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{{Short description|Extinct genus of primate}}
▲{{Good article}}
▲{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Speciesbox
| fossil_range = [[Pleistocene|Early–Middle Pleistocene]]<br/>~{{fossil range|2|0.3}}
| image = Gigantopithecus
| image_caption = Reconstructed ''Gigantopithecus'' [[mandible]] at the [[
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Gigantopithecus blacki
| authority = [[von Koenigswald]], 1935<ref name=Koenigswald1935>{{cite journal|last1=von Koenigswald|first1=G. H. R.|title=Eine fossile Säugetierfauna mit Simia aus Südchina|journal=Proceedings of the Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam|date=1935|volume=38|issue=8|pages=874–879|url=http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/DL/publications/PU00016780.pdf|access-date=12 December 2017
}}
'''''Gigantopithecus''''' ({{IPAc-en|d|ʒ|aɪ|ˌ|g|æ|n|t|oʊ|p|ɪ|ˈ|θ|i|k|ə|s|,_|ˈ|p|ɪ|θ|ɪ|k|ə|s|,_|d|ʒ|ɪ|-}} {{respell|jy|gan|toh|pih|THEE|kəs|,_|-PITH|ih|kəs|,_|jih-}}
''Gigantopithecus'' has traditionally been restored as a massive, [[gorilla]]-like ape, potentially {{convert|200|-|300|kg|abbr=in}} when alive, but the paucity of remains make total size estimates highly speculative. The species may have been [[sexual dimorphism|sexually dimorphic]], with males much bigger than females. The incisors are reduced and the canines appear to have functioned like [[cheek teeth]] ([[premolar]]s and molars). The premolars are high-[[crown (tooth)|crowned]], and the fourth premolar is very molar-like. The molars are the largest of any known ape, and have a relatively flat surface. ''Gigantopithecus'' had the thickest [[tooth enamel|enamel]] by absolute measure of any ape, up to {{convert|6|mm|in|abbr=in|frac=4}} in some areas, though this is only fairly thick when tooth size is taken into account.
''Gigantopithecus'' appears to have been a [[generalist and specialist species|generalist]]
==Discovery==
===Research history===
[[Image:F. Schrenk mit Gigantopithecus-Molar 2005.jpg|thumb|left|{{Interlanguage link multi|Friedemann Schrenk|de}} holding the [[holotype]] ''Gigantopithecus blacki'' [[Molar (tooth)|molar]]]]
''Gigantopithecus blacki'' was named by anthropologist [[Ralph von Koenigswald]] in 1935 based on two third lower [[molar teeth]], which, he noted, were of enormous size (the first was "''Ein gewaltig grosser (...) Molar''", the second was described as "''der enorme Grösse besitzt''"), measuring {{convert|20|x|22|mm|abbr=in|frac=8}}.<ref name=Koenigswald1935/> The specific name ''blacki'' is in honour of Canadian palaeoanthropologist [[Davidson Black]], who had studied human evolution in China and had died the previous year. Von Koenigswald, working for the [[Dutch East Indies]] Mineralogical Survey on Java, had found the teeth in a drugstore in [[Hong Kong]] where they were being sold as "[[dragon bones]]" to be used in [[traditional Chinese medicine]]. By 1939, after purchasing more teeth, he determined they had originated somewhere in [[Guangdong]] or [[Guangxi]]. He could not formally describe the [[type specimen]] until 1952 due to his [[internment]] by Japanese forces during [[World War II]]. The originally discovered teeth are part of the collection of the [[University of Utrecht]].<ref name=ZhangHarrison2017/><ref name=Hartwig2002/> While on [[Java]], with the onset of [[World War II]], von Koenigswald put the ''Gigantopithecus'' teeth in a milk bottle and buried them in a friend's backyard before being interned by Japanese forces. After the war, he recovered the fossils and moved to [[New York City]] and could not continue research on the subject.<ref name=Zhang2024/>
