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{{Short description|Proposed diplomatic solution for the Israeli–Palestinian conflict}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{other uses|Two-state solution (disambiguation)}}
{{distinguish|Two-nation theory}}
{{pp-
[[File:Israel and Palestine Peace.svg|thumb|A [[peace movement]] poster: Israeli and Palestinian flags and the
[[File:Occupied Palestinian Territories.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Map of the [[West Bank]] and the [[Gaza Strip]], 2011. Agreeing on acceptable borders is a major difficulty with the two-state solution.]]
[[File:Restricted space in the West Bank, Area C.png|thumb|200px|[[Area C (West Bank)|Area C]] of the West Bank, controlled by Israel, in blue and red, December 2011]]
{{Israel-Palestinian peace process|Proposals}}
The '''two-state solution''' is a proposed approach to resolving the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]], by creating two states on the territory of the former [[Mandatory Palestine]]. It is often contrasted with the [[one-state solution]], which is the establishment a single state in former Mandatory Palestine with equal rights for all its inhabitants. The two-state solution is supported by many countries
The first proposal for separate Jewish and Arab states in the territory was made by the British [[Peel Commission]] report in 1937.<ref name="
The [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] has accepted the concept of a two-state solution since the 1982 Arab Summit, on the basis of an independent Palestinian state based in the West Bank, Gaza and East Jerusalem.<ref>{{
Currently there is no two-state solution proposal being negotiated between Israel and Palestinians. The [[Palestinian Authority]] supports the idea of a two-state solution;<ref
The major points of contention include the specific boundaries of the two states (though most proposals are based on the [[Green Line (Israel)|1967 lines]]), the [[status of Jerusalem]], the [[Israeli settlements]] and the [[Palestinian right of return|right of return of Palestinian refugees]]. Observers have described the current situation in the whole territory, with the [[Israeli occupation of the West Bank]] and [[blockade of the Gaza Strip]], as one of ''[[de facto]]'' Israeli sovereignty.<ref name="Iraqi-2021">{{Cite web |last=Iraqi |first=Amjad |date=2021-01-12 |title=Why B'Tselem is calling Israel an apartheid regime, from the river to the sea |url=https://www.972mag.com/btselem-israel-apartheid-supremacy/ |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=+972 Magazine}}</ref><ref name="IPS-2021">{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2021 |title=B'Tselem (Document): A Regime of Jewish Supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea: This Is Apartheid |url=https://www.palestine-studies.org/en/node/1650915 |access-date=November 28, 2023 |website=[[Institute for Palestine Studies]]}}</ref> The two-state solution is an alternative to the
Following the [[
== History ==
{{Main|Israeli–Palestinian conflict}}
[[File:Map of Mandatory Palestine in 1946 with major cities (in English).svg|thumb|[[Mandatory Palestine]] in 1946.]]
In the wake of [[Aliyah|Jewish migration]] from Europe in the context of [[Zionism]] and [[Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine|intercommunal conflict]] in [[Mandatory Palestine]], the first proposal for the creation of Jewish and Arab states in the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]] was made by the British [[Peel Commission]] report of 1937 led by [[William Peel, 1st Earl Peel]].<ref
Partition was again proposed by the [[1947 UN Partition Plan]] for the division of Palestine. It proposed a three-way division, again with Jerusalem held separately, under international control. The partition plan was accepted by [[Jewish Agency for Palestine]] and most Zionist factions who viewed it as a stepping stone to territorial expansion at an opportune time.<ref
[[File:United_Nations_Palestine_map_showing_Armistice_Agreements_between_Israel_&_Lebanon,_Syria,_Jordan_&_Egypt_1949-1950.jpg|thumb|1955 United Nations map showing the borders of Israel according to the [[Green Line (Israel)|Green Line]] of the [[1949 Armistice Agreements]].]]
