |author1=Ross Kelly |date=19 June 2014 |title=GDF Suez, Santos Halt Innovative LNG Plan in Australia |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/gdf-suez-retreats-from-australian-floating-lng-project-1403167709 |url-status=live |access-date=3 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805165913/http://online.wsj.com/articles/gdf-suez-retreats-from-australian-floating-lng-project-1403167709 |archive-date=5 August 2014}}</ref>
Following the decision by the Shell fuel corporation to close its [[Geelong Oil Refinery]] in Australia in April 2013, a third consecutive annual loss was recorded for Shell's Australian refining and fuel marketing assets. Revealed in June 2013, the writedown is worth [[Australian dollar|A$]]203 million and was preceded by a A$638m writedown in 2012 and a A$407m writedown in 2011, after the closure of the [[Clyde Refinery]] in Sydney.<ref>{{cite news |author=Matt Chambers |date=4 June 2013 |title=Geelong refinery writedown hits Shell for $203m |newspaper=The Australian |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/companies/geelong-refinery-writedown-hits-shell-for-203m/story-fn91v9q3-1226656526907?net_sub_uid=44933799 |access-date=6 June 2013}}</ref>
In February 2014, Shell sold its Australian refinery and petrol stations for US$2.6 billion (A$2.9 billion) to Swiss company [[Vitol]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Shell and Cosan join forces for $ 12 billion ethanol venture (Ecoseed) |url=https://caelusconsulting.wordpress.com/2010/09/03/shell-and-cosan-join-forces-for-12-billion-ethanol-venture-ecoseed/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925134739/https://caelusconsulting.wordpress.com/2010/09/03/shell-and-cosan-join-forces-for-12-billion-ethanol-venture-ecoseed/ |archive-date=25 September 2015 }}</ref>
At the time of the downstream sale to Vitol, Shell was expected to continue investment into Australian upstream projects, with projects that involve Chevron Corp., [[Woodside Petroleum]] and Prelude.<ref name="Bloom" /> In June 2014, Shell sold 9.5% of its 23.1% stake in [[Woodside Petroleum]] and advised that it had reached an agreement for Woodside to buy back 9.5% of its shares at a later stage. Shell became a major shareholder in Woodside after a 2001 takeover attempt was blocked by then federal Treasurer [[Peter Costello]] and the corporation has been open about its intention to sell its stake in Woodside as part of its target to shed assets. At a general body meeting, held on 1 August 2014, 72 percent of shareholders voted to approve the buy-back, short of the 75 percent vote that was required for approval. A statement from Shell read: "Royal Dutch Shell acknowledges the outcome of Woodside Petroleum Limited's shareholders' negative vote on the selective buy-back proposal. Shell is reviewing its options in relation to its remaining 13.6 percent holding".<ref name="ShellWoodside">{{cite news |title=Shareholders reject Woodside plans to repurchase stake from Shell |publisher=Perth Herald |url=http://www.perthherald.com/index.php/sid/224358087/scat/9d7afd9766a94f28/ht/Shareholders-reject-Woodside-plans-to-repurchase-stake-from-Shell |url-status=dead |access-date=3 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810232048/http://www.perthherald.com/index.php/sid/224358087/scat/9d7afd9766a94f28/ht/Shareholders-reject-Woodside-plans-to-repurchase-stake-from-Shell |archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref>
=== Brunei ===
{{Main|Brunei Shell Petroleum}}
Brunei Shell Petroleum (BSP) is a joint venture between the Government of [[Brunei]] and Shell.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gross and Walker |date=25 April 2019 |title=Shell faces pressure on gay rights over Brunei venture |url=https://www.ft.com/content/3e506390-5f8d-11e9-b285-3acd5d43599e |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920233809/https://www.ft.com/content/3e506390-5f8d-11e9-b285-3acd5d43599e |archive-date=20 September 2019 |access-date=27 July 2019 |website=Financial Times |language=en-GB}}</ref> The British Malayan Petroleum Company (BMPC), owned by Royal Dutch Shell, first found commercial amounts of oil in 1929.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who we are |url=https://www.shell.com.bn/about-us/who-we-are.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727223031/https://www.shell.com.bn/about-us/who-we-are.html |archive-date=27 July 2019 |access-date=27 July 2019 |website=shell.com.bn |language=en}}</ref> It currently produces 350,000 barrels of oil and gas equivalent per day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview of our Business |url=http://www.bsp.com.bn/main/about-bsp/overview-of-our-business |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727223026/http://www.bsp.com.bn/main/about-bsp/overview-of-our-business |archive-date=27 July 2019 |access-date=27 July 2019 |website=bsp.com.bn}}</ref> BSP is the largest oil and gas company in Brunei, a sector which contributes 90% of government revenue.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2019 |title=One of Southeast Asia's smallest countries is diversifying its economy |url=https://logisticsofthings.dhl/one-of-southeast-asias-smallest-countries-is-diversifying-its-economy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727223028/https://logisticsofthings.dhl/one-of-southeast-asias-smallest-countries-is-diversifying-its-economy/ |archive-date=27 July 2019 |access-date=27 July 2019 |website=DHL Logistics of Things |language=en}}</ref> In 1954, the BMPC in Seria had a total of 1,277 European and Asian staff.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brunei |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pO7YEBIDhlMC&q=1953+Seria+Brunei |title=Annual Report – State of Brunei |date=1954 |pages=13 |language=en |access-date=18 July 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111231/https://books.google.com/books?id=pO7YEBIDhlMC&q=1953+Seria+Brunei |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== China ===
The company has upstream operations in unconventional [[Petroleum industry in China|oil]] and [[Natural gas in China|gas]] in China. Shell has a joint venture with [[PetroChina]] at the Changbei [[tight gas]] field in [[Shaanxi]], which has produced natural gas since 2008. The company has also invested in exploring for [[shale oil]] in Sichuan.<ref name="tightgas">{{cite news |date=2 March 2007 |title=Shell starts Changbei field gas production |work=Oil & Gas Journal |url=https://www.ogj.com/articles/2007/03/shell-starts-changbei-field-gas-production.html |url-status=live |access-date=4 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803224325/https://www.ogj.com/articles/2007/03/shell-starts-changbei-field-gas-production.html |archive-date=3 August 2018}}</ref> The other unconventional resource which Shell invested in<!--not a mistake--> in China was shale. The company was an early entrant in shale oil exploration in China but scaled down operations in 2014 due to difficulties with geology and population density.<ref name="shale">{{cite news |date=5 September 2014 |title=Shell trims China shale venture on Sichuan population challenges |work=World Oil |url=https://www.worldoil.com/news/2014/9/5/shell-trims-china-shale-venture-on-sichuan-population-challenges |url-status=live |access-date=4 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803224121/https://www.worldoil.com/news/2014/9/5/shell-trims-china-shale-venture-on-sichuan-population-challenges |archive-date=3 August 2018}}</ref> It has a joint venture to explore for [[oil shale]] in Jilin through a joint venture with Jilin Guangzheng Mineral Development Company Limited.<ref name="shell">{{Cite press release |title=Jilin and Shell sign oil shale agreement |publisher=Shell China |url=http://www.shell.com/home/content/china-en/news_and_library/press_releases/2005/sure_jvc_0109.html |date=1 September 2005 |access-date=25 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108205502/http://www.shell.com/home/content/china-en/news_and_library/press_releases/2005/sure_jvc_0109.html |archive-date=8 January 2009}}</ref>
In May 2024, Shell announced an exit from China power market business to focus on more profitable operations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/shell-exits-china-power-market-businesses-2024-05-01/|title=Shell exits China power market businesses |publisher= Reuters|date=1 May 2024|access-date=1 May 2024}}</ref>
==== Hong Kong ====
Shell has been active in Hong Kong for a century, providing Retail, LPG, Commercial Fuel, Lubricants, Bitumen, Aviation, Marine and Chemicals services, and products. Shell also sponsored the first Hong Kong-built aircraft, ''Inspiration'', for its around-the-world trip.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 July 2016 |title='Inspiration' in the skies: first Hong Kong-made plane prepares for epic world tour |url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/education-community/article/1995509/inspiration-skies-first-hong-kong-made-plane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731115634/http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/education-community/article/1995509/inspiration-skies-first-hong-kong-made-plane |archive-date=31 July 2016 |access-date=28 July 2016}}</ref>
===India===
Shell India has inaugurated its new lubricants laboratory at its Technology Centre in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Shell opens its first lubricants lab in India, Bangalore |url=https://www.autocarpro.in/news-national/shell-opens-its-first-lubricants-lab-in-india-43067 |access-date=21 May 2019 |publisher=Auto Car Professional |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807043031/https://www.autocarpro.in/news-national/shell-opens-its-first-lubricants-lab-in-india-43067 |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Indonesia ===
Shell started operating in Indonesia since 1928. Shell started operating [[gas stations]] in Indonesia since 1 November 2005. Its first gas station was located in [[Lippo Village|Lippo Karawaci]], [[Tangerang]]. On 1 March 2006, Shell opened a gas station in [[Jakarta]] located on Jalan S. Parman ([[Slipi, Palmerah, West Jakarta|Slipi]]). As of 2022, the fuels that Shell sells in Indonesia are Shell Super, [[Shell V-Power]], Shell V-Power Nitro+, [[Shell V-Power Diesel]] and Shell Diesel Extra.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shell to build grease manufacturing plant in Indonesia |url=https://www.shell.com/business-customers/lubricants-for-business/news-and-media-releases/2024/shell-to-build-grease-manufacturing-plant-in-indonesia.html |publisher=Shell.plc|date=4 March 2024}}</ref>
===Ireland===
Shell first started trading in Ireland in 1902.<ref>Book "Down Many a Road", the story of Shell in Ireland from 1902 to 200 – Bob Montgomery Dreolín Publications 2002 {{ISBN|1-902773-11-X}}</ref> Shell E&P Ireland (SEPIL) (previously Enterprise Energy Ireland) is an Irish exploration and production subsidiary of Royal Dutch Shell. Its headquarters are on [[Leeson Street]] in Dublin. It was acquired in May 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shell in Ireland |url=http://www.shell.com/home/content/ie-en/about_shell/shell_businesses/ep/corrib/about/history/key_dates.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090808064950/http://www.shell.com/home/content/ie-en/about_shell/shell_businesses/ep/corrib/about/history/key_dates.html |archive-date=8 August 2009}}</ref> Its main project is the [[Corrib gas project]], a large gas field off the northwest coast, for which Shell has encountered [[Corrib gas controversy|controversy and protests]] in relation to the onshore pipeline and licence terms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Corrib |url=http://subseaiq.com/data/Project.aspx?project_id=327 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716161451/http://subseaiq.com/(S(fb3fxnyuiy0jer550dq5o455))/data/Project.aspx?project_id=327 |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=9 August 2010 |work=SubseaIQ |publisher=Bishop Interactive}}</ref>
In 2005, Shell disposed of its entire retail and commercial fuels business in Ireland to [[Topaz Energy]] Group. This included depots, company-owned petrol stations and supply agreements stations throughout the island of Ireland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribune.ie/archive/article/2005/dec/25/making-a-big-deal-the-movers-and-shakers-in-irish-/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110530054949/http://www.tribune.ie/archive/article/2005/dec/25/making-a-big-deal-the-movers-and-shakers-in-irish-/|url-status=dead|title=Making a big deal: the movers and shakers in Irish business|archivedate=30 May 2011}}</ref> The retail outlets were re-branded as Topaz in 2008/9.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hennessy |first=Niamh |date=20 February 2008 |title=Topaz spending €50m re-branding Shell and Statoil stations nationwide |url=http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/2008/02/20/story55653.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709033421/http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/2008/02/20/story55653.asp |archive-date=9 July 2012 |access-date=17 May 2012 |publisher=Archives.tcm.ie}}</ref>
The Topaz fuel network was subsequently acquired in 2015 by [[Alimentation Couche-Tard|Couchetard]]<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/couche-tard-acquires-topaz-irelands-largest-convenience-and-fuel-retailer-559940151.html |title=Couche-Tard acquires Topaz, Ireland's largest convenience and fuel retailer |website=PR Newswire |access-date=13 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513081503/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/couche-tard-acquires-topaz-irelands-largest-convenience-and-fuel-retailer-559940151.html |archive-date=13 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> and these stations began re-branding to [[Circle K]] in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last=Paul |first=Mark |title=Circle K to pump €55m into Topaz rebrand and new forecourts |newspaper=The Irish Times |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/retail-and-services/circle-k-to-pump-55m-into-topaz-rebrand-and-new-forecourts-1.3460053 |access-date=13 May 2019 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025643/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/retail-and-services/circle-k-to-pump-55m-into-topaz-rebrand-and-new-forecourts-1.3460053 |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Italy ===
[[File:Piazza san jacopino, edificio 05.JPG|thumb|Shell service station in San Jacopino ([[Florence]])]]
Shell's activities in Italy began on 13 July 1912, with the creation of "Nafta",<ref>"Nafta-Società Italiana pel Petrolio ed Affini"</ref> based in [[La Spezia]], founded after taking advantage of the weakness of the former [[Standard Oil Trust]], dissolved the previous year.<ref name=":02">{{cite book |date=1992 |publisher=IP |title=Italiana Petroli. 80 anni di attività 1912–1992}}<!-- auto-translated from Italian by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>
During the [[First World War]], Nafta abandoned the private sector, focusing on the war supplies to the [[Kingdom of Italy|Italian state]]. During the conflict, the company expanded, with the opening of new plants in [[Naples]] and [[Augusta, Sicily|Augusta]] and, after the end of hostilities, with the exploitation of further internal deposits.<ref name=":2">{{cite book |date=June 1922 |title=Nafta-Società Italaia pel Petrolio e Affini; volumetto conservato presso il Museo Fisogni}}<!-- auto-translated from Italian by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>
In the [[Interwar period|first post-war period]], the company controlled the Italian internal market together with the SIAP, the local branch of the [[Esso|Standard of New Jersey (Esso)]]. In 1921, under pressure from the CEO Giovanni Attilio Pozzo (then also elected president in 1923), the share capital was increased reaching 100 million lire.<ref name=":02" /> The products sold at the time included "Bentero Shell" and "Aureola Petroli".<ref name=":2" />
In 1922, despite the difficult economic situation of the country, the company grew, and the new [[Vado Ligure]] plant was inaugurated.<ref name=":02" /> The inauguration, however, caused a short political clash between the Prime Minister [[Luigi Facta|Facta]] and the [[Italian Socialist Party|socialist]] [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|deputy]] Tonello, who in a [[parliamentary question]] harshly criticized the official telegram sent by Facta to "Nafta" on the occasion of the ceremony.<ref name=":02" /> In the same year, the works for a coastal system in [[Venice]] also continued.<ref name=":2" />