In 1955, a survey team that was led by Chinese palaeontologist [[Pei Wenzhong]] was tasked by the Chinese [[Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology|Institute of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Palaeoanthropology]] (IVPP) with finding the original ''Gigantopithecus'' locality. They collected 47 teeth among shipments of "dragon bones" in Guangdong and Guangxi. In 1956, the team discovered the first ''[[in situ]]'' remains, a third molar and [[premolar]], in a cave (subsequently named "''Gigantopithecus'' Cave") in [[Niusui Mountain]], Guangxi. Also in 1956, [[Liucheng County|Liucheng]] farmer
Confirmed ''Gigantopithecus'' remains have since been found in 16 different sites across southern China. The northernmost sites are {{ill|Longgupo|de|Longgupo-Höhle}} and [[Longgu Cave]], just south of the [[Yangtze River]], and southernmost on Hainan Island in the [[South China Sea]]. An isolated canine from [[Thẩm Khuyên Cave]], Vietnam, and a fourth premolar from [[Pha Bong]], Thailand, could possibly be assigned to ''Gigantopithecus'', though these could also represent the extinct orangutan ''[[Pongo weidenreichi]]''.<ref name=ZhangHarrison2017/>
===Classification===
====''G. blacki''====
[[File:Orangutan -Zoologischer Garten Berlin-8a.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Gigantopithecus'' is
In 1935, von Koenigswald considered ''Gigantopithecus'' to be closely allied with the [[Late Miocene]] ''[[Sivapithecus]]'' from India.<ref name=Koenigswald1935/> In 1939, South African palaeontologist [[Robert Broom]] hypothesised that it was closely allied with ''[[Australopithecus]]'' and the [[last common ancestor]] of humans and other apes.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Broom|first=R.|author-link=Robert Broom|year=1939|title=The dentition of the Transvaal Pleistocene anthropoids, ''Plesianthropus'' and ''Paranthropus''|journal=Annals of the Transvaal Museum|volume=19|issue=3|pages=303–314|url=https://journals.co.za/docserver/fulltext/nfi_annalstm/19/3/484.pdf?expires=1587575563&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=2AB75E7DD6F91D015A8D2145BD8137F9}}</ref> In 1946, Jewish German anthropologist [[Franz Weidenreich]] described ''Gigantopithecus'' as a human ancestor as "''Gigantanthropus''", believing that the human lineage went through a gigantic phase. He stated that the teeth are more similar to those of modern humans and ''[[Homo erectus]]'' (at the time "''Pithecanthropus''" for [[Java Man|early Javan specimens]]), and envisioned a lineage from ''Gigantopithecus'', to the Javan ape ''[[Meganthropus]]'' (then considered a human ancestor), to "''Pithecanthropus''", to "''[[Solo Man|Javanthropus]]''", and finally [[Aboriginal Australian]]s. This was part of his [[multiregional origin of modern humans|
''Gigantopithecus'' is now classified in the
In 2019, [[peptide sequencing]] of [[dentine]] and [[Tooth enamel|enamel]] proteins of a ''Gigantopithecus'' molar from [[Chuifeng Cave]] indicates that ''Gigantopithecus'' was indeed closely allied with orangutans, and, assuming the current [[mutation rate]] in orangutans has remained constant, shared a common ancestor about 12–10 million years ago in the [[Middle Miocene|Middle]] to Late Miocene. Their last common ancestor would have been a part of the Miocene [[Adaptive radiation|radiation]] of apes. The same study calculated a divergence time between the Ponginae and African [[great ape]]s about 26–17.7 million years ago.<ref name= "Welker2019">{{cite journal|last1= Welker|first1= F.|last2= Ramos-Madrigal|first2= J.|last3= Kuhlwilm|first3= M.|last4= Liao|first4= W.|last5= Gutenbrunner|first5= P.|last6=de Manuel|first6= M.|last7= Samodova|first7= D.|last8= Mackie|first8= M.|last9= Allentoft|first9=M. E.|last10= Bacon|first10= A.-M.|last11= Collins|first11=M. J.|last12= Cox|first12= J.|last13= Lalueza-Fox|first13 =C.|last14= Olsen|first14=J. V.|last15= Demeter|first15= F.|last16= Wang|first16= W.|last17= Marques-Bonet|first17= T.|last18= Cappellini|first18= E.|display-authors= 3|title= Enamel proteome shows that ''Gigantopithecus'' was an early diverging pongine|journal= Nature|year= 2019|doi= 10.1038/s41586-019-1728-8|pmc= 6908745|pmid= 31723270|volume= 576|issue= 7786|pages= 262–265|bibcode= 2019Natur.576..262W}}</ref>