At the end of the British Mandate, with the [[establishment of the State of Israel]] and entry of Arab regular armies into what had been Mandatory Palestine, the [[1948 Palestine war|1948 war]] became an [[1948 Arab–Israeli War|international conflict]].<ref name="
=== UN resolution 242 and the recognition of Palestinian rights ===
After the [[Six-Day War|1967 Arab–Israeli war]], the United Nations Security Council unanimously passed [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 242|resolution 242]] calling for Israeli withdrawal from the [[Israeli-occupied territories|territories occupied]] during the war, in exchange for "termination of all claims or states of belligerency" and "acknowledgement of sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence of every state in the area". The [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO), which had been formed in 1964, strongly criticized the resolution, saying that it reduced the question of Palestine to a refugee problem.<ref
In September 1974, 56 member states proposed that "the question of Palestine" be included as an item in the General Assembly's agenda. In a resolution adopted on 22 November 1974, the General Assembly affirmed Palestinian rights, which included the "right to self-determination without external interference", "the right to national independence and sovereignty", and the "right to return to their homes and property". These rights have been affirmed every year since.<ref
=== Early Palestinian articulations of two-state solution ===
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=== Likud party's insistence on only Israeli sovereignty ===
The Israeli [[Likud]] party, in its manifesto for the [[1977 Israeli legislative election|1977 elections]] which it won in a landslide, declared: "Between the sea and the Jordan there will only be Israeli sovereignty."<ref
On 18 July 2024, the Israeli parliament passed a resolution that rejected the establishment of a Palestinian state. The resolution passed in the Knesset with 68 votes in favour and nine against it. Netanyahu’s coalition with far-right parties co-sponsored the resolution, while the opposition left the session to avoid supporting the statement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel's Knesset votes to reject Palestinian statehood |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/7/18/israels-knesset-votes-to-reject-palestinian-statehood |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>
=== Palestinian Declaration of Independence ===
The [[Palestinian Declaration of Independence]] of 15 November 1988, which referenced the [[UN Partition Plan]] of 1947 and "UN resolutions since 1947" in general, was interpreted as an indirect recognition of the [[State of Israel]], and support for a two-state solution. The Partition Plan was invoked to provide legitimacy to Palestinian statehood. Subsequent clarifications were taken to amount to the first explicit Palestinian recognition of Israel.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rabie |first=Mohamed|date=Summer 1992|title=The U.S.-PLO Dialogue: The Swedish Connection |journal= Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=21|issue=4|pages=54–66|doi=10.1525/jps.1992.21.4.00p0140g |jstor=2537663}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Quandt, William B. | author-link = William B. Quandt |title=Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli conflict since 1967 |publisher=Brookings Institution |___location=Washington, DC |year=1993 |pages=
===2017 Hamas Charter===
{{main|2017 Hamas charter}}
The [[A Document of General Principles and Policies|2017 Hamas charter]] presented the Palestinian state being based on the 1967 borders. The text says "Hamas considers the establishment of a Palestinian state, sovereign and complete, on the basis of the June 4, 1967, with Jerusalem as its capital and the provision for all the refugees to return to their homeland."<ref name=
===6th Netanyahu cabinet===
In December 2022, [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] returned as Prime Minister of Israel, forming the most right-wing government in Israel's history. Netanyahu's coalition partners rejected the two-state solution.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel's most right-wing government agreed under Benjamin Netanyahu |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-63942616 |date=21 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Israel's Netanyahu says deal agreed with far-right to form gov't |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/12/22/israels-netanyahu-says-deal-agreed-with-far-right-to-form-govt |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> In February 2023, Netanyahu said he would be willing to grant Palestinians autonomy but not sovereignty, and in any future deal Israel would maintain full security control of the West Bank.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gold |first1=Hadas |title=Netanyahu outlines vision for two-state solution – without Palestinian sovereignty |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/02/01/middleeast/netanyahu-palestinian-sovereignty-mime-intl/index.html |work=CNN |date=1 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> In June 2023, Netanyahu told members of the Knesset that Israel must block the creation of a Palestinian state.<ref>{{cite news |title=Netanyahu's call to block creation of Palestinian state sparks fury, condemnation |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2328446/middle-east |work=Arab News |date=26 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Palestinians furious over Netanyahu claims that Israel must 'crush' statehood ambitions |url=https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/article-748435 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post