The birth of [[Agip]] created some disagreements between Nafta and the [[Ministry of Economic Development (Italy)|Ministry of the National Economy]], which in 1926 asked the Prefects to subordinate the release of new concessions for the plant of [[petrol station]]s to an approval estimate of Agip; the question was resolved peacefully in 1927 on the initiative of the Italian company itself.<ref name=":02" />
At the end of the decade, taking advantage of a particularly advantageous legislation, the company launched into the [[Refining industry|refining sector]], with the establishment of subsidiary companies in La Spezia.<ref name=":02" />
On 27 April 1939, Pozzo left "Nafta", after twenty years at the head of the company. The company controlled about 20% of the Italian market at the time.<ref name=":02" />
On 8 August 1940, following Italy's entry into the [[Second World War]], Nafta was seized and placed under the management of Agip, followed the following year by the US companies operating in Italy ([[Esso|SIAP]], [[Mobil|Vacuum]], [[Texaco]]). On 30 July 1942 foreign oil companies were officially transferred to Agip, although the integration of their activities was somewhat complex and remained substantially unfinished. On 22 October 1945, after the end of hostilities, the measures were abandoned and the NAFTA and the other companies, under the guidance of the Italian Petroli Committee, returned to normal activity.<ref name=":02" />
In 1949 the company, now fully restored, was renamed "Shell Italiana S.p.A". with a share capital of more than 2 billion lira.<ref name=":02" /> Still in the early 1960s, Shell covered about 20% of the Italian oil needs.<ref name=":02" />
The Italian Shell was the first company to be advertised with [[Carosello]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=6 November 2020 |language=it |title=Puntata di domenica 3 febbraio 1957 – Il mito di Carosello |url=https://carosello.tv/puntata/03-02-1957/}}<!-- auto-translated from Italian by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=6 November 2020 |title=Shell - per guidare meglio - guida a destra o guida a sinistra - YouTube |website=YouTube |date=17 April 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QjDXBZidd8U}}<!-- auto-translated from Italian by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>
In 1959 the company purchased the former Condor refinery of [[Rho]] and in 1967 it built a large plant in [[Taranto]],<ref name=":02" /> whose works began in 1964 with an initial investment of 25 billion lire.<ref>{{cite journal |date=16 April 1964 |journal=Rassegna Petrolifera |number=787 |title=Nuova raffineria Shell in costruzione a Taranto |volume=rivista conservata presso il Museo Fisogni}}<!-- auto-translated from Italian by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>
Shell remained active in the country until April 1974 when, following difficulties in the oil sector caused by the [[Yom Kippur War|Kippur War]] and the general conditions of the Italian economy, now not very favorable, the old company was sold to [[Eni]], which became [[Italiana Petroli|Italiana Petroli (IP)]].<ref name=":02" /> The company then returned to the fuel distribution in 1980,<ref name=":3">{{cite journal |author=Giorgio Carlevaro |date=2021 |journal=Muoversi |number=2 |title=Cosa è rimasto dopo il "viavai" dei marchi sulla rete carburanti}}<!-- auto-translated from Italian by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> with the acquisition of the [[Conoco]] network,<ref>{{cite news |date=6 June 1980 |periodical=Stampa Sera |title=La Shell torna in Italia}}<!-- auto-translated from Italian by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> while in 1987 the joint venture with [[Montedison]] which led to the creation of [[MonteShell]].<ref>{{cite journal |date=19 September 1987 |journal=La Stampa |title=È nata la Monteshell}}<!-- auto-translated from Italian by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>
In July 2014 Shell gave its network of service stations and fuel deposits in Italy to the [[Kuwait Petroleum International|Kuwait Petroleum Italia]] (Q8).<ref>{{cite web |access-date=31 December 2020 |date=20 February 2014 |language=it |title=Addio agli 830 distributori Shell in Italia: diventeranno tutti Q8 |url=http://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/notizie/2014-02-20/addio-830-distributori-shell-italia-diventeranno-tutti-q8-183834.shtml?uuid=ABnILwx |website=Il Sole 24 ORE}}<!-- auto-translated from Italian by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>
In 2022 an agreement was announced with the Pad Multiegy company, for the brand to be restored and Shell products to be sold in over 500 Italian service stations,<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2022-02-12 |language=it-IT |title=Shell torna sul mercato della mobilità in Italia grazie all'accordo con PAD Multienergy |url=https://www.areadiservizio.eu/2022/02/11/shell-torna-sul-mercato-della-mobilita-in-italia-grazie-allaccordo-con-pad-multienergy/ |website=Area di Servizio {{!}} Carburanti Autolavaggi Detailing|date=11 February 2022 }}<!-- auto-translated from Italian by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> the first of which was inaugurated in March 2022.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2022-04-06 |language=it |title=Shell, al via il primo punto vendita in Italia {{!}} Staffetta Quotidiana |url=https://www.staffettaonline.com/articolo.aspx?id=363475 |website=staffettaonline.com|date=21 March 2022 }}<!-- auto-translated from Italian by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>
In Italy today Shell operates through Shell Italia S.p.A. controlled by Shell Italia Finanza S.p.A. The main locations are in [[Sesto San Giovanni]] and [[Rome]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=21 April 2020 |title=Shell Italia |url=https://www.shell.it/}}<!-- auto-translated from Italian by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>
=== Malaysia ===
[[File:Sandakan Sabah Shell-Station-Labuk Road-01.jpg|thumb|A [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]] filling station in [[Sabah]], Malaysia]]
Shell discovered the first oil well in Borneo in 1910, in [[Miri]], Sarawak. Today, the oil well is a state monument known as the Grand Old Lady. In 1914, following this discovery, Shell built Borneo's first oil refinery and laid a submarine pipeline in [[Miri]].<ref>{{cite web |title='Inspiration' in the skies: first Hong Kong-made plane prepares for epic world tour |url=http://www.shell.com.my/aboutshell/who-we-are/history/malaysia.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327090549/http://www.shell.com.my/aboutshell/who-we-are/history/malaysia.html |archive-date=27 March 2016 |access-date=28 July 2016}}</ref><ref>26 July 2016, Reuters.</ref>
=== Nigeria ===
{{Main|Shell Nigeria}}
Shell began production in [[Shell Nigeria|Nigeria]] in 1958.<ref>{{cite web|title=Post-war expansion|url=http://www.shell.com/home/content/aboutshell/who_we_are/our_history/post_war_expansion/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203143853/http://www.shell.com/home/content/aboutshell/who_we_are/our_history/post_war_expansion/|archive-date=3 December 2010|access-date=9 December 2010|publisher=Shell}}</ref> In [[Nigeria]], Shell told US diplomats that it had placed staff in all the main ministries of the [[Federal government of Nigeria|government]].<ref name="grip">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/dec/08/wikileaks-cables-shell-nigeria-spying |title=WikiLeaks cables: Shell's grip on Nigerian state revealed |first=David |last=Smith |newspaper=The Guardian |date=8 December 2010 |access-date=9 December 2010 |___location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911070039/http://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/dec/08/wikileaks-cables-shell-nigeria-spying |archive-date=11 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Shell continues however upstream activities/extracting crude oil in the oil-rich [[Niger Delta]] as well as downstream/commercial activities in South Africa. In June 2013, the company announced a strategic review of its operations in Nigeria, hinting that assets could be divested.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd sets out its future intent for Nigeria|url=https://www.euro-petrole.com/shell-petroleum-development-company-of-nigeria-ltd-sets-out-its-future-intent-for-nigeria-n-i-7880|access-date=24 September 2021|website=www.euro-petrole.com|archive-date=24 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924163135/https://www.euro-petrole.com/shell-petroleum-development-company-of-nigeria-ltd-sets-out-its-future-intent-for-nigeria-n-i-7880|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=10 October 2013|title=Shell Nigeria selling 4 delta oil blocks – sources|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUKL6N0I02KM20131010|access-date=24 September 2021|archive-date=24 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924161626/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUKL6N0I02KM20131010|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2014, the company disclosed it was in the process of finalizing the sale of its interests in four [[Petroleum industry in Nigeria|Nigerian oil fields]].<ref name="ShellNigeria">{{cite news|title=Stakes in four Nigerian oil fields being sold by Shell|url=http://www.nigeriasun.com/index.php/sid/225153307|date=27 August 2014|access-date=28 August 2014|publisher=Nigeria Sun|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831130922/http://www.nigeriasun.com/index.php/sid/225153307|archive-date=31 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 January 2021 a Dutch court ruled that Shell was responsible for multiple oil leaks in Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Meijer|first=Bart H.|date=29 January 2021|title=Environmentalists, farmers win Dutch court case over Shell Nigeria spills|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-shell-nigeria-court-idUSKBN29Y1D2|access-date=2 April 2021|archive-date=8 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408020027/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-shell-nigeria-court-idUSKBN29Y1D2|url-status=live}}</ref>
The actions of companies like Shell has led to extreme [[environmental issues in the Niger Delta]]. Many pipelines in the Niger Delta owned by Shell are old and corroded. Shell has acknowledged its responsibility for keeping the pipelines new but has also denied responsibility for environmental causes.<ref>Shell International Petroleum Company, Developments in Nigeria (London: March 1995)</ref> The heavy contamination of the air, ground and water with toxic pollutants by the oil industry in the Niger Delta is often used as an example of [[ecocide]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2021 |title='Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142 |access-date=6 July 2023 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fighting ecocide in Nigeria |url=https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria |access-date=6 July 2023 |website=theecologist.org |date=5 February 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making? |url=https://unpo.org/article/19131 |access-date=6 July 2023 |website=unpo.org|date=2 November 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 August 2011 |title=How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster |access-date=6 July 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> This has led to mass protests from the [[Niger Delta]] inhabitants, [[Amnesty International]], and [[Friends of the Earth]] the Netherlands against Shell. It has also led to action plans to boycott Shell by [[Environmental group|environmental]] and [[human rights group]]s.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 November 2015 |title=Niger Delta: Shell's manifestly false claims about oil pollution exposed, again |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/11/shell-false-claims-about-oil-pollution-exposed/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107212639/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/11/shell-false-claims-about-oil-pollution-exposed/ |archive-date=7 January 2016 |access-date=26 March 2015 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> In January 2013, a Dutch court rejected four out of five allegations brought against the firm over oil pollution in the Niger Delta but found a subsidiary guilty of one case of pollution, ordering compensation to be paid to a Nigerian farmer.<ref>{{Citation |title=Shell Nigeria case: Court acquits firm on most charges |date=30 January 2013 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21258653 |work=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119113643/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21258653 |___location=United Kingdom |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-date=19 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
===Nordic countries===
On 27 August 2007, Shell and [[Reitan Group]], the owner of the [[7-Eleven]] brand in [[Scandinavia]], announced an agreement to re-brand some 269 service stations across [[Norway]], Sweden, [[Finland]] and [[Denmark]], subject to obtaining regulatory approvals under the different [[competition law]]s in each country.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=7-Eleven and Shell join forces at 269 petrol stations |publisher=Shell International B.V. |date=27 August 2007 |url=http://www.shell.com/home/content/media-en/news_and_library/press_releases/2007/shell_scandinavia_08271054.html |access-date=30 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829142427/http://www.shell.com/home/content/media-en/news_and_library/press_releases/2007/shell_scandinavia_08271054.html |archive-date=29 August 2007}}</ref> In April 2010 Shell announced that the corporation is in process of trying to find a potential buyer for all of its operations in Finland and is doing similar market research concerning Swedish operations.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Shell reviewing portfolio of LPG businesses |publisher=Shell International B.V. |date=6 May 2010 |url=http://www.shell.com/home/content/investor/news_and_library/press_releases/2010/shell_reviewing_portfolio_lpg_businesses_06052010.html |access-date=19 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100517091006/http://www.shell.com/home/content/investor/news_and_library/press_releases/2010/shell_reviewing_portfolio_lpg_businesses_06052010.html |archive-date=17 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |title=Shell Etsii mahdollista ostajaa Suomen toiminnoilleen |publisher=Shell Finland |date=6 April 2010 |url=http://www.shell.fi/home/content/fin/aboutshell/media_centre/news_and_media_releases/2010/tiedote060410.html |access-date=19 June 2010}}{{dead link|date=February 2014}}</ref> In October 2010 Shell's gas stations and the heavy vehicle fuel supply networks in Finland and Sweden, along with a refinery located in [[Gothenburg]], Sweden were sold to [[St1]], a Finnish energy company, more precisely to its major shareholding parent company Keele Oy.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Keele buys Shell's Finnish and Swedish businesses |publisher=Helsinki Times |date=27 October 2010 |url=http://www.helsinkitimes.fi/htimes/domestic-news/business/13000-keele-buys-shells-finnish-and-swedish-businesses-.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120801073614/http://www.helsinkitimes.fi/htimes/domestic-news/business/13000-keele-buys-shells-finnish-and-swedish-businesses-.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 August 2012 |access-date=20 December 2011}}</ref> Shell gas stations in Norway were taken over by St1 in 2015, but continued operating under the Shell brand until 2025.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Etter over 100 år skrus skiltene ned: Shells beninstasjoner forsvinner|publisher=E24|date=2 April 2025|url=https://e24.no/naeringsliv/i/8qKyKW/etter-over-100-aar-skrus-skiltene-ned-shells-beninstasjoner-forsvinner|access-date=3 April 2025}}</ref>
=== North America ===
{{Main|Shell USA|Shell Canada}}
[[File:Shell gas sign.JPG|thumb|Shell gasoline station sign in [[Phoenix, Arizona]]]]