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==Description==
[[File:Gigantopithecus.png|thumb
===Size===
Total size estimates are highly speculative because only tooth and jaw elements are known
*In 1946, Weidenreich hypothesised that ''Gigantopithecus'' was twice the size of male gorillas.<ref name=Weidenreich1946/>
*In 1957, Pei estimated a total height of about {{convert|12|ft|abbr=in|order=flip}}.<ref name=Johnson1979/>
*In 1970, Simons and American palaeontologist Peter Ettel approximated a height of almost {{convert|9|ft|abbr=in|order=flip}} and a weight of up to {{convert|600|lb|abbr=in|order=flip}}, which is about 40% heavier than the average male gorilla.<ref name=Johnson1979/>
*In 1978, David P. Willoughby estimated a height of {{cvt|1.85|m|0}} and a weight of {{cvt|250|kg}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Willoughby |first=David P. |title=All about Gorillas |
*In 1979, American anthropologist Alfred E. Johnson Jr. used the dimensions of gorillas to estimate a [[femur]] length of {{cvt|54.4|cm|ftin|0}} and [[humerus]] length of {{cvt|62.7|cm|ftin|0}} for ''Gigantopithecus'', about 20–25% longer than those of gorillas.<ref name=Johnson1979>{{cite journal|first=A. E. Jr. |last=Johnson |year= 1979 |title= Skeletal Estimates of ''Gigantopithecus'' Based on a Gorilla Analogy|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|volume=8|issue=6|pages=585–587|doi=10.1016/0047-2484(79)90111-8|bibcode=1979JHumE...8..585J }}</ref>
*In 2017, Chinese palaeoanthropologist Yingqi Zhang and American anthropologist Terry Harrison suggested a body mass of {{convert|200|-|300|kg|abbr=in}}, though conceded that it is impossible to obtain a reliable body mass estimate without more complete remains.<ref name= ZhangHarrison2017/>
*In 2019, R. J. Hawley from the [[Tate Geological Museum]] wrote that it is unreasonable to reconstruct ''Gigantopithecus'' with bipedal standing height over {{cvt|230|cm|ftin|0}}.<ref>{{Cite journal |
The average maximum length of the upper [[canine tooth|canines]] for presumed males and females are {{convert|21.1|mm|abbr=in|frac=4}} and {{convert|15.4|mm|abbr=in|frac=2}}, respectively, and Mandible III (presumed male) is 40% larger than Mandible I (presumed female). These imply [[sexual dimorphism]], with males being larger than females. Such a high degree of dimorphism is only surpassed by gorillas among modern apes in canine size, and is surpassed by none for mandibular disparity.<ref name= ZhangHarrison2017/>
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[[File:Giganthopithecus blacki, molar.jpeg|thumb|''Gigantopithecus'' molar]]
The tooth enamel on the molars is in absolute measure the thickest of any known ape, averaging {{convert|2.5|-|2.9|mm|abbr=in|frac=32}} in three different molars, and over {{convert|6|mm|abbr=in|frac=4}} on the tongue-side (lingual) cusps of an upper molar.<ref name=Kono2014/> This has attracted comparisons with the extinct ''[[Paranthropus]]'' hominins, which had extremely large molars and thick enamel for their size.<ref name="Dean2003"/><ref name=Kono2014>{{cite journal|first1=R. T.|last1=Kono|first2=Y.|last2=Zhang|first3=C.|last3=Jin|first4=M.|last4=Takai|first5=G.|last5=Suwa|year=2014|title=A 3-dimensional assessment of molar enamel thickness and distribution pattern in ''Gigantopithecus blacki''|journal=Quaternary International|volume=354|pages=46–51|doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2014.02.012|bibcode=2014QuInt.354...46K}}</ref> However, in relation to the tooth's size, enamel thickness for ''Gigantopithecus'' overlaps with that of several other living and extinct apes. Like orangutans and potentially all pongines (though unlike African apes) the ''Gigantopithecus'' molar
==Palaeobiology==