Later in 2023, despite Israeli PM Netanyahu's statement denying the creation of a Palestinian state as a condition for a normalization with Saudi Arabia,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kaye |first1=Dalia Dassa |title=The Case Against an Israeli-Saudi Deal |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/case-against-israeli-saudi-deal |work=Foreign Affairs |date=17 August 2023 |quote=In an early August interview with Bloomberg, Netanyahu...called the Palestinian issue no more than a “checkbox” and reiterated his opposition to a Palestinian state.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Israel-Saudi peace can end all hope for Palestinian statehood
In October 2023, [[Hamas]] launched an attack on Israel. Numerous sources identified the lack of a Palestinian state as a cause of the war.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Matar |first1=Haggai |date=7 October 2023 |title=Gaza's shock attack has terrified Israelis. It should also unveil the context |url=https://www.972mag.com/gaza-attack-context-israelis/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231181619/https://www.972mag.com/gaza-attack-context-israelis/ |archive-date=31 December 2023 |access-date=31 December 2023 |magazine=[[+972 Magazine]] |publisher=+972 Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{
== Diplomatic efforts ==
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In 2002, Crown Prince [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia]] (who would go on to be King from 2005 to 2015) proposed the Arab Peace Initiative, which garnered the unanimous support of the [[Arab League]] while Israeli leaders continually refuse to discuss the initiative. President Bush announced his support for a Palestinian state, opening the way for [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1397]], supporting a two-state solution.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Caplan|first1=Neil|title=The Israel–Palestine Conflict: Contested Histories|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1444357868|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyAgn_dD43cC&q=UNDOC/GEN/N02/283/59/PDF/N0228359.pdf|access-date=29 November 2016|chapter=Camp David Revisited; Intifada Redux}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=October 2020}}<ref>{{cite web|last1=D. Jones|first1=Bruce|title=216|url=https://archive.org/stream/BooksCommunistManifestoEssaysArticlesReports-VariousPdfFiles2/TheWarsOnTerrorismAndIraq-HumanRightsUnilateralismAndUsForeignPolicy_djvu.txt|access-date=29 November 2016}}</ref>
At the [[Annapolis Conference]] in November 2007, three major
Following [[Fatah–Hamas conflict|the conflict]] that erupted between the two main Palestinian parties, [[Fatah]] and [[Hamas]], Hamas [[Battle of Gaza (2007)|took control]] of the Gaza Strip, splintering the Palestinian Authority into two polities, each claiming to be the true representatives of the Palestinian people. Fatah controlled the [[Palestinian National Authority]] in the [[West Bank]] and Hamas [[Governance of the Gaza Strip|Governed in Gaza]].
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== Viability ==
By 2010, when direct talks were scheduled to be restarted, continued growth of settlements on the West Bank and continued strong support of settlements by the Israeli government had greatly reduced the land and resources that would be available to a Palestinian state, creating doubt among Palestinians and left-wing Israelis that a two-state solution continued to be viable.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/21/world/middleeast/21assess.html|title=In Mideast Talks, Scant Hopes From the Beginning|first=Ethan|last=Bronner|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=August 20, 2010|accessdate=August 21, 2010}}</ref>
In January 2012 the European Union Heads of Mission report on East Jerusalem found that Israel's continuing settlement activities and the fragile situation of the Palestinian population in East Jerusalem, as well in area C, was making a two-state solution less likely.<ref>{{cite web|first=Amira|last=Hass|url=
On 29 November 2012, the [[UN General Assembly]] voted by 138 to 9, with 46 abstentions, to recognize Palestine as a "non-member observer state". On the following day, Israeli PM [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] announced the building of 3,000 new homes on land to the east of East Jerusalem, in an area referred to as "E-1".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2012/11/30/166252247/israel-plans-to-expand-settlements-in-east-jerusalem-west-bank|title=Israel Plans To Expand Settlements In East Jerusalem, West Bank|website=[[NPR]]|date=30 November 2012|accessdate=5 December 2012}}</ref> The move was immediately criticized by several countries, including the United States, with Israeli ambassadors being personally called for meetings with government representatives in the United Kingdom, France and Germany, among others. Israel's decision to build the homes was described by the [[Obama administration]] as "counterproductive", while Australia said that the building plans "threaten the viability of a two-state solution". This is because they claim the proposed E-1 settlement would physically split the lands under the control of the Palestinian National Authority in two, as the extent of the PNA's authority does not extend all the way to the [[River Jordan]] and the [[Dead Sea]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/editorials/la-ed-e1-israeli-settlement-20121204,0,1913186.story|title=Israel takes a harder line|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=December 4, 2012|accessdate=December 5, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=