Through most of Shell's early history, the [[Shell US]] business in the United States was substantially independent. Its stock was traded on the [[NYSE]], and the group's central office had little direct involvement in running the operation. However, in 1984, Shell made a bid to purchase those shares of Shell Oil Company it did not own (around 30%) and, despite opposition from some minority shareholders which led to a court case, Shell completed the buyout for a sum of $5.7 billion.<ref name="hayes">{{cite news |author=Thomas C. Hayes |date=13 December 1990 |title=Shell Oil Shareholders Awarded $110 Million |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/13/business/shell-oil-shareholders-awarded-110-million.html |url-status=live |access-date=27 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514143011/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/13/business/shell-oil-shareholders-awarded-110-million.html |archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref>
===Philippines===
<!-- linked from redirect [[Pilipinas Shell Petroleum Corporation]] -->
[[File:ShellPhiljf539.JPG|thumb|Shell oil depot (Poro Point, [[San Fernando, La Union]], [[Philippines]])]]
Royal Dutch Shell operates in the [[Philippines]] under its subsidiary, '''Shell Pilipinas Corporation''' or '''SPC'''. Its headquarters is in [[Taguig]] and it has facilities in the [[Pandacan, Manila#From industrial to commercial|Pandacan oil depot]] and other key locations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shell.com.ph/ |title=Shell Pilipinas Corporation |publisher=Shell.com.ph |date=17 February 2012 |access-date=17 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505062236/http://www.shell.com.ph/ |archive-date=5 May 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In January 2010, the [[Bureau of Customs]] claimed 7.34 billion pesos worth of unpaid [[excise taxes]] against ''Pilipinas Shell'' for importing Catalytic cracked gasoline (CCG) and light catalytic cracked gasoline (LCCG) stating that those imports are bound for tariff charges.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasdaq.com/aspx/stock-market-news-story.aspx?storyid=201001190403dowjonesdjonline000128&title=pilipinas-shell-warns-refinery-may-shutdown-over-tax-dispute |title=Nasdaq.com |publisher=Nasdaq.com |date=4 May 2012 |access-date=17 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611010554/http://www.nasdaq.com/aspx/stock-market-news-story.aspx?storyid=201001190403dowjonesdjonline000128&title=pilipinas-shell-warns-refinery-may-shutdown-over-tax-dispute |archive-date=11 June 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In August 2016, Pilipinas Shell filed an application to sell US$629 million worth of primary and secondary shares to the investing public (registration statement) with the [[Securities and Exchange Commission (Philippines)|SEC]]. This was a prelude to filing its IPO listing application with the [[Philippine Stock Exchange]]. On 3 November 2016 the Pilipinas Shell Petroleum Corporation was officially listed on the [[Philippine Stock Exchange]] under the ticker symbol SHLPH after they held its [[initial public offering]] on 19 to 25 October of the same year.<ref>{{cite news | url= http://business.inquirer.net/215746/pse-oks-pilipinas-shells-p29-7b-ipo | title= Report: PSE oks Pilipinas Shell's P30B IPO | newspaper= [[Upstream (newspaper)|Upstream Online]] | publisher= [[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] | date= 29 September 2016 | access-date= 29 September 2016 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160930164654/http://business.inquirer.net/215746/pse-oks-pilipinas-shells-p29-7b-ipo | archive-date= 30 September 2016 | url-status= live }}</ref>
Due to the economic slowdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on the global, regional and local economies, continually low refining margins, and competition with imported refined products, the management of Pilipinas Shell announced in August 2020 that the 110,000 bbl/d refinery in Tabangao, Batangas, which started operations in 1962, will be shutting down permanently and turned into an import terminal instead.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://business.inquirer.net/305173/shell-permanently-shutting-down-batangas-refinery|title=Shell permanently shuts down Batangas refinery|first=Ronnel W.|last=Domingo|date=13 August 2020|website=INQUIRER.net|access-date=28 January 2022|archive-date=28 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128170755/https://business.inquirer.net/305173/shell-permanently-shutting-down-batangas-refinery|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Russia===
In February 2022, Shell exited all its joint ventures with [[Gazprom]] because of the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2022 |title=Shell выходит из совместных предприятий с Газпромом |url=https://www.interfax.ru/business/825293 |publisher=[[Интерфакс]] |language=ru |access-date=1 March 2022 |archive-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301082247/https://www.interfax.ru/business/825293 |url-status=live }}</ref> and, in March 2022, Shell announced that it would stop buying oil from Russia and close all its service stations there.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 March 2022 |title=Shell sorry and pledges to stop buying Russian oil |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-60661611 |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=BBC News |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308110449/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-60661611 |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2022, it emerged that Shell was to book up to $5 billion in impairment charges from exiting its interests in Russia.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Godsen |first=Emily |title=Shell writes down up to $5bn from Russia exit |date=7 April 2022 |url=https://www.thetimes.com/business-money/article/shell-writes-down-up-to-5bn-from-russia-exit-mqcmtmtgk |via=www.thetimes.co.uk |access-date=7 April 2022 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407152210/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/shell-writes-down-up-to-5bn-from-russia-exit-mqcmtmtgk |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Singapore===
Singapore is the main centre for Shell's petrochemical operations in the Asia Pacific region. Shell Eastern Petroleum limited (SEPL) have their refinery located in Singapore's [[Pulau Bukom]] island. They also operate as Shell Chemicals Seraya in [[Jurong Island]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chemicals-technology.com/projects/shell/shell2.html|title=Shell Eastern Petroleum Ltd (SEPL), Singapore|publisher=ChemicalsTechnology|access-date=11 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412061619/http://www.chemicals-technology.com/projects/shell/shell2.html|archive-date=12 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2020, Shell announced that, as part of efforts to curtail pollution emissions, it will cut its oil-processing capacity in Singapore.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 November 2020|title=Shell to Cut About 500 Singapore Refinery Jobs|work=BNN Bloomberg|url=https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/shell-to-cut-about-500-singapore-refinery-jobs-1.1520202|access-date=10 November 2020|archive-date=17 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117160623/https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/shell-to-cut-about-500-singapore-refinery-jobs-1.1520202|url-status=live}}</ref>
===South Africa===
[[File:Shell Gas Station in Plumstead, Cape Town.jpg|thumb|Shell gas station in [[Plumstead, Cape Town|Plumstead]], [[Cape Town]]]]
Shell Downstream SA (SDSA) was created through a merger of Shell South Africa and [[BBBEE]] company Thebe Investment Corporation. The South African [[Department of Mineral Resources and Energy]] granted Shell exploration rights in the country, and it has been operating in South Africa since 1902.<ref name= "What will happen to Shell petrol stations in South Africa">{{cite web|url= https://businesstech.co.za/news/business/771037/what-will-happen-to-shell-petrol-stations-in-south-africa/ |title= What will happen to Shell petrol stations in South Africa |author= Staff Writer |publisher= BusinessTech |date= |access-date= 29 April 2025 }}</ref>
The company also owns an oil refinery in [[Durban]], which has been closed since the end of March 2022. On 6 May 2024, Shell indicated its intent to exit the South African downstream market. This includes its refining, transport, and retail offerings. It is as yet unknown what will happen to its gas stations.<ref name= "Shell kisses South African service stations and refinery goodbye">{{cite web|url= https://businesstech.co.za/news/energy/773706/shell-kisses-south-african-service-stations-and-refinery-goodbye/ |title= Shell kisses South African service stations and refinery goodbye |author= Staff Writer |publisher= BusinessTech |date= 27 May 2024 |access-date= 29 April 2025 }}</ref>
Shell is a member of the [[Fuels Industry Association of South Africa]] (FIASA), and was one of its founding members when the organization launched in 1994.
=== Sri Lanka ===
Prior to the 1960s, Shell was one of the major multinational corporations operating in Sri Lanka, alongside companies like [[Esso]] and [[Caltex]]. These companies played pivotal roles in importing, distributing, and retailing petroleum products across the country. However, in 1962, under the leadership of Prime Minister [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]], the [[Government of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan government]] [[Nationalization|nationalized]] the assets of these oil giants. This move aimed to reduce foreign dominance in key economic sectors and led to the establishment of the [[Ceylon Petroleum Corporation]] (CPC), granting it exclusive rights over the importation, sale, export, and distribution of most petroleum products in Sri Lanka.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Amerasinghe |first=Chittharanjan |date=1964 |title=The Ceylon Oil Expropriations |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international-law/article/abs/ceylon-oil-expropriations/36A1188266D002CFBC109CA9FB0BA412 |journal=American Journal of International Law |language=en |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=445–450 |doi=10.1017/S0002930000759859 |issn=0002-9300|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
After a period of reduced presence, Shell re-entered the Sri Lankan market in the mid-1990s. In 1996, Shell acquired a 51% stake in the [[Litro Gas|Colombo Gas Company]] for $37 million, marking its significant return to the country's energy sector. This acquisition led to the establishment of Shell Gas Lanka Limited, which managed the importation, storage, and distribution of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sirilal |first=Ranga |publisher=Reuters |date=November 3, 2010 |title=Sri Lanka buys back gas business from Shell for $63 mln |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/energy/sri-lanka-buys-back-gas-business-from-shell-for-63-mln-idUSSGE6A20DK/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |website=Reuters}}</ref>
In recent years, Shell has signaled its intent to re-establish a presence in Sri Lanka's fuel retailing market. In collaboration with RM Parks and Tristar, Shell announced plans to introduce Shell-branded fuel stations in the country, marking a significant return to the Sri Lankan energy landscape. On 26 February 2025, Shell marked its return to Sri Lanka's fuel retail market by inaugurating its first Shell-branded fuel station in over six decades. This station is located at the B.S. Cooray Filling Station in Ambathale, Colombo District.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zulfick |first=Farzan |title=Shell Returns: First Fuel Station in Over Six Decades Opens in Sri Lanka |url=https://www.newsfirst.lk/2025/02/26/shell-returns-first-fuel-station-in-over-six-decades-opens-in-sri-lanka?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=english.newsfirst.lk |language=en}}</ref>
===United Kingdom===
In the UK sector of the [[North Sea]] Shell employs around 4,500 staff in Scotland as well as an additional 1,000 service contractors: however in August 2014 it announced it was laying off 250 of them, mainly in [[Aberdeen]].<ref name="ShellUK">{{cite news|title=Reorganisation of North Sea operation to see Shell slash 250 jobs|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/shell-cut-250-onshore-jobs-091711459.html|access-date=8 August 2014|work=Yahoo Finance|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714044647/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/shell-cut-250-onshore-jobs-091711459.html|archive-date=14 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Shell paid no UK taxes on its North Sea operations over the period 2018 to 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wilson |first=Tom |date=5 April 2022 |title=Shell reveals another tax-free year in UK North Sea |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/38068628-f1a7-4219-abca-ef421de4d237 |access-date=6 April 2022 |archive-date=5 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405205056/https://www.ft.com/content/38068628-f1a7-4219-abca-ef421de4d237 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Alternative energy==
[[File:Panaga 25072021 (3).jpg|thumb|Brunei Shell Petroleum's flagship solar plant in [[Panaga]], 2021]]
In the early 2000s Shell moved into [[alternative energy]] and there is now an embryonic "[[Renewables]]" business that has made investments in [[solar power]], [[wind power]], [[hydrogen]], and [[forestry]]. The forestry business went the way of nuclear, coal, metals and electricity generation, and was disposed of in 2003. In 2006 Shell paid [[SolarWorld]] to take over its entire solar business<ref>{{cite web |title= SolarWorld Acquires Shell's Solar Business |publisher=RenewableEnergyWorld.com | date = 2 February 2006 |url= http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/story?id=42840 |access-date =18 August 2008}}</ref> and in 2008, the company withdrew from the [[London Array]] which when built was the world's largest offshore wind farm.<ref>[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e2a5b99c-16ea-11dd-bbfc-0000779fd2ac.html Shell pulls out of key wind power project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501191942/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e2a5b99c-16ea-11dd-bbfc-0000779fd2ac.html |date=1 May 2008 }}, ''[[Financial Times]]'', 1 May 2008</ref>
Shell also is involved in large-scale hydrogen projects. HydrogenForecast.com describes Shell's approach thus far as consisting of "baby steps", but with an underlying message of "extreme optimism".<ref>{{cite web |last= Stanley |first= Dean |title= Shell Takes Flexible Approach to Fueling the Future | work = Executive View |publisher= Corland Publishing |url= http://www.hydrogenforecast.com/ArticleDetails.php?articleID=250 |access-date= 30 August 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070820202251/http://hydrogenforecast.com/ArticleDetails.php?articleID=250 |archive-date= 20 August 2007 |url-status=dead |df= dmy-all}}
</ref> In 2015, the company announced plans to install hydrogen fuel pumps across Germany, planning on having 400 locations in operation by 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.energylivenews.com/2015/10/14/germany-to-install-network-of-hydrogen-cars-fuelling-pumps/|title=Shell to install hydrogen fuel pumps in Germany|date=14 October 2015|website=Energy Live News|language=en-US|access-date=13 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513221938/https://www.energylivenews.com/2015/10/14/germany-to-install-network-of-hydrogen-cars-fuelling-pumps/|archive-date=13 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