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''Gigantopithecus'' is considered to have been a [[herbivore]]. [[Isotope analysis#Carbon-13|Carbon-13 isotope analysis]] suggests consumption of [[C3 carbon fixation|C<sub>3</sub>]] plants, such as fruits, leaves, and other forest plants.<ref name= "Bocherens2017"/> The robust mandible of ''Gigantopithecus'' indicates it was capable of resisting high strains while chewing through tough or hard foods. However, the same mandibular anatomy is typically seen in modern apes which primarily eat soft leaves ([[folivore]]s) or seeds ([[granivore]]s). ''Gigantopithecus'' teeth have a markedly lower rate of pitting (caused by eating small, hard objects) than orangutans, more similar to the rate seen in [[chimpanzee]]s, which could indicate a similarly [[generalist and specialist species|generalist diet]].<ref name=ZhangHarrison2017/>
The molar-like premolars, large molars, and long rooted cheeked teeth could point to chewing, crushing, and grinding of bulky and fibrous materials.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kupczik|first1=K.|last2=Dean|first2=M. C.|year=2008|title=Comparative observations on the tooth root morphology of ''Gigantopithecus blacki''|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|volume=54|issue=2|pages=196–204|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.09.013|pmid=18045651|bibcode=2008JHumE..54..196K }}</ref><ref name="Ciochon1991">{{cite journal|last1=Ciochon |first1=R. |author-link=Russell Ciochon |last2= Piperno|first2=D. R.|last3=Thompson|first3=R. G.|year=1990|title=Opal phytoliths found on the teeth of the extinct ape ''Gigantopithecus blacki'': implications for paleodietary studies|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=87|issue=20|pages=8120–8124|doi=10.1073/pnas.87.20.8120|pmid=2236026 |pmc=54904 |bibcode=1990PNAS...87.8120C |doi-access=free}}</ref> Thick enamel would suggest a diet of abrasive items, such as dirt particles on food gathered near or on the ground (like [[bamboo shoot]]s).<ref name=Kono2014/> Similarly, oxygen isotope analysis suggests ''Gigantopithecus'' consumed more low-lying plants such as stems, roots, and grasses than orangutans. [[Dental calculus]] indicates the consumption of [[tuber]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Y.|last1=Qu|first2=C.|last2=Jin|first3=Y.|last3=Zhang|year=2014|display-authors=et al.|title=Preservation assessments and carbon and oxygen isotopes analysis of tooth enamel of ''Gigantopithecus blacki'' and contemporary animals from Sanhe Cave, Chongzuo, South China during the Early Pleistocene|journal=Quaternary International|volume=354|pages=52–58|doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2013.10.053|bibcode=2014QuInt.354...52Q}}</ref> ''Gigantopithecus'' does not appear to have consumed the commonplace savanna grasses ([[C4 carbon fixation|C<sub>4</sub>]] plants).<ref name= "Bocherens2017">{{cite journal |last1=Bocherens |first1=H. |last2=Schrenk |first2=F. |last3=Chaimanee |first3=Y. |last4=Kullmer |first4=O. |last5=Mörike |first5=D. |last6=Pushkina |first6=D. |last7=Jaeger |first7= J.-J. |title=Flexibility of diet and habitat in Pleistocene South Asian mammals: Implications for the fate of the giant fossil ape ''Gigantopithecus'' |journal=Quaternary International |volume=434 |year=2017 |pages=148–155 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.11.059|bibcode=2017QuInt.434..148B }}</ref> Nonetheless, in 1990, a few opal [[phytolith]]s adhering to four teeth from ''Gigantopithecus'' Cave were identified to have originated from grasses; though, the majority of phytoliths resemble the hairs of [[fig family]] fruits, which include [[Common fig|fig]]s, [[mulberry]], [[breadfruit]], and [[banyan]]. This suggests that fruit was a significant dietary component for at least this population of ''Gigantopithecus''.<ref name="Ciochon1991"/>
The