After the [[First presidency of Donald Trump|Trump administration]]'s controversial [[United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel|decision to recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital]] in December 2017, Palestinian officials said the policy change "destroys the peace process" and the decision indirectly meant the United States was "abdicating its role as a peace mediator"<ref>{{Cite news |title=World reacts to Trump move on Jerusalem |website=[[BBC News]] |access-date=December 11, 2017 |date=December 7, 2017 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-42250340}}</ref>
A 2021 survey among 521 scholars who have dedicated their professional lives to the study of this region and its politics
== Settlements in the West Bank ==
UN resolutions affirm the illegality of [[Israeli settlement|settlements in West Bank]], including [[East Jerusalem]], including [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 2334]] passed in December 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=A/RES/68/15 Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 26 November 2013 – General Assembly |url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/68/15 |publisher=The United Nations |access-date=29 November 2016 |date=January 30, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913032000/http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A%2FRES%2F68%2F15 |archive-date=13 September 2016
The establishment and expansion of the illegal settlements in the Occupied West Bank constitute a major challenge to the possibility of a two-state solution by "violating Palestinian sovereignty, threatening civil peace and security, jeopardizing water resources, and blocking agricultural development."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Owda |first=Reham |date=2023-03-07 |title=How Israeli Settlements Impede the Two-State Solution |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/
Proposals have been offered for over 50 post-evacuation compensation of settlers for abandoned property{{Clarify|reason=The preceding words do not make sense|date=April 2024}}, as occurred following Israel's [[Israel's unilateral disengagement plan#Compensation and resettlement|withdrawal of settlements from Gaza]] in 2005 and from the [[Sinai Peninsula]] in 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=
== Public opinion in Israel and Palestine ==
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In a 2002 poll conducted by [[Program on International Policy Attitudes|PIPA]], 72% of both Palestinians and Israelis supported at that time a peace settlement based on the 1967 borders so long as each group could be reassured that the other side would be cooperative in making the necessary concessions for such a settlement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/articles/international_security_bt/137.php?nid=&id=&pnt=137&lb=brme|title=Large Israeli and Palestinian Majorities Indicate Readiness for Two-State Solution Based on 1967 Borders|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405210125/http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/articles/international_security_bt/137.php?nid=&id=&pnt=137&lb=brme|archive-date=2008-04-05}}</ref> A 2013 Gallup poll found 70% of Palestinians in the West Bank and 48% of Palestinians in Gaza Strip, together with 52% of Israelis supporting "an independent Palestinian state together with the state of Israel".<ref>{{cite web|first1=Lydia|last1=Saad|first2=Elizabeth|last2=Mendes|title=Israelis, Palestinians Pro Peace Process, but Not Hopeful|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/161456/israelis-palestinians-pro-peace-process-not-hopeful.aspx|website=[[Gallup.com]]|access-date=29 November 2016|date=March 21, 2013}}</ref>
Support for a two-state solution varies according to the way the question is phrased. Some Israeli journalists suggest that the Palestinians are unprepared to accept a Jewish State on any terms.<ref
In 2021, a poll by the [[Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research]] revealed that 39% of Palestinians supported "the concept of the two-state solution", while 59% said they rejected it.<ref
The two-state solution enjoyed majority support in Israeli polls although there has been some erosion to its prospects over time.<ref
According to a 2021 [[Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research|PCPSR]] poll, support for a two-state solution among Palestinians and Israeli Jews, as of 2021, had declined to 43 percent and 42 percent, respectively.<ref name="