Shell holds 44% of [[Raízen]], a joint venture with Brazilian sugarcane producer [[Cosan]] which is the third-largest Brazil-based energy company by revenues and a major producer of [[Ethanol fuel|ethanol]].<ref name="Sugarcane Ethanol">{{cite web|url=http://ecoseed.org/en/business/renewable-energy/article/95-renewable-energy/7903-shell-and-cosan-join-forces-for-$-12-billion-ethanol-venture|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100908222405/http://ecoseed.org/en/business/renewable-energy/article/95-renewable-energy/7903-shell-and-cosan-join-forces-for-$-12-billion-ethanol-venture|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 September 2010|title=Shell and Cosan join forces for $ 12 billion ethanol venture – Renewable Energy – GREEN NEWS – ECOSEED Global Green News Portal|date=8 September 2010|access-date=13 May 2019}}</ref> In 2015, the company partnered with Brazilian start-up company Insolar to install solar panels in [[Rio de Janeiro]] to deliver electricity to the [[Favela Santa Marta|Santa Marta]] neighbourhood.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/energy/2015/12/151218-sponsor-content-shell-and-brazilian-startup-light-up-santa-marta-community/|title=Shell and Brazilian Start-Up Light Up Santa Marta Community|date=18 December 2015|website=National Geographic News|access-date=6 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506223020/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/energy/2015/12/151218-sponsor-content-shell-and-brazilian-startup-light-up-santa-marta-community/|archive-date=6 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Shell is the operator and major shareholder of The [[Shell Canada]] Quest Energy project, based within the Athabasca Oil Sands Project, located near [[Fort McMurray]], Alberta.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/funding/cef/18168|title=Shell Canada Energy Quest Project|last=Canada|first=Natural Resources|date=23 February 2016|website=nrcan.gc.ca|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425182004/https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/funding/cef/18168|archive-date=25 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> It holds a 60% share, alongside [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron Canada Limited]], which holds 20%, and Marathon Canadian Oil Sands Holding Limited, which holds the final 20%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://publications.gc.ca/site/archivee-archived.html?url=http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2018/rncan-nrcan/m159/M159-11-2013-eng.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727213944/http://publications.gc.ca/site/archivee-archived.html?url=http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2018/rncan-nrcan/m159/M159-11-2013-eng.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 July 2020|title=Information archivée dans le Web|last=Government of Canada|first=Public Services and Procurement Canada|website=publications.gc.ca|access-date=25 April 2019}}</ref> Commercial operations launched in November 2015. It was the world's first commercial-scale oil and sand [[Carbon capture and storage|carbon capture storage (CCS)]] project.<ref name="auto" /> It is expected to reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emissions in Canada by 1.08 million tonnes per year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alberta.ca/carbon-capture-and-storage.aspx|title=Carbon capture and storage|website=alberta.ca|language=en-CA|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429180625/https://www.alberta.ca/carbon-capture-and-storage.aspx|archive-date=29 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
In December 2016, Shell won the auction for the 700 MW [[Borssele Offshore Wind Farm|Borssele III & IV]] [[offshore wind farm]]s at a price of 5.45 [[Euro|c]]/kWh, beating 6 other [[Consortium|consortia]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.offshorewind.biz/2016/12/12/oil-gas-giant-to-build-dutch-borssele-iii-iv-offshore-wind-farms/ |title= Oil & Gas Giant to Build Dutch Borssele III & IV Offshore Wind Farms |work=Offshore Wind |date=12 December 2016 |access-date=14 December 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161215174611/http://www.offshorewind.biz/2016/12/12/oil-gas-giant-to-build-dutch-borssele-iii-iv-offshore-wind-farms/ |archive-date=15 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2018, it was announced that the company and its co-investor [[Partners Group]] had secured $1.5bn for the project, which also involves [[Eneco]], [[Van Oord]], and Mitsubishi/DGE.<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-netherlands-windfarm-borssele-idUKKBN1JO2DZ |title=Shell-Partners consortium ready to build Dutch offshore wind farm |date=28 June 2018 |work=Reuters |access-date=13 May 2019 |language=en |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190513221942/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-netherlands-windfarm-borssele-idUKKBN1JO2DZ |archive-date=13 May 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Shell Recharge Waitrose car park rapid speed EVSEs Cirencester (March 2023).jpg|thumb|Shell Recharge rapid charger in the Cirencester Waitrose car park, 2023]]
In October 2017, it bought Europe's biggest vehicle charging network, "[[NewMotion]]".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-newmotion-m-a-shell-idUKKBN1CH1R5 |title=Shell buys NewMotion charging network in first electric vehicle deal |date=12 October 2017 |work=Reuters |access-date=29 January 2020 |language=en |archive-date=29 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129142523/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-newmotion-m-a-shell-idUKKBN1CH1R5 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In November 2017, Shell's CEO Ben van Beurden announced Shell's plan to cut half of its carbon emissions by 2050, and 20 percent by 2035. In this regard, Shell promised to spend $2 billion annually on renewable energy sources. Shell began to develop its wind energy segment in 2001, the company now operates six wind farms in the United States and is part of a plan to build two offshore wind farms in the Netherlands.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.timesonline.com/news/20171130/royal-dutch-shell-announces-plans-to-combat-climate-change |title= Royal Dutch Shell announces plans to combat climate change |date= 30 November 2017 |author= Jared Stonesifer |work= The Times online |access-date= 1 December 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171201232939/http://www.timesonline.com/news/20171130/royal-dutch-shell-announces-plans-to-combat-climate-change |archive-date= 1 December 2017 |url-status= live }}</ref>
In December 2017, the company announced plans to buy UK household energy and broadband provider [[First Utility]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/dec/21/shell-to-supply-energy-to-uk-households-after-takeover-of-first-utility|title=Shell to supply energy to UK households after takeover of First Utility|last=Vaughan|first=Adam|date=21 December 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=2 May 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502001231/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/dec/21/shell-to-supply-energy-to-uk-households-after-takeover-of-first-utility|archive-date=2 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2019 it rebranded to [[Shell Energy]] and announced that all electricity would be supplied from renewable sources.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.choose.co.uk/news/2019/first-utility-rebrands-shell-energy/|title=StackPath|website=choose.co.uk|access-date=2 May 2019|archive-date=15 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815141615/https://www.choose.co.uk/news/2019/first-utility-rebrands-shell-energy/|url-status=live}}</ref>
In December 2018, the company announced that it had partnered with [[SkyNRG]] to begin supplying [[sustainable aviation fuel]] to airlines operating out of [[San Francisco International Airport|San Francisco Airport (SFO)]], including [[KLM]], [[Scandinavian Airlines|SAS]], and [[Finnair]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flysfo.com/media/press-releases/sfo-announces-landmark-agreement-use-sustainable-aviation-fuels|title=SFO Announces Landmark Agreement for Use of Sustainable Aviation Fuels {{!}} San Francisco International Airport|website=FlySFO {{!}} San Francisco International Airport|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425194241/https://www.flysfo.com/media/press-releases/sfo-announces-landmark-agreement-use-sustainable-aviation-fuels|archive-date=25 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://biofuels-news.com/display_news/14217/shell_starts_supplying_sustainable_fuel_at_californian_airport/|title=Shell starts supplying sustainable fuel at Californian airport {{!}} Biofuels International Magazine|website=Biofuels International|date=12 December 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425193620/https://biofuels-news.com/display_news/14217/shell_starts_supplying_sustainable_fuel_at_californian_airport/|archive-date=25 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In the same month, the company announced plans to double its renewable energy budget to investment in low-carbon energy to $4 billion US each year, with an aim to spend up to $2 billion US on renewable energy by 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.energy-reporters.com/environment/shell-set-to-double-renewable-budget/|title=Shell set to double renewable budget|date=27 December 2018|website=Energy Reporters|language=en-US|access-date=6 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506223042/https://www.energy-reporters.com/environment/shell-set-to-double-renewable-budget/|archive-date=6 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
In January 2018, the company acquired a 44% interest in Silicon Ranch, a solar energy company run by [[Matt Kisber]], as part of its global New Energies project.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nashvillepost.com/business/manufacturing/energy/article/20988737/shell-takes-big-stake-in-silicon-ranch|title=Shell takes big stake in Silicon Ranch|website=Nashville Post|date=15 January 2018 |language=en|access-date=29 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430032335/https://www.nashvillepost.com/business/manufacturing/energy/article/20988737/shell-takes-big-stake-in-silicon-ranch|archive-date=30 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The company took over from Partners Group, paying up to an estimated $217 million for the minority interest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/money/2018/01/15/phil-bredesen-silicon-ranch-solar-shell-investment-up-217-m/1033391001/|title=Bredesen's Silicon Ranch solar company gains Shell investment of up to $217M|website=The Tennessean|language=en|access-date=29 April 2019|archive-date=17 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111153/https://www.tennessean.com/story/money/2018/01/15/phil-bredesen-silicon-ranch-solar-shell-investment-up-217-m/1033391001/|url-status=live}}</ref>
In February 2019, the company acquired German solar battery company [[Sonnen GmbH|Sonnen]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-sonnen-m-a-shell-idUKKCN1Q4199|title=Shell buys German solar battery maker sonnen|date=15 February 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=30 April 2019|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430213621/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-sonnen-m-a-shell-idUKKCN1Q4199|archive-date=30 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> It first invested in the company in May 2018 as part of its New Energies project.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/12f343d6-3100-11e9-8744-e7016697f225|title=Shell acquires German battery start-up Sonnen|last=McGee|first=Patrick|date=15 February 2019|website=Financial Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430214009/https://www.ft.com/content/12f343d6-3100-11e9-8744-e7016697f225|archive-date=30 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> As of late 2021, the company had 800 employees and has installed 70.000 home battery systems.<ref>{{Cite web|title=sonnen|url=https://sonnenusa.com/en/vision/|access-date=23 December 2021|website=sonnen|language=en|archive-date=23 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223223540/https://sonnenusa.com/en/vision/|url-status=live}}</ref>
On 27 February 2019, the company acquired British VPP operator Limejump for an undisclosed amount.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Limejump|title=Super-charged for the future|url=https://www.limejump.com/knowledge-hub/limejump-acquired-by-shell/|access-date=22 December 2021|website=Limejump|language=en-GB|archive-date=22 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222143208/https://www.limejump.com/knowledge-hub/limejump-acquired-by-shell/|url-status=live}}</ref>
In July 2019, Shell installed their first 150 kW electric car chargers at its London [[Filling station|petrol stations]] with payments handled via [[SMOOV]]. They also plan to provide 350 kW chargers in Europe by entering into an agreement with [[IONITY]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drivingelectric.com/news/1169/shell-installs-first-150kw-charger-uk-forecourt|title=Shell installs first 150kW charger at UK forecourt|date=4 July 2019|publisher=Driving Electric|access-date=12 November 2021|archive-date=12 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112130944/https://www.drivingelectric.com/news/1169/shell-installs-first-150kw-charger-uk-forecourt|url-status=live}}</ref>
On 26 January 2021, Shell said it would buy 100 per cent of Ubitricity, owner of the largest public charging network for [[Plug-in electric vehicles in the United Kingdom|electric vehicles in the United Kingdom]], as the company expands its presence along the power supply chain.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 January 2021|title=Shell buys UK's biggest electric vehicle charging network Ubitricity|url=https://www.uktech.news/news/shell-buys-uks-biggest-electric-vehicle-charging-network-ubitricity-20210126|access-date=29 January 2021|website=UKTN (UK Tech News)|language=en-GB|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126205701/https://www.uktech.news/news/shell-buys-uks-biggest-electric-vehicle-charging-network-ubitricity-20210126|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2023, Shell announced that it would rebrand its Ubitricity chargepoints under its Shell Recharge brand.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shell Recharge rebranding: What does it mean? |url=https://ubitricity.com/en/driver/shell-recharge-rebranding/ |website=ubitricity.com |access-date=16 February 2024}}</ref>
On 25 February 2021, Shell announced the acquisition of German Virtual Power Plant (VPP) company Next Kraftwerke for an undisclosed amount. Next Kraftwerke connects renewable electricity generation- and storage projects to optimize the usage of those assets. The company mostly operates in Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shell acquires Next Kraftwerke to strengthen position in renewable energy trading|url=https://www.next-kraftwerke.com/news/shell-next-kraftwerke|access-date=22 December 2021|website=www.next-kraftwerke.com|language=en-US|archive-date=22 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222142347/https://www.next-kraftwerke.com/news/shell-next-kraftwerke|url-status=live}}</ref>
In November 2022, it was announced Shell's wholly owned subsidiary, Shell Petroleum NV, had acquired the [[Odense]]-headquartered [[renewable natural gas]] producer, Nature Energy Biogas A/S for nearly US$2 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2022 |title=Shell to acquire Nature Energy |url=https://www.hydrocarbonengineering.com/gas-processing/29112022/shell-to-acquire-nature-energy/ |access-date=29 November 2022 |website=Hydrocarbon Engineering |language=en |archive-date=29 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129142349/https://www.hydrocarbonengineering.com/gas-processing/29112022/shell-to-acquire-nature-energy/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Ownership ==
Shell is mainly owned by institutional investors. The 10 largest shareholders of Shell plc in early 2024 were:<ref name=":1" />
* [[BlackRock|BlackRock Investment Management UK]] (4.061%)
* [[The Vanguard Group|Vanguard]] (3.710%)
* [[Norges Bank]] (3.013%)
* [[BlackRock|BlackRock Fund Advisors]] (2.865%)
* [[BlackRock|BlackRock Advisors UK]] (1.352%)
* [[Legal & General]] (1.315%)
* [[State Street Global Advisors]] (1.278%)
* [[Clearstream Banking S.A.]] (1.168%)
* [[The Vanguard Group|Vanguard Global Advisors]] (0.9965%)
* [[Geode Capital Management]] (0.7262%)
==Controversies==
[[File:Presentation of Shell Oil Company contribution to National Fish and Wildlife Foundation at the Foundation's Celebrating the Great Outdoors fundraising event, co-hosted by ESPN Outdo - DPLA - 7bd3c75e1f0b4d0aab802890eab2f85b.jpg|thumb|Presentation of Shell Oil Company contribution to National Fish and Wildlife Foundation at the Foundation's Celebrating the Great Outdoors fundraising event, 2005]]
=== Carbon capture storage beneath the sea bed ===