In 1957, based on hoofed animal remains in a cave located in a seemingly inaccessible mountain, Pei had believed that ''Gigantopithecus'' was a cave-dwelling predator and carried these animals in.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pei |first=Wen-chung |author-link=Pei Wenzhong |year=1957 |title=Giant ape's jaw bone discovered in China |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=834–838 |doi=10.1525/aa.1957.59.5.02a00080 |doi-access=free}}</ref> This hypothesis is no longer considered viable because its dental anatomy is consistent with herbivory.<ref name= "Bocherens2017"/> In 1975, American palaeoanthropologist [[Tim D. White]] drew similarities between the jaws and dentition of ''Gigantopithecus'' and those of the [[giant panda]], and suggested they both occupied the same [[Ecological niche|niche]] as [[bamboo]] specialists.<ref>{{cite journal|first=T. D.|last=White|author-link=Tim D. White|year=1975|title=Geomorphology to paleoecology: ''Gigantopithecus'' reappraised|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|volume=4|issue=3|pages=219–233|doi=10.1016/0047-2484(75)90009-3|bibcode=1975JHumE...4..219W }}</ref> This garnered support from some subsequent researchers, but thicker enamel and [[hypsodont]]y in ''Gigantopithecus'' could suggest different functionality for these teeth.<ref name=Kono2014/>
===Growth===
A ''Gigantopithecus'' permanent third molar, based on an approximate 600–800 days required for the enamel on the [[Cusp (anatomy)|cusp]]s to form (which is quite long), was estimated to have taken four years to form, which is within the range (albeit, far upper range) of what is exhibited in humans and chimpanzees. Like many other fossil apes, the rate of enamel formation near the enamel-dentine junction (dentine is the nerve-filled layer beneath the enamel) was estimated to begin at about 4 μm per day; this is seen in only baby teeth for modern apes.<ref name=Dean2003>{{cite journal|first1=M. C.|last1=Dean|first2=F.|last2=Schrenk|year=2003|title=Enamel thickness and development in a third permanent molar of ''Gigantopithecus blacki''|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|volume=45|issue=5|pages=381–388|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2003.08.009|pmid=14624748|bibcode=2003JHumE..45..381D }}</ref>
Protein sequencing of ''Gigantopithecus'' enamel identified [[alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein]] (AHSG), which, in modern apes, is important in bone and dentine mineralisation. Because it was found in enamel, and not dentine, AHSG may have been an additional component in ''Gigantopithecus'' teeth which facilitated [[biomineralisation]] of enamel during prolonged [[amelogenesis]] (enamel growth).<ref name= "Welker2019"/>
===Pathology===
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''Gigantopithecus'' remains are generally found in what were subtropical [[Evergreen forest|evergreen broadleaf forest]] in South China, except in [[Hainan]] which featured a [[tropical rainforest]]. Carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of Early Pleistocene enamel suggests ''Gigantopithecus'' inhabited dense, humid, closed-canopy forest. [[Queque Cave]] featured a mixed deciduous and evergreen forest dominated by [[birch]], [[oak]], and [[Castanopsis|chinkapin]], as well as several low-lying [[herb]]s and [[fern]]s.<ref name=ZhangHarrison2017/>
The "''Gigantopithecus'' [[fauna]]", one of the most important mammalian faunal groups of the Early Pleistocene of southern China, includes tropical or subtropical forest species. This group has been subdivided into three stages spanning 2.6–1.8 million years ago, 1.8–1.2 million years ago, and 1.2–0.8 million years ago. The early stage is characterised by more ancient [[Neogene]] animals such as the [[gomphothere|gomphotheriid]] proboscidean (relative of elephants) ''[[Sinomastodon]]'', the [[chalicothere]] ''[[Hesperotherium]]'', the suid ''[[Hippopotamodon]]'', the [[tragulid]] {{ill|Dorcabune|it|it|italic=y}}, and the deer ''[[Cervavitus]]''. The middle stage is indicated by the appearance of the panda ''[[Ailuropoda wulingshanensis]]'', the [[dhole]] ''[[Ussuri dhole|Cuon antiquus]]'', and the [[tapir]] ''[[Tapirus sinensis]]''. The late stage features more typical Middle Pleistocene animals such as the panda ''[[Ailuropoda baconi]]'' and the [[Stegodontidae|stegodontid]] proboscidean ''[[Stegodon]]''.