Some researchers argue that the two-state solution has already been implemented because [[Jordan]], which makes up 78% of the former Mandatory Palestine, was originally created as a state for the Arabs.<ref>{{cite web | first=Stephen |last=Crane |url=https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/two-state-solution-but-where/ | title=Two-state solution, but where? |newspaper=[[Times of Israel]]|date=June 25, 2019 |accessdate=November 4, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=October 6, 2022|title=Jordan Is the Reason There Is No Palestinian State and Minorities Are Threatened|first=Jason|last=Shvili|url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2022/10/06/jordan-is-the-reason-there-is-no-palestinian-state-and-minorities-are-threatened/|website=[[The Algemeiner]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first=Sidney | last=Zion | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/10/05/opinion/is-jordan-palestine-of-course.html | title=Opinion |
In December 2022, support for a two-state solution was 33% among Palestinians, 34% among Israeli Jews, and 60% among [[Arab citizens of Israel|Israeli Arabs]]. 82% of Israeli Jews and 75% of Palestinians believed that the other side would never accept the existence of their independent state.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israeli, Palestinian support for two-state solution declines – poll |url=https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/article-752542 |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=29 July 2023}}</ref>
At the end of October 2023, the two-state solution had the support of 71.9% of Israeli Arabs and 28.6% of Israeli Jews.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Gordon |first=Anna |date=10 November 2023 |title=What Israelis Think of the War With Hamas |url=https://time.com/6333781/israel-hamas-poll-palestine/ |access-date= |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref> Prior to the [[
=== Notable individuals ===
[[Ehud Olmert]], Israel's Prime Minister from 2006 to 2009, told ''[[Politico]]'' on 16 October 2023 that the two-state solution "is the only real political solution for this lifelong conflict".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dobelli |first=Rolf |date=2023-10-16 |title='The Only Real Political Solution': Ehud Olmert on the 2-State Option and the War in Israel |work=[[Politico]] |url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2023/10/16/ehud-olmert-q-a-00121787 |access-date=2023-12-21}}</ref> On 6 November 2023, he told [[CBC News|CBC]] that "a two-state solution should still be the goal of the Israeli government".<ref name="
[[Ehud Barak]], Israel's Prime Minister from 1999 to 2001 and Minister of Defense from 2007 to 2013, told [[Time (magazine)|TIME]] on 6 November 2023 that "The right way is to look to the two-state solution".<ref name="
Interviewed by [[Ezra Klein]] on 8 December 2023, Nimrod Novik, a member of the executive committee of [[Commanders for Israel's Security|Commanders for Israel’s Security]] (CIS), reiterated the CIS's view that the two-state solution is "the only solution that [...] serves Israel’s security and well-being long-term."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Klein |first=Ezra |date=2023-12-08 |title=Opinion {{!}} A Different Path Israel Could Have Taken
[[Ami Ayalon]], the head of Israel's [[Shin Bet]] internal security service from 1995 to 2000, said on 14 January 2024 in an interview with ''[[The Guardian]]'' that "Israel will not have security until Palestinians have their own state".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Graham-Harrison |first1=Emma |last2=Kierszenbaum |first2=Quique |date=2024-01-14 |title=Ex-Shin Bet head says Israel should negotiate with jailed intifada leader |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/14/shin-bet-ami-ayalon-calls-on-israel-release-intifada-leader-marwan-barghouti |access-date=2024-01-17 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
On 17 July 2024, Ehud Olmert and former Palestinian Authority Foreign Minister [[Nasser al-Qudwa|Nasser al-Kidwa]], signed a joint proposal<ref>{{Cite web |
[[Yair Golan]], former IDF deputy chief of staff and current leader of [[The Democrats (Israel)|The Democrats]], a political party formed by a merger of the [[Israeli Labor Party]] and [[Meretz]], said in a July 2024 interview with the [[The Guardian|Guardian]], "Our vision is a two-state solution [...]".<ref>{{Cite news |last=McKernan |first=Bethan |date=2024-08-12 |title=
== International positions regarding two-state solution ==
Following the [[2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel]] and the subsequent [[
=== Support ===
==== Global Alliance for the Implementation of a Palestinian State and a Two-State Solution ====
On 26 September 2024, Saudi Foreign Minister Prince [[Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud]] and Norway's Foreign Minister [[Espen Barth Eide]] co-chaired a meeting of representatives of about 90 countries, held on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly, to launch a global alliance to strive for a two-state solution.<ref name="
==== G7 ====
In the statement issued after their virtual meeting of 6 December 2023, the Leaders of the [[G7]] wrote that they are "committed to a Palestinian state as part of a two-state solution that enables both Israelis and Palestinians to live in a just, lasting, and secure peace."<ref
==== European Union ====
[[Josep Borrell]], High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, wrote on 15 November 2023: "We need to work with our regional partners towards [...] the two-state solution [...] it remains the only viable way to bring peace to the region."<ref
In her address to the [[G20]] leaders on 22 November 2023, [[Ursula von der Leyen]], President of the European Commission, said: "We have to [...] work for a two-state solution. This is the only way to ensure lasting peace for Israeli and Palestinian people as neighbours."<ref