In 2020, the [[Carbon capture and storage#Norway|Northern Lights CCS project]] was announced, which is a joint project between Equinor, Shell and Total, operating in the European Union (Norway) and aiming to store liquid {{CO2}} beneath the seabed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rokke |first=Nils |title=Norway To Build $3 Billion 'Longship' Carbon Dioxide Capture Project |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nilsrokke/2020/09/21/norways-18-billion-ccs-proposal-is-great-news-for-the-climate/ |website=Forbes |access-date=27 September 2020 |archive-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926093452/https://www.forbes.com/sites/nilsrokke/2020/09/21/norways-18-billion-ccs-proposal-is-great-news-for-the-climate/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Full-scale CCS project in Norway – Longship | Reaching the climate goals |url=https://ccsnorway.com/ |website=Fullskala |access-date=27 September 2020 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925073822/https://ccsnorway.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Minister |first=The Office of the Prime |date=21 September 2020 |title=The Government launches 'Longship' for carbon capture and storage in Norway |url=https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/the-government-launches-longship-for-carbon-capture-and-storage-in-norway/id2765288/ |website=Government.no |access-date=27 September 2020 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927024317/https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/the-government-launches-longship-for-carbon-capture-and-storage-in-norway/id2765288/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2020 |title=Norway to Launch $2,7B Carbon Capture and Storage Project 'Longship' |url=https://www.oedigital.com/news/481822-norway-to-launch-2-7b-carbon-capture-and-storage-project-longship |website=Offshore Engineer Magazine |access-date=27 September 2020 |archive-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923144418/https://www.oedigital.com/news/481822-norway-to-launch-2-7b-carbon-capture-and-storage-project-longship |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Processing oil in the Amazon ===
Environmentalists have expressed concern that Shell is processing oil from the [[Amazon basin|Amazon region]] of South America. In the United States, the Martinez refinery (CA) and the Puget Sound Refinery (WA) carry Amazonian oil. In 2015, 14% of the Martinez refinery's gross, at 19,570 barrels per day, came from the Amazon.<ref>{{cite web |title=From Well to Wheel: The Social, Environmental, and Climate Costs of Amazon Crude |url=http://amazonwatch.org/news/2016/0928-from-well-to-wheel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328021900/http://amazonwatch.org/news/2016/0928-from-well-to-wheel |archive-date=28 March 2017 |access-date=27 March 2017 |website=Amazon Watch|date=28 September 2016 }}</ref>
=== Operating in the hump back whale breeding grounds ===
In December 2021, Royal Dutch Shell decided to move ahead with seismic tests to explore for oil in [[humpback whale]] breeding grounds along South Africa's eastern coastline.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/dec/03/shell-go-ahead-seismic-tests-whale-breeding-grounds-court-oil-south-africa|title=Shell to go ahead with seismic tests in whale breeding grounds after court win|date=3 December 2021|website=The Guardian|access-date=4 December 2021|archive-date=4 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204162931/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/dec/03/shell-go-ahead-seismic-tests-whale-breeding-grounds-court-oil-south-africa|url-status=live}}</ref> On 3 December 2021, a South African high court struck down an urgent application brought by environmentalists to stop the project, which will involve a vessel regularly firing an air gun that produces a very powerful shock wave underwater to help map subsea geology. According to Greenpeace Africa and the South African Deep Sea Angling Association, this could cause "irreparable harm" to the marine environment, especially to migrating humpback whales in the area.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/shell-wins-court-case-start-seismic-surveys-offshore-south-africa-2021-12-03/|title=Shell wins court case to start seismic surveys offshore South Africa|newspaper=Reuters|date=3 December 2021|via=www.reuters.com|access-date=4 December 2021|archive-date=4 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204162931/https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/shell-wins-court-case-start-seismic-surveys-offshore-south-africa-2021-12-03/|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Climate change ===
Measured by both its own emissions, and the emissions of all the fossil fuels it sells, Shell was the [[Top contributors to greenhouse gas emissions|ninth-largest corporate producer of greenhouse gas emissions]] in the period 1988–2015.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Riley |first=Tess |date=10 July 2017 |title=Just 100 companies responsible for 71% of global emissions, study says |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2017/jul/10/100-fossil-fuel-companies-investors-responsible-71-global-emissions-cdp-study-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118063050/https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2017/jul/10/100-fossil-fuel-companies-investors-responsible-71-global-emissions-cdp-study-climate-change |archive-date=18 January 2021 |access-date=17 June 2020 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The burning of the fossil fuels produced by Shell are responsible for 1.67% of global industrial [[greenhouse gas emissions]] from 1988 to 2015.<ref>{{cite news |title=Top 100 producers and their cumulative greenhouse gas emissions from 1988–2015 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2017/jul/10/100-fossil-fuel-companies-investors-responsible-71-global-emissions-cdp-study-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118063050/https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2017/jul/10/100-fossil-fuel-companies-investors-responsible-71-global-emissions-cdp-study-climate-change |archive-date=18 January 2021 |access-date=29 October 2020 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>
In the past, Shell has been a part of lobbying and trade groups that are against climate policy and promote climate skepticism.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Waldman |first1=Scott |author2=E&E News |title=Shell Grappled with Climate Change 20 Years Ago, Documents Show |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/shell-grappled-with-climate-change-20-years-ago-documents-show/ |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=Scientific American |language=en}}</ref>
In 2017, a public information film ("Climate of Concern") unseen for years resurfaced and showed Shell had clear grasp of global warming 26 years earlier but has not acted accordingly since, said critics.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Carrington |first1=Damian |last2=Mommers |first2=Jelmer |date=28 February 2017 |title='Shell knew': oil giant's 1991 film warned of climate change danger |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/feb/28/shell-knew-oil-giants-1991-film-warned-climate-change-danger |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424174806/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/feb/28/shell-knew-oil-giants-1991-film-warned-climate-change-danger |archive-date=24 April 2017 |access-date=25 April 2017 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="Jelmer Mommers Damian Carrington 2017">{{cite news |last1=Mommers |first1=Jelmer |last2=Carrington |first2=Damian |date=28 February 2017 |title=If Shell knew climate change was dire 25 years ago, why still business as usual today? |url=https://thecorrespondent.com/6286/if-shell-knew-climate-change-was-dire-25-years-ago-why-still-business-as-usual-today/692773774-4d15b476 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426061357/https://thecorrespondent.com/6286/if-shell-knew-climate-change-was-dire-25-years-ago-why-still-business-as-usual-today/692773774-4d15b476 |archive-date=26 April 2017 |access-date=25 April 2017 |work=The Correspondent}}</ref><ref name="Jelmer Mommers 2017">{{cite news |last=Mommers |first=Jelmer |date=28 February 2017 |title=Shell made a film about climate change in 1991 (then neglected to heed its own warning) |url=https://thecorrespondent.com/6285/shell-made-a-film-about-climate-change-in-1991-then-neglected-to-heed-its-own-warning/692663565-875331f6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426151247/https://thecorrespondent.com/6285/shell-made-a-film-about-climate-change-in-1991-then-neglected-to-heed-its-own-warning/692663565-875331f6 |archive-date=26 April 2017 |access-date=25 April 2017 |work=The Correspondent}}</ref> During the years of 2010–2018, only 1% of Shell's long-term investments were dedicated to sources of low-carbon energy such as wind and solar. In the years of 2015–2017, just 0.4% of its revenue was put towards low-carbon technology.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=The Greenwashing Files – Shell {{!}} ClientEarth |url=https://www.clientearth.org/projects/the-greenwashing-files/shell/ |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=www.clientearth.org |language=en-US}}</ref>
Shell failed to meet its own target in 2020 to spend $6 billion on renewable energy. In 2021, 30% of Shell’s shareholders voted for a climate resolution filed by [[Shareholder activism|shareholder advocacy]] group [[Follow This (organisation)|Follow This]].<ref>{{cite web |title=30% of Shell investors vote for climate resolution |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/shell-investors-vote-climate-resolution-2021-05-18/ |website=Reuters |date=18 May 2021 |access-date=8 August 2025}}</ref> Still, it is estimated that Shell is not on track to meet its own investment target for 2025, and that the company needs to direct over half of its capital expenditures (nearly $10 billion per year) to zero carbon investments to meet its long-term net-zero targets.<ref name="auto2"/> In April 2020, Shell announced plans to achieve [[Carbon neutrality|net zero greenhouse gas emissions]] by 2050 or sooner.<ref name="auto1">{{cite news |last1=Ambrose |first1=Jillian |date=16 April 2020 |title=Shell unveils plans to become net-zero carbon company by 2050 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/apr/16/shell-unveils-plans-to-become-net-zero-carbon-company-by-2050 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102171523/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/apr/16/shell-unveils-plans-to-become-net-zero-carbon-company-by-2050 |archive-date=2 November 2020 |access-date=5 November 2020 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> They also pledged to reduce carbon intensity of all energy products by 20% by 2030, and 45% by 2035 (compared to 2016 levels.)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Mei |last2=Trencher |first2=Gregory |last3=Asuka |first3=Jusen |date=February 2022 |title=The clean energy claims of BP, Chevron, ExxonMobil and Shell: A mismatch between discourse, actions and investments |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=17 |issue=2 |language=English |pages=e0263596 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0263596|doi-access=free |pmid=35171938 |pmc=8849545 |bibcode=2022PLoSO..1763596L |id={{ProQuest|2629381397}} }}</ref> However, internal documents from the company released by the Democratic-led House committee reveal a private 2020 communication saying Shell does not have any plans to bring emissions to zero for next 10–20 years.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Milman |first1=Oliver |title=Criticism intensifies after big oil admits 'gaslighting' public over green aims |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/sep/17/oil-companies-exxonmobil-chevron-shell-bp-climate-crisis |access-date=17 September 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=17 September 2022 |archive-date=17 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220917224357/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/sep/17/oil-companies-exxonmobil-chevron-shell-bp-climate-crisis |url-status=live }}</ref>
In March 2024, Shell CEO Wael Sawan announced that the company would moderate its near-term carbon emissions reduction targets, revising its reduction in [[Emission intensity|net carbon intensity]] of third-party use of products down to 15% from 20% and dropping its target of a 45% reduction in carbon emissions by 2035 from a 2016 baseline.<ref>{{cite news|last=Meredith|first=Sam|date=14 March 2024|title=Oil giant Shell waters down its near-term emission cuts in strategy update|publisher=CNBC|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/03/14/oil-giant-shell-waters-the-down-pace-of-its-near-term-emission-cuts.html|access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Laursen|first=Christian Moess|date=14 March 2024|title=Shell to Slow Pace of Carbon-Emission Cuts|work=The Wall Street Journal|publisher=News Corp|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/shell-to-slow-pace-of-carbon-emission-cuts-4b24acce|access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref>
Shell plc reported 58 million metric tons of emissions from its operations in 2024 with 50 million metric tons coming from Scope 1 sources and 8 million metric tons coming from Scope 2 sources. This high level of emissions is a result of Shell plc's main business activities, which include gas production and oil refining. Actually, industries with a high environmental risk account for 100% of the company's revenue, with consumable fuels making up 89.7% of this total.<ref name=":04">Bloomberg Finance L.P., 2025, Accessed April 08 2025</ref> Even if Shell cut methane emissions by 19.5% and gas flaring by 14.3% in a single year, its green revenue is still only 0.2%.<ref name=":04" /> Additionally, there are extremely high environmental risks associated with the company's value chain, particularly with regard to greenhouse gas emissions and ecosystem change.<ref name=":04" />
Shell's company faces risks and challenges as a result of climate change. The corporation works in high-risk industries that could be impacted by public opinion and laws related to climate change. The fact that 3% of Shell's assets are located in pristine areas, for instance, may cause future disputes and more strict laws.<ref name=":04" /> Shell has declared a transition strategy and a target of achieving net zero emissions by 2050 in order to address these threats. By 2024, Shell had exceeded its goal of reducing emissions by 30% over a 14-year period.<ref name=":04" /> Its emissions, particularly those from Scope 3, are still greater than some industry standards, nonetheless.<ref name=":04" />
==== Litigation ====
{{main|Milieudefensie et al v Royal Dutch Shell}}
On 5 April 2019, [[Milieudefensie]] ([[Dutch language|Dutch]] for "environmental defense"), together with six NGOs and more than 17,000 citizens, sued Shell, accusing the company of harming the climate despite knowing about global warming since 1986.<ref>{{cite web |title=Milieudefensie et al. v. Royal Dutch Shell plc. |url=http://climatecasechart.com/non-us-case/milieudefensie-et-al-v-royal-dutch-shell-plc/ |website=Climate Change Litigation |access-date=10 January 2020 |archive-date=10 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110225537/http://climatecasechart.com/non-us-case/milieudefensie-et-al-v-royal-dutch-shell-plc/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Jelmer Mommers |author2=Damian Carrington |title=If Shell knew climate change was dire 25 years ago, why still business as usual today? |url=https://thecorrespondent.com/6286/if-shell-knew-climate-change-was-dire-25-years-ago-why-still-business-as-usual-today/692773774-4d15b476 |website=The Correspondent |access-date=10 January 2020 |ref=TheCorrespondent |date=28 February 2017 |archive-date=26 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426061357/https://thecorrespondent.com/6286/if-shell-knew-climate-change-was-dire-25-years-ago-why-still-business-as-usual-today/692773774-4d15b476 |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2021, the district court of [[The Hague]] ruled that Shell must reduce [[Greenhouse gas emissions|carbon dioxide emissions]] by 45% by 2030 (compared to 2019 levels).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nos.nl/l/2382398|title=Milieudefensie wint rechtszaak tegen Shell: CO2-uitstoot moet sneller dalen|website=nos.nl|date=26 May 2021|access-date=4 December 2021|archive-date=17 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111212/https://nos.nl/artikel/2382398-milieudefensie-wint-rechtszaak-tegen-shell-co2-uitstoot-moet-sneller-dalen|url-status=live}}</ref>