<ref name=Jin2014>{{cite journal|first1=C.|last1=Jin|first2=Y.|last2=Wang|display-authors=et al.|year=2014|title=Chronological sequence of the early Pleistocene ''Gigantopithecus'' faunas from cave sites in the Chongzuo, Zuojiang River area,South China|journal=Quaternary International|volume=354|pages=4–14|doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2013.12.051|bibcode=2014QuInt.354....4J}}</ref> Other classic animals typically include orangutans, [[macaque]]s, [[Rhinoceros (genus)|rhino]]s, the extinct pigs ''[[Sus xiaozhu]]'' and ''[[Sus peii]]'', [[muntjac]], ''[[Cervus]]'' (a deer), [[gaur]] (a cow), the [[bovid]] ''[[Megalovis]]'', and more rarely the large [[saber-toothed cat]] ''[[Megantereon]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=M.|last1=Zhu|first2=B. W.|last2=Schubert|first3=J.|last3=Liu|first4=S. C.|last4=Wallace|year=2014|title=A new record of the saber-toothed cat ''Megantereon'' (Felidae, Machairodontinae) from an Early Pleistocene ''Gigantopithecus'' fauna, Yanliang Cave, Fusui, Guangxi, South China|journal=Quaternary International|volume=354|pages=100–109|doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2014.06.052|bibcode=2014QuInt.354..100Z}}</ref> In 2009, American palaeoanthropologist [[Russell Ciochon]] hypothesised an undescribed, chimp-sized ape he identified from a few teeth coexisted with ''Gigantopithecus'',<ref name=Ciochon2009/> which in 2019 was identified as the closely related ''[[Meganthropus]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zanolli|first1=Clément|last2=Kullmer|first2=Ottmar|last3=Kelley|first3=Jay|last4=Bacon|first4=Anne-Marie|last5=Demeter|first5=Fabrice|last6=Dumoncel|first6=Jean|last7=Fiorenza|first7=Luca|last8=Grine|first8=Frederick E.|last9=Hublin|first9=Jean-Jacques|last10=Nguyen|first10=Anh Tuan|last11=Nguyen|first11=Thi Mai Huong|s2cid=102353734|date=May 2019|title=Evidence for increased hominid diversity in the Early to Middle Pleistocene of Indonesia|url=https://kar.kent.ac.uk/72814/1/01-Indonesian_hominid_paleobiodiversity_v2.pdf|journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution|language=en|volume=3|issue=5|pages=755–764|doi=10.1038/s41559-019-0860-z|pmid=30962558|bibcode=2019NatEE...3..755Z |issn=2397-334X|access-date=
== Extinction ==
''Gigantopithecus'' fossil sites range across Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan and Hubei Provinces, but those post-dating about 400,000 years ago are only known from Guangxi. Its youngest definitive remains in China are roughly 295,000 to 215,000 years old
Human activity in southern China is known as early as 800,000 years ago but does not become prevalent until after the extinction of ''Gigantopithecus'', so it is unclear if pressures such as competition over resources or overhunting were factors.<ref name="Ciochon2009">{{cite journal |last=Ciochon |first=Russell L. |author-link=Russell Ciochon |date=17 June 2009 |title=The mystery ape of Pleistocene Asia |journal=Nature |volume=459 |issue=7249 |pages=910–911 |bibcode=2009Natur.459..910C |doi=10.1038/459910a |pmid=19536242 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
==Cryptozoology==
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* ''[[Sivapithecus]]''
{{div col end}}
==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
==References==
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[[Category:Fossils of Vietnam]]
[[Category:Extinct animals of Vietnam]]
[[Category:Fossils of Indonesia]]▼
[[Category:Extinct animals of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Tortonian first appearances]]
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[[Category:Taxa named by Gustav Heinrich Ralph von Koenigswald]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1935]]
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