==== Arab League ====
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==== United States ====
President [[Joe Biden]]
==== China ====
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Germany, in a governmental declaration of 2021, repeated in November 2023, wished for an independent Palestinian state side by side with Israel, in peace with each other, and 'based on the 4 June 1967 borders' unless 'the conflicting parties agree' about changing those borders, while also the [[Palestinian refugees|Palestinian refugee problem]] "needs a just and realistic solution".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-13 |title=Germany stands by Israel – and is seeking to bring about a de-escalation |url=https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-en/news/germany-stands-by-israel-and-is-seeking-to-bring-about-a-de-escalation-2228294 |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=Website of the Federal Government {{!}} Bundesregierung}}</ref>
In November 2023,
==== India ====
India's External Affairs Minister [[S. Jaishankar|S Jaishankar]], at the February 2024 [[Munich Security Conference]] ('Peace through Dialogue'), referring to the prevailing situation in Gaza, said that a two-state solution to the Palestine issue is now "more urgent" than before.<ref
==== United Kingdom ====
The previous Prime Minister [[Rishi Sunak]] and Foreign Secretary [[David Cameron]], strongly advocated a two-state solution.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gutteridge |first=Nick |date=2023-12-15 |title=Rishi Sunak clashes with Israeli ambassador over two-state solution|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2023/12/14/rishi-sunak-israeli-ambassador-tzipi-hotovely-two-state/ |access-date=2023-12-20 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> David Cameron and German Minister of Foreign Affairs [[Annalena Baerbock]] published a joint statement, supporting a two-state solution.<ref
==== France ====
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==== Italy ====
Following a meeting with Palestinian Prime Minister [[Mohammad Mustafa (
==== Canada, Australia and New Zealand ====
Canada's Prime Minister [[Justin Trudeau]], Australia's Prime Minister [[Anthony Albanese]] and New Zealand's Prime Minister [[Christopher Luxon]] have issued a joint statement, saying "We recommit ourselves to [...] a just and enduring peace in the form of a two-state solution".<ref
==== Saudi Arabia ====
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=== Opposed ===
==== Israel ====
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has repeatedly and emphatically rejected a two-state solution
==== Iran ====
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=== North America ===
[[The New York Times|New York Times]] columnist [[Thomas Friedman]] has strongly supported President Biden's calls for a two-state solution and criticised Prime Minister Netanyahu's opposition.<ref
Twenty-seven former Jewish leaders of organizations including [[American Israel Public Affairs Committee|AIPAC]], the [[Jewish Agency for Israel]], the [[Jewish Federations of North America]], the [[Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations]] and the [[Union for Reform Judaism]], wrote a letter to President Biden on 14 December 2023, calling for a "steadfast US commitment to the pursuit of two states for two peoples".<ref
=== UK ===
In "The Jewish Manifesto for the General Election 2024" published on 21 June 2024, the [[Board of Deputies of British Jews]] called for "a negotiated two-states model", resulting in "a secure Israel alongside a viable Palestinian state".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-21 |title=The Jewish Manifesto 2024 |url=https://bod.org.uk/the-jewish-manifesto-2024/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=[[Board of Deputies of British Jews]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> On 17 July 2024, the Board of Deputies reaffirmed its support for "a two state solution with a secure Israel alongside a viable Palestinian state."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-17 |title=Board of Deputies welcomes inclusion of Holocaust Memorial Bill in
== Other solutions ==
[[File:Trump Peace Plan Map.jpg|thumb|[[2020 Trump
The main alternative is the [[one-state solution|binational solution]], which could either be a twin regime federalist arrangement or a unitary state.<ref
=== Three-state solution ===
The [[three-state solution]] has been proposed as another alternative. ''[[The New York Times]]'' in 2009<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/12/world/middleeast/12egypt.html?hp |work=The New York Times |title=Crisis Imperils 2-State Plan, Shifting a Balance |first=Michael |last=Slackman |date=January 12, 2009 |access-date=March 28, 2010}}</ref> reported that Egypt and Jordan were concerned about having to retake responsibility for Gaza and the West Bank. In effect, the result would be Gaza returning to Egyptian rule, and the West Bank to Jordan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Israel-Palestine: The return of the Jordanian option|url=
=== Jordanian option ===
The "[[Jordanian option]]" refers to various proposals aimed at resolving the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]] through the involvement of the [[Jordan|Kingdom of Jordan]]. These proposals generally involve Jordan retaking control of parts of the West Bank or establishing a [[federation]] or [[confederation]] with a Palestinian state.