Shell contested the 2021 ruling, contendeding that the ruling exceeded judicial authority and could lead to counterproductive outcomes. The outcome was anticipated to significantly impact Shell's operations and influence European energy companies' climate policies.<ref>{{cite news|title=Shell appeal against landmark climate ruling kicks off in Dutch court |date= 1 April 2024 |url=https://www.ft.com/content/ac1623a4-d87a-4ad5-9328-59c09f381a8f |website=Financial Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426093614/https://www.ft.com/content/ac1623a4-d87a-4ad5-9328-59c09f381a8f |archive-date=26 April 2024 |access-date=20 May 2024}}</ref> On 12 November 2024, The Hague's appeals court dismissed the 2021 ruling that had required Shell to cut its absolute carbon emissions by 45% by 2030, relative to 2019 levels, including emissions resulting from the use of its products.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Shell wins landmark climate case against green groups in Dutch appeal |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx240l9xq2yo |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=www.bbc.com |date=12 November 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
=== Oil spills ===
* Shell was responsible for around 21,000 gallons of oil spilled near [[Tracy, California]], in May 2016 due to a pipeline crack.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Oil-pipeline-near-Tracy-spills-thousands-of-7940489.php|title=Oil pipeline near Tracy spills thousands of gallons of crude|newspaper=Sfgate |date=24 May 2016|access-date=17 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922075735/http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Oil-pipeline-near-Tracy-spills-thousands-of-7940489.php|archive-date=22 September 2016|url-status=live |last1=Alexander |first1=By Kurtis }}</ref>
* Shell was responsible for an 88,200-gallon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in May 2016.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/shell-oil-spill-gulf-mexico_us_57353058e4b060aa7819ee00 |title=Shell Oil Spill Dumps Thousands Of Barrels Of Crude Into Gulf Of Mexico |work=The Huffington Post |access-date=11 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515080146/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/shell-oil-spill-gulf-mexico_us_57353058e4b060aa7819ee00 |archive-date=15 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Two ruptures in a Shell Oil Co. pipeline in [[Altamont, California]] – one in September 2015 and another in May 2016 – led to questions on whether the Office of the State Fire Marshal, charged with overseeing the pipeline, was doing an adequate job.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/10/10/state-outsources-east-bay-pipeline-spill-investigation-to-oil-company/|title=Critics Question State Pipeline Oversight After 2 Altamont Oil Spills|date=10 October 2016|publisher=KQUED|access-date=11 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316213535/https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/10/10/state-outsources-east-bay-pipeline-spill-investigation-to-oil-company/|archive-date=16 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
*On 29 January 2021, a Dutch court ordered Royal Dutch Shell plc's Nigerian unit to compensate for oil spills in two villages over 13 years ago. Shell Nigeria is liable for damages from pipeline leaks in the villages of Oruma and Goi, the Hague Court of Appeals said in a ruling. Shell said that it should not be liable, as the spills were the result of sabotage.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shell Loses Dutch Court Case Over Nigeria Oil Spills|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/dutch-court-orders-shell-nigeria-to-compensate-for-oil-spills|access-date=29 January 2021|website=BloombergQuint|date=29 January 2021 |language=en|archive-date=8 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208154311/https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/dutch-court-orders-shell-nigeria-to-compensate-for-oil-spills|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Accusations of greenwashing===
[[File:Shell kantoor Den Haag.JPG|thumb|Shell former world headquarters in [[Haagse Hout, The Hague]]]]
On 2 September 2002, Shell chairman Philip Watts accepted the "Greenwash Lifetime Achievement Award" from the Greenwash Academy's Oscar Green, near the World Summit on Sustainable Development.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 September 2002|title=Shell accepts greenwash lifetime achievement award|url=https://www.foei.org/press_releases/archive-by-subject/economic-justice-resisting-neoliberalism-press/shell-accepts-greenwash-lifetime-achievement-award|access-date=24 February 2022|website=Friends of the Earth International|language=en-US|archive-date=24 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224123206/https://www.foei.org/press_releases/archive-by-subject/economic-justice-resisting-neoliberalism-press/shell-accepts-greenwash-lifetime-achievement-award|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2007, British [[Advertising Standards Authority (United Kingdom)|ASA]] ruled against a Shell ad involving chimneys spewing flowers, which depicted Shell's waste management policies, claiming it was misleading the public about Shell's environmental impact.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 July 2007|title=Royal Dutch/Shell told to stop using environment ads|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/royaldutch-environment-idUKL0587889820070705|access-date=24 February 2022|archive-date=24 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224130201/https://www.reuters.com/article/royaldutch-environment-idUKL0587889820070705|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=7 November 2007|title=Shell press ad censured by ASA|url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/nov/07/asa.advertising|access-date=24 February 2022|website=the Guardian|language=en|archive-date=24 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224130204/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/nov/07/asa.advertising|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2008, the British ASA ruled that Shell had misled the public in an advertisement when it claimed that a $10 billion [[oil sands]] project in [[Alberta]], Canada, was a "sustainable energy source".<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/aug/13/corporatesocialresponsibility.fossilfuels |title= Shell rapped by ASA for 'greenwash' advert |date=13 August 2008 |first=John |last=Vidal |___location=London |work=The Guardian |access-date=13 December 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160817122552/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/aug/13/corporatesocialresponsibility.fossilfuels|archive-date=17 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Advertising not sustainable, authority tells Shell|url=https://www.wwf.mg/?145707%2FAdvertising-not-sustainable-authority-tells-Shell|access-date=24 February 2022|website=www.wwf.mg|language=fr|archive-date=24 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224123204/https://www.wwf.mg/?145707%2FAdvertising-not-sustainable-authority-tells-Shell|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2021, [[Netherlands]] officials told Shell to stop running a campaign which claimed customers could turn their fuel "carbon neutral" by buying offsets, as it was concluded that this claim was devoid of evidence.<ref>{{Cite web|last=George|first=Sarah|date=2 September 2021|title=Shell's carbon offsetting ad is greenwashing, rules Dutch watchdog|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/all/news/shells-promotion-of-carbon-offsets-is-greenwashing-rules-dutch-watchdog/|access-date=24 February 2022|website=www.euractiv.com|language=en-GB|archive-date=24 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224125056/https://www.euractiv.com/section/all/news/shells-promotion-of-carbon-offsets-is-greenwashing-rules-dutch-watchdog/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Netherlands Officials Tell Shell to Stop Greenwashing Ad Campaign|url=https://gizmodo.com/netherlands-officials-tell-shell-to-stop-its-ads-greenw-1847613583|access-date=24 February 2022|website=Gizmodo|date=3 September 2021|language=en-us|archive-date=24 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224125056/https://gizmodo.com/netherlands-officials-tell-shell-to-stop-its-ads-greenw-1847613583|url-status=live}}</ref>
In December 2022, [[United States House Committee on Oversight and Reform|U.S. House Oversight and Reform Committee]] Chair [[Carolyn Maloney]] and [[United States House Oversight Subcommittee on Environment|U.S. House Oversight Environment Subcommittee]] Chair [[Ro Khanna]] sent a memorandum to all House Oversight and Reform Committee members summarizing additional findings from the committee's investigation into the fossil fuel industry disinformation campaign to obscure the role of fossil fuels in causing global warming, and that upon reviewing internal company documents, accused Shell along with [[BP]], [[Chevron Corporation]], and [[ExxonMobil]] of [[greenwashing]] their [[Paris Agreement]] [[carbon neutrality]] pledges while continuing long-term investment in fossil fuel production and sales, for engaging in a campaign to promote the use of natural gas as a clean energy source and bridge fuel to renewable energy, and of intimidating journalists reporting about the companies' climate actions and of obstructing the committee's investigation, which ExxonMobil, Shell, and the [[American Petroleum Institute]] denied.<ref>{{cite news|last=Clifford|first=Catherine|date=9 December 2022|title=Democratic lawmakers accuse big oil companies of 'greenwashing'|publisher=CNBC|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/12/09/democratic-lawmakers-accuse-big-oil-of-greenwashing.html|access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|last1=Maloney|first1=Carolyn|last2=Khanna|first2=Ro|title=MEMORANDUM – Re: Investigation of Fossil Fuel Industry Disinformation|date=9 December 2022|publisher=U.S. House Oversight and Reform Committee|url=https://oversight.house.gov/sites/democrats.oversight.house.gov/files/2022-12-09.COR_Supplemental_Memo-Fossil_Fuel_Industry_Disinformation.pdf|access-date=10 December 2022|archive-date=28 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228070207/https://oversight.house.gov/sites/democrats.oversight.house.gov/files/2022-12-09.COR_Supplemental_Memo-Fossil_Fuel_Industry_Disinformation.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite episode|title=The Power of Big Oil|title-link=The Power of Big Oil|series=FRONTLINE|series-link=Frontline (American TV program)|network=[[PBS]]|station=[[WGBH-TV|WGBH]]|season=40|number=10–12|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/the-power-of-big-oil/?|access-date=8 July 2022}}</ref>
===Health and safety===
A number of incidents over the years led to criticism of Shell's [[health and safety]] record, including repeated warnings by the [[Health and Safety Executive|UK Health and Safety Executive]] about the poor state of the company's North Sea platforms.<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/mar/05/oilandpetrol.news |___location=London |work=The Guardian |first=Terry |last=MacAlister |title=Shell safety record in North Sea takes a hammering |date=5 March 2007 |access-date= 13 December 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170102173324/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/mar/05/oilandpetrol.news |archive-date=2 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Reaction to the Russian invasion of Ukraine ===
Shell already had previous experience exiting markets that were subject to sanctions pressure from NATO or EU member states. In particular, in 2013, Shell announced that it was suspending its operations in Syria.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rbc.ua/ukr/news/shell-prekrashchaet-rabotu-v-sirii-za-sanktsiy-evrosoyuz-03122011134800|title=Shell припиняє роботу в Сирії через санкції Євросоюзу|date=3 December 2011|newspaper=RBC-Ukraine|access-date=25 April 2023}}</ref> On 8 March 2022, Shell announced its intention to phase out all Russian hydrocarbon production and acquisition projects, including crude oil, petroleum products, natural gas and liquefied natural gas (LNG). In early 2022, the company was criticized by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine for its slow response to the Russian invasion.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/news-kuleba-shell-rosiiska-nafta/31737724.html|title=Kuleba criticized Shell: "doesn't Russian oil smell like the blood of Ukrainians?"|date=5 March 2022|publisher=Radio Svoboda|access-date=25 April 2023}}</ref> As of April 2023, Shell still had shares in Russian companies, such as 27.5% in Sakhalin Energy Investment Company (SEIC), a joint venture with Gazprom (50%), Mitsui (12.5%) and Mitsubishi (10%).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/apr/12/shell-sakhalin-2-gas-project-stake|title=Shell may get nearly £1bn from sale of stake in Russian gas project|newspaper=The Guardian|date=12 April 2023|access-date=25 April 2023}}</ref>
=== royaldutchshellplc.com ===
This ___domain name was first registered by a former marketing manager for Royal Dutch Shell plc, Alfred Donovan, and has been used as a "[[gripe site]]".<ref>{{cite news | title=Shell Wages Legal Fight Over Web Domain Name | url=http://www.shellnews.net/PDFs/WallStreetJourn2June2005.pdf | newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | first=Chip | last=Cummins | date=2 June 2005 | accessdate=23 June 2009 | archive-date=15 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815210536/http://shellnews.net/PDFs/WallStreetJourn2June2005.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> It avoids being an illegal [[cybersquatter]] as long as it is non-commercial, active, and no attempt is made to sell the ___domain name, as determined by [[WIPO]] proceedings.<ref>{{cite web | title=WIPO ADMIN PANEL DECISION | url=http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/domains/decisions/html/2005/d2005-0538.html | publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] | first=Daniel J | last=Gervais | date=8 August 2005 | accessdate=23 June 2009 | archive-date=8 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708135616/http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/domains/decisions/html/2005/d2005-0538.html | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2005, Donovan said he would relinquish the site to Shell after it "gets rid of all the management he deems responsible for its various recent woes".<ref name="Relinquish">{{cite news | last=Walsh | first=Dominic | title=In a Spin on Report | url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/columnists/article555591.ece | date=16 August 2005 | newspaper=[[The Times]] | access-date=2 May 2009 | ___location=London | archive-date=12 June 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612023745/http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/columnists/article555591.ece | url-status=dead }}</ref> The site has been recognized by several media outlets for its role as an [[Internet leak]]. In 2008, the ''[[Financial Times]]'' published an article based on a letter published by royaldutchshellplc.com,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Shell pension scheme value falls 40%|url=https://www.ft.com/content/09b3abec-c899-11dd-b86f-000077b07658|access-date=3 June 2020|newspaper=Financial Times|date=12 December 2008|archive-date=17 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517132043/https://www.ft.com/content/09b3abec-c899-11dd-b86f-000077b07658|url-status=live}}</ref> which ''[[Reuters]]'' and ''[[The Times]]'' also covered shortly thereafter.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 December 2008|title=UPDATE 4-Shell's pension underfunded, contributions rise|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/shell-pension-idINLC63507620081212|access-date=3 June 2020|archive-date=3 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603030224/https://www.reuters.com/article/shell-pension-idINLC63507620081212|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Stiff|first=Peter|title=HSBC hit by fear factor as downturn spreads to Asia|newspaper=[[The Times]]|language=en|url=https://www.thetimes.com/business-money/companies/article/hsbc-hit-by-fear-factor-as-downturn-spreads-to-asia-xw62vggs78j|access-date=3 June 2020|issn=0140-0460|archive-date=3 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603030224/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/hsbc-hit-by-fear-factor-as-downturn-spreads-to-asia-xw62vggs78j|url-status=live}}</ref> On 18 October 2006, the site published an article stating that Shell had for some time been supplying information to the Russian government relating to [[Sakhalin II]].<ref name="Rise">{{cite web | first=Derek | last=Brower | title=Rise of the Gripe Site | url=http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=8209 | date=1 February 2007 | publisher=[[Prospect (magazine)|Prospect]] | accessdate=2 May 2009 | archive-date=25 May 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525045725/http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=8209 | url-status=live }}</ref> The Russian energy company [[Gazprom]] subsequently obtained a 50% stake in the Sakhalin-II project.<ref>{{cite news | first=Terry | last=Macalister | title=Thin Smile from Shell as it Sells Sakhalin Stake | url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/apr/19/oilandpetrol.news | date=19 April 2007 | newspaper=[[The Guardian]] | accessdate=2 May 2009 | ___location=London | archive-date=6 April 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406015825/http://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/apr/19/oilandpetrol.news | url-status=live }}</ref> Other instances where the site has acted as an Internet leak include a 2007 [[information technology|IT]] outsourcing plan,<ref>{{cite news | first=Tom | last=Bergin | title=Shell to Cut Thousands of IT Jobs | url=http://www.itpro.co.uk/news/154929/shells-it-outsourcing-plans-lambasted.html | date=21 December 2007 | agency=[[Reuters]] | accessdate=2 May 2009 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204171136/http://www.itpro.co.uk/news/154929/shells-it-outsourcing-plans-lambasted.html | archivedate=4 December 2008 }}</ref> as well as a 2008 internal memo where CEO [[Jeroen van der Veer]] expressed disappointment in the company's share-price performance.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chazan|first=Guy|date=18 March 2008|title=Shell Addresses Output Issue|language=en-US|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120577892806742507|access-date=3 June 2020|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=3 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603030230/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120577892806742507|url-status=live}}</ref>
The gripe site has also been recognized as a source of information regarding Shell by several news sources. In the 2006 ''[[Fortune Global 500]]'' rankings, in which Royal Dutch Shell placed third, royaldutchshellplc.com was listed alongside shell.com as a source of information.<ref>{{cite magazine | title=Executive Bookmark | url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2006/07/24/8381730/index.htm | date=24 July 2006 | magazine=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] | accessdate=4 May 2009 | archive-date=25 May 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525085402/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2006/07/24/8381730/index.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2007, the site was described as "a hub for activists and disgruntled former employees".<ref name="DT">{{cite news | last= Garside| first= Juliette| title=Online Revolutionaries | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/migrationtemp/2815430/Online-revolutionaries.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/migrationtemp/2815430/Online-revolutionaries.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live | date=10 September 2007 | newspaper=[[Sunday Telegraph|The Sunday Telegraph]] | accessdate=4 May 2009 | ___location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> A 2009 article called royaldutchshellplc.com "the world's most effective adversarial Web site".<ref>{{cite web | last=Eringer | first=Robert | title=Gripe Sites are All the Rage Now | url=http://shellnews.net/wikipedia/7FEBRUARY2009GRIPESanta%20Barbara%20News-Press.pdf | date=10 September 2007 | publisher=[[Santa Barbara News-Press]] | via=ShellNews.net | accessdate=4 May 2009 | archive-date=24 July 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724062937/http://shellnews.net/wikipedia/7FEBRUARY2009GRIPESanta%20Barbara%20News-Press.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> The site has been described as "an open wound for Shell".<ref name="Rise"/>
==See also==
{{Portal|Companies|Energy}}
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij]]
* [[Chaco War]]
* [[Fossil fuels lobby]]
* [[Lensbury]]
* [[List of companies based in London]]
* [[Shell Guides]], a series of [[guidebook]]s
* [[Shell V-Power]]
* [[Shell Service Station (Winston-Salem, North Carolina)]]
* [[St1]]
{{Div col end}}
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==Bibliography==
<!-- last updated January 2022 -->
===Commissioned works===
<!-- last updated January 2022 -->
{{Refbegin}}
(In chronological order)
* {{Cite book |last1=Smith |first1=P. G. A. |title=The Shell That Hit Germany Hardest |date=2015 |orig-date=Originally published in London: Shell Marketing Co., 1919 |publisher=Forgotten Books |___location=London |isbn=9781332281633 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rLFvswEACAAJ |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111243/https://books.google.com/books?id=rLFvswEACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |title=Shell ... Soldier and Civilian |date=1945 |publisher=Shell Union Oil Corporation |___location=New York |oclc=1979498 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVgRAQAAMAAJ |access-date=9 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111211/https://books.google.com/books?id=IVgRAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |title=Canada Oil. A Century of Progress |date=1951 |publisher=Shell Oil Company of Canada |___location=Montréal |oclc=150432098 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cDTjMgEACAAJ |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111211/https://books.google.com/books?id=cDTjMgEACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |title=The Technical Man in Oil Production |date=1954 |publisher=Shell Oil Company |___location=Los Angeles |oclc=5731010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jdQAQAAMAAJ |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111232/https://books.google.com/books?id=2jdQAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Beaton |first1=Kendall |title=Enterprise in Oil, a History of Shell in the United States |date=1957 |publisher=Appleton-Century-Crofts |___location=New York |oclc=236680 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvSvXwAACAAJ |access-date=9 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111154/https://books.google.com/books?id=nvSvXwAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Dotreville |first1=P.V.B.A. |title=Belgian Shell Company, 1908–1958 |date=1958 |publisher=Shell Oil Company |___location=Brussels |oclc=66950829 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3E1GwAACAAJ |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111236/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3E1GwAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |title=Renseignements généraux sur la Shell Oil Company of Canada, Limited, 50e anniversaire, 1911–1961 |date=1961 |publisher=Shell Oil Company of Canada |___location=Toronto |oclc=503096409 |language=fr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Vf6SAAACAAJ |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111213/https://books.google.com/books?id=_Vf6SAAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Forbes |first1=R. J. |title=A Chronology of Oil: With Special Reference to the Royal Dutch/Shell Group of Companies |date=1965 |publisher=[[Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij|Bataafse Internationale Petroleum Maatschappij]] (Royal Dutch/Shell Group) |___location=Den Haag |oclc=65917520 |edition=2nd, rev. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ofrkzAEACAAJ |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111233/https://books.google.com/books?id=ofrkzAEACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Wells |first1=Barbara |title=Shell at Deer Park: The Story of the First Fifty Years |date=1979 |publisher=Shell Oil Company |___location=Houston |oclc=991773301 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-KvGQAACAAJ |access-date=9 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111224/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-KvGQAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |title=Shell Oil Company: A Story of Achievement |date=1984 |publisher=Shell Oil Company |___location=Houston |oclc=20438979 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uA-wtgAACAAJ |access-date=20 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111215/https://books.google.com/books?id=uA-wtgAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |title=Shell: 75 Years Serving America |date=1987 |publisher=Shell Oil Company |___location=Houston}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Schroeder |first1=John G. |title=Shell at Wood River: 75 Years of Progress |date=1993 |publisher=Shell Oil Company |___location=Wood River. IL, USA |oclc=30772350 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nl-FGQAACAAJ |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111227/https://books.google.com/books?id=nl-FGQAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Montgomery |first1=Bob |title=Down Many a Road: The Story of Shell in Ireland 1902–2002 |date=2002 |publisher=Dreoilín Publications |___location=Tankardstown |isbn=190277311X |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vm8cSQAACAAJ |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111236/https://books.google.com/books?id=vm8cSQAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Hutchins |first1=H. R. (Holly) |title=Shell Deer Park: Celebrating 75 Years: People Making a Difference |date=2004 |publisher=Shell Deer Park Refining Limited Partnership and Shell Deer Park Chemical Plant |___location=Deer Park, TX |oclc=780701509 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iPJIMwEACAAJ |access-date=9 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111156/https://books.google.com/books?id=iPJIMwEACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Jonker |first1=Joost |last2=van Zanden |first2=Jan Luiten |author-link2=Jan Luiten van Zanden |title=From Challenger to Joint Industry Leader, 1890–1939: A History of Royal Dutch Shell, volume 1 |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |___location=Oxford |isbn=9780199298785 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qCUeAQAAMAAJ |access-date=9 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111235/https://books.google.com/books?id=qCUeAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Howarth |first1=Stephen |last2=Jonker |first2=Joost |title=Powering the Hydrocarbon Revolution, 1939–1973: A History of Royal Dutch Shell, volume 2 |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |___location=Oxford |isbn=9780199298792 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JCUeAQAAMAAJ |access-date=9 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111204/https://books.google.com/books?id=JCUeAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Sluyterman |first1=Keetie E. |title=Keeping Competitive in Turbulent Markets, 1973–2007: A History of Royal Dutch Shell, volume 3 |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |___location=Oxford |isbn=9780199298808 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U0lCtAEACAAJ |access-date=9 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111204/https://books.google.com/books?id=U0lCtAEACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=van Zanden |first1=Jan Luiten |author-link1=Jan Luiten van Zanden |title=A History of Royal Dutch Shell. Appendices. Figures and explanations, collective bibliography and index |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |___location=Oxford |isbn=9780199234400 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l58TAQAAIAAJ |access-date=9 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111157/https://books.google.com/books?id=l58TAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Manvelov |first1=N. V. |title=125 Years of Shell in Russia: 1892–2017 |date=2017 |___location=Moscow |publisher=Factotums |isbn=9785990887848 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6NyetQEACAAJ |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111236/https://books.google.com/books?id=6NyetQEACAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{Refend}}
===Other works===
<!-- last updated January 2022 -->
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |author1=[[African National Congress]] |title=Fuelling Apartheid |date=1980 |publisher=United Nations Centre Against Apartheid, Department of Political and Security Council Affairs |___location=New York |oclc=77008976 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NqZtgAACAAJ |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111236/https://books.google.com/books?id=9NqZtgAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |title=A Criminal Enterprise?: Shell's Involvement in Human Rights Violations in Nigeria in the 1990s |date=2017 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |___location=London |oclc=1022200039 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hUQ6tAEACAAJ |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111211/https://books.google.com/books?id=hUQ6tAEACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |title=Negligence in the Niger Delta: Decoding Shell and Eni's Poor Record on Oil Spills |date=2018 |publisher=Amnesty International |___location=London |oclc=1051890064 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A5ffvQEACAAJ |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111235/https://books.google.com/books?id=A5ffvQEACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Bailey |first1=Martin |title=Shell and BP in South Africa. |date=1978 |publisher=Haslemere Group/Anti-Apartheid |___location=Birmingham |isbn=0905094026 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQAvAQAAIAAJ |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111231/https://books.google.com/books?id=VQAvAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Brakel |first1=Aat |title=People and Organizations Interacting |date=1985 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |___location=Chichester, West Sussex, UK |isbn=0471904767 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XrS3AAAAIAAJ |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111237/https://books.google.com/books?id=XrS3AAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Bridges |first1=Harry |title=The Americanization of Shell: The Beginnings and Early Years of Shell Oil Company in The United States |series=Newcomen address, 1971 |date=1972 |publisher=[[Newcomen Society of the United States|Newcomen Society in North America]] |___location=New York |oclc=489377 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HDuFQgAACAAJ |access-date=9 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111233/https://books.google.com/books?id=HDuFQgAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Carroll |first1=Phil |title=Rebounding, Rebuilding, Renewing at Shell Oil: A Former CEO Reflects on Large-scale Change |series=Innovations in management series |date=1999 |publisher=Pegasus Communications |___location=Waltham, MA, USA |isbn=1883823358 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mAnYAAAAMAAJ |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111237/https://books.google.com/books?id=mAnYAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Cummins |first1=Ian |last2=Beasant |first2=John |title=Shell Shock: The Secrets and Spin of an Oil Giant |date=2005 |publisher=Mainstream Publishing |___location=Edinburgh |isbn=184018941X |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wq1AAAAIAAJ |access-date=9 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111159/https://books.google.com/books?id=2wq1AAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Doran |first1=Peter B. |title=Breaking Rockefeller: The Incredible Story of the Ambitious Rivals Who Toppled an Oil Empire |date=2016 |publisher=Penguin Publishing Group |___location=New York |isbn=9780143130000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L_e5DgAAQBAJ |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111220/https://books.google.com/books?id=L_e5DgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Frynas |first1=Jedrzej George |title=Is Political Instability Harmful to Business?: The Case of Shell in Nigeria |series=University of Leipzig papers on Africa, Politics and economics series, no. 14 |date=1998 |publisher=Institut für Afrikanistik, [[Leipzig University]] |___location=Leipzig |isbn=393263215X |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e98lAAAACAAJ |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111240/https://books.google.com/books?id=e98lAAAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite thesis |last1=Fuchs |first1=Tina |last2=Glas |first2=Miroslav |title=Problem ravnanja vodstva podjetij: primer Shell: diplomsko delo |trans-title=The Problem of Business Management Behavior: the Shell case |type=diploma thesis |date=2006 |publisher=Independently published |___location=Ljubljana |oclc=441619660 |language=sl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r5sfNQAACAAJ |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111159/https://books.google.com/books?id=r5sfNQAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Glässer |first1=Wiebke |title=Marktmacht und Politik: das internationale Kartell der Ölgesellschaften 1960–1975 |trans-title=Market Power and Politics: The International Oil Company Cartel 1960–1975 |date=2019 |publisher=De Gruyter Oldenbourg |___location=Berlin; Boston |isbn=9783110633221 |language=de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NXicDwAAQBAJ |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111200/https://books.google.com/books?id=NXicDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Goedman |first1=Jan |title=Naar een maatschappelijke planologie en planning: perspectieven voor een ruimtelijke theorie en politiek van de arbeid |trans-title=Towards a Societal Planning and Planning: Perspectives for a Spatial Theory and Politics of Work |date=1978 |publisher=Ekologische Uitgeverij |___location=Amsterdam |isbn=9062240119 |language=nl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gE0kAAAACAAJ |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111215/https://books.google.com/books?id=gE0kAAAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Hall |first1=John |last2=(with Vaughn |first2=Patrica) |title=Riding the Winds of Change: The Chronicles of Jack Hall |date=1994 |publisher=ICAN Press |___location=Chula Vista, CA, USA |isbn=1881116514 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PVc1AAAACAAJ |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111234/https://books.google.com/books?id=PVc1AAAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Hendriks |first1=Frank |title=Shell: produktie, verwerking en verkoop: energie, metalen, bosbouw en zaaizaad: casestudies Curaçao, Zuid Afrika, Nigeria |trans-title=Shell: Production, Processing and Sales: Energy, Metals, Forestry and Seeds: case studies Curaçao, South Africa, Nigeria |date=1987 |publisher=Van Arkel |___location=Utrecht |isbn=9062241514 |language=nl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ibKfAAAACAAJ |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111237/https://books.google.com/books?id=ibKfAAAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Hewitt |first1=John |title=The Shell Poster Book |date=1998 |publisher=Profile Books |___location=London |isbn=1861970617 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EQOgHAAACAAJ |access-date=9 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111238/https://books.google.com/books?id=EQOgHAAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Howarth |first1=Stephen |title=Sea Shell: The Story of Shell's British Tanker Fleets 1892–1992 |date=1992 |publisher=Thomas Reed |___location=London |isbn=094763732X |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3sYmNAAACAAJ |access-date=9 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111238/https://books.google.com/books?id=3sYmNAAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Howarth |first1=Stephen |title=A Century in Oil: The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company, 1897–1997 |date=1997 |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |___location=London |isbn=0297822470 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvdnQgAACAAJ |access-date=9 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111219/https://books.google.com/books?id=DvdnQgAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Ibeanu |first1=Okechukwu |last2=Luckham |first2=Robin |author1-link=Okechukwu Ibeanu |title=Niger-Delta: Political Violence, Governance and Corporate Responsibility in a Petro-state |date=2006 |publisher=[[Centre for Democracy and Development]] (CDD) |___location=Abuja |isbn=1902296303 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4FWkPgAACAAJ |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111221/https://books.google.com/books?id=4FWkPgAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Jordan |first1=A. G. |title=Shell, Greenpeace, and the Brent Spar |date=2001 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |___location=Basingstoke, Hants, UK |isbn=0333745469 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mMJ1QgAACAAJ |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111208/https://books.google.com/books?id=mMJ1QgAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=McCaughan |first1=Michael |title=The Price of Our Souls: Gas, Shell and Ireland |date=2008 |publisher=AFRI |___location=Dublin |oclc=822888257 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OA0wlAEACAAJ |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111248/https://books.google.com/books?id=OA0wlAEACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Merrillees |first=Scott |date=2015 |title=Jakarta: Portraits of a Capital 1950–1980 |___location=Jakarta |publisher=Equinox Publishing |isbn=9786028397308 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=akLWjgEACAAJ |access-date=9 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111248/https://books.google.com/books?id=akLWjgEACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Nieuwenhuis |first1=Frans |title=Monseigneurs en managers: de Kerk van Rome en de Shell vergeleken |trans-title=Monseigneurs and Managers: the Church of Rome and the Shell compared |date=1995 |publisher=Ad. Donker |___location=Rotterdam |isbn=9061004039 |language=nl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cCjZAAAACAAJ |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111208/https://books.google.com/books?id=cCjZAAAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=O'Donnell |first1=Francis |title=Corporate Social Responsibility and Shell in Ireland: A Thin Veneer |date=2011 |publisher=[[Cambridge Scholars Publishing]] |___location=Newcastle upon Tyne |isbn=978-1443832212 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0gJEXwAACAAJ |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111241/https://books.google.com/books?id=0gJEXwAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |author1=Ogoni Study Group (Port Harcourt, Nigeria) |title=Crisis in Ogoniland: The True Story |date=1995 |publisher=Ogoni Study Group |___location=Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria |oclc=47997162 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7FbAHAAACAAJ |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111241/https://books.google.com/books?id=7FbAHAAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Okonta |first1=Ike |last2=Douglas |first2=Oronto |title=Where Vultures Feast: Shell, Human Rights, and Oil in the Niger Delta |date=2003 |publisher=Verso |___location=London; New York |isbn=1859844731 |edition=New |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OS-fHCNRhvgC |access-date=9 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111227/https://books.google.com/books?id=OS-fHCNRhvgC |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Omoweh |first1=Daniel A. |title=Shell Petroleum Development Company, the state and underdevelopment of Nigeria's Niger Delta: a study in environmental degradation |date=2005 |publisher=Africa World Press |___location=Trenton, NJ |isbn=0865439842 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u9-CngEACAAJ |access-date=9 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111236/https://books.google.com/books?id=u9-CngEACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Osakwe |first1=Jimor |title=Justice and the Niger Delta Crises: Historical Analysis in Political and Socio-economic Philosophy |date=2002 |publisher=Independently published |___location=Benin City, Nigeria |oclc=58833598 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PZzlxAEACAAJ |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111215/https://books.google.com/books?id=PZzlxAEACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Priest |first1=Tyler |title=The Offshore Imperative: Shell Oil's Search for Petroleum in Postwar America |date=2007 |publisher=Texas A & M University Press |___location=College Station, TX |isbn=9781585445684 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P6xj0ICxLngC |access-date=9 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111235/https://books.google.com/books?id=P6xj0ICxLngC |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Reiss |first1=Bob |author1-link=Bob Reiss |title=The Eskimo and The Oil Man: The Battle at the Top of the World for America's Future |date=2012 |publisher=Business Plus |___location=New York |isbn=9781455525249 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RSU2AQAAQBAJ |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111322/https://books.google.com/books?id=RSU2AQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rowell |first1=Andrew |last2=Goodall |first2=Andrea |title=Shell-Shocked: The Environmental and Social Costs of Living with Shell in Nigeria |date=1994 |publisher=Greenpeace International |___location=Amsterdam |isbn=1871532809 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G1UuAQAAIAAJ |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111237/https://books.google.com/books?id=G1UuAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Sampson |first1=Anthony |author1-link=Anthony Sampson |title=The Seven Sisters: The Great Oil Companies And The World They Shaped |date=1975 |publisher=Viking Press |___location=New York |isbn=067063591X |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hqu0AAAAIAAJ |access-date=9 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111230/https://books.google.com/books?id=hqu0AAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }} ({{cite book |title=The Seven Sisters: The 100-year battle for the world's oil supply |author1=Also 4th, revised, edition |date=1991 |publisher=Bantam Books |___location=New York |isbn=0553242377}})
* {{Cite book |last1=Saro-Wiwa |first1=Ken |author1-link=Ken Saro-Wiwa |title=Genocide in Nigeria: The Ogoni Tragedy |date=1992 |publisher=Saros International Publishers |___location=London |isbn=1870716221 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ml90AAAAMAAJ |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111230/https://books.google.com/books?id=ml90AAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Schubert |first1=Bianca |title=Shell in der Krise: zum Verhältnis von Journalismus und PR in Deutschland |trans-title=Shell in Crisis: On the Relationship between Journalism and PR in Germany |date=2000 |publisher=[[LIT Verlag]] |___location=Münster |isbn=3825851877 |language=de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MLp_H6RapJMC |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111245/https://books.google.com/books?id=MLp_H6RapJMC |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Séguin Dulude |first1=Louise |last2=Desranleau |first2=Claude |last3=Fortier |first3=Yves |title=La R-D Du Groupe Royal Dutch/Shell Et Shell Canada Limitee: Des Priorites Globales Et Des Initiatives Locales / Royal Dutch/Shell Group and Shell Canada Limited R & D |series=Special Paper Series, Volume 91, Issue 1 |date=1991 |publisher=[[HEC Montréal|École des hautes études commerciales]], Centre d'études en administration internationale |___location=Montréal |isbn=2920296132 |language=en,fr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9pYSAAAACAAJ |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111230/https://books.google.com/books?id=9pYSAAAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Veron |first1=J. Michael |title=Shell Game: One Family's Long Battle Against Big Oil |date=2007 |publisher=Lyons Press |___location=Guilford, CT |isbn=978-1599210339 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfgrvgAACAAJ |access-date=9 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111222/https://books.google.com/books?id=WfgrvgAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Verweij |first1=Myrthe |last2=Plantenga |first2=Bart |title=Leaking Pipelines: Shell in South Africa |date=2003 |publisher=Milieu defensie |___location=Amsterdam |oclc=870109711 |language=en,nl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5WzPgAACAAJ |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111232/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5WzPgAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Vorfelder |first1=Jochen |title=Brent Spar oder die Zukunft der Meere : Ein Greenpeace-Report |trans-title=Brent Spar or the Future of the Seas: A Greenpeace Report |date=1995 |publisher=[[C.H. Beck]] |___location=München |isbn=3406392423 |language=de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Fp6tgAACAAJ |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111233/https://books.google.com/books?id=1Fp6tgAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Wesseling |first1=Louis |title=Fuelling the War: Revealing an Oil Company's Role in Vietnam |date=2000 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |___location=London; New York |isbn=9781860644573 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9YpuAAAAMAAJ |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111243/https://books.google.com/books?id=9YpuAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Wilcox |first1=Fred A. |title=Shamrocks and Oil Slicks: A People's Uprising Against Shell Oil in County Mayo, Ireland |date=2019 |publisher=NYU Press |___location=New York |isbn=9781583678466 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rGitDwAAQBAJ |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111224/https://books.google.com/books?id=rGitDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Dick |title=Tankermen: A Seafarer's Recollections of a Life Afloat with "Shell" |date=1999 |publisher=Bernard Durnford Publishing |___location=Bramber, West Sussex, UK |isbn=095356701X |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Alc1PAAACAAJ |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111304/https://books.google.com/books?id=Alc1PAAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |title=Fuelling Apartheid: Shell and the Military |date=1984 |publisher=[[Programme to Combat Racism]], World Council of Churches; London: Christian concern for Southern Africa; Utrecht: Werkgroep Kairos |___location=Geneva |oclc=494638741 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LHQLnQEACAAJ |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111249/https://books.google.com/books?id=LHQLnQEACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Yergin |first1=Daniel |author1-link=Daniel Yergin |title=[[The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power]] |date=1991 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |___location=New York |isbn=0671502484}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Yergin |first1=Daniel |author1-link=Daniel Yergin |title=[[The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World]] |date=2011 |publisher=Penguin Press |___location=New York |isbn=9781594202834 |author-mask1=7}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Yeo |first=Ai Hoon |date=1988 |title=Enterprise in Oil: The History of Shell in Singapore, 1890-1960 |type=BA (Hons) thesis |publisher=[[National University of Singapore]] |docket= |oclc=982168866 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wB0EtAEACAAJ |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317111242/https://books.google.com/books?id=wB0EtAEACAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{Refend}}
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}
{{Finance links
|name = Royal Dutch Shell plc
|symbol = RDS.A
|sec_cik = 1306965
|hoovers = Royal_Dutch_Shell_plc.01e84f5552dabef3
}}
* {{OpenCorp}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=1573|name=Shell Union Oil Corporation}}
* {{Internet Archive author |search=("Shell Union Oil Corporation" OR "Royal Dutch Shell")}}
* {{Librivox author |id=3062}}
* {{PM20|FID=co/019323|TEXT=Documents and clippings about|NAME=}}
{{Shell oil}}
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