In the 1950s and 1960s, King Hussein of Jordan and his officials promoted the idea that "Jordan is Palestine and Palestine is Jordan," aiming to present Jordanians and Palestinians as one unified people with a shared destiny.{{sfn|Shlaim|2008|p=206}}{{sfn|Sharnoff|2024|p=2}} Following the 1967 Six-Day War, which resulted in Jordan losing the West Bank to Israel, Israeli leaders [[Yigal Allon]] and [[Abba Eban]] presented King Hussein with the [[Allon Plan]], which suggested returning parts of the West Bank to Jordan. However, disagreements over this plan led to a stalemate in negotiations.{{sfn|Shemesh|2010|pp=87, 92–95}} In 1986, PLO Chairman [[Yasser Arafat]] and King Hussein of Jordan reached an agreement advocating for a peaceful solution to the conflict based on a Jordanian-Palestinian confederation.{{sfn|Quandt|2005|pp=261–262}} This idea was further explored through the secret [[Peres–Hussein London Agreement]] of April 1987, resulting from covert discussions between Israel and Jordan.{{sfn|Peters|Newman|2015|pp=532}} In 1988, King Hussein renounced Jordan’s claims to the West Bank and Palestinian affairs.{{sfn|Peters|Newman|2015|pp=186}} Despite Jordanian opposition to the confederation idea, leading to limited advocacy from Israeli leaders,<ref name="
=== Dual citizenship ===
A number of proposals for the granting of Palestinian citizenship or residential permits to Jewish settlers in return for the removal of Israeli military installations from the West Bank have been fielded by such individuals<ref>{{Cite web|url=
Israeli Minister [[Moshe Ya'alon]] said in April 2010 that "just as Arabs live in Israel, so, too, should Jews be able to live in Palestine." ... "If we are talking about coexistence and peace, why the [Palestinian] insistence that the territory they receive be ethnically cleansed of Jews?"<ref>[
The idea has been expressed by both advocates of the two-state solution<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.co.il/com/Advertising/Ysadeh/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991006195817/http://www.jpost.co.il/com/Advertising/Ysadeh/|archive-date=6 October 1999|title=Jewish-Arab conflict}}</ref> and supporters of the settlers and conservative or fundamentalist currents in Israeli Judaism<ref>{{cite web|last1=El-Haddad |first1=Laila |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051101013515/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/5EB5E1B3-B64F-43DF-A588-1C40FDDB0A83.htm |title=Interview: Israeli settler Avi Farhan |url=http://english.aljazeera.net:80/NR/exeres/5EB5E1B3-B64F-43DF-A588-1C40FDDB0A83.htm |website=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=29 November 2016 |archive-date=1 November 2005 |date=July 4, 2005 |url-status=dead
===New-state solution===
[[File:New-state solution.webp|thumb|Map showing the Sinai Peninsula along the [[Mediterranean Sea]] with [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] and [[Israel]] on the right side.]]
The New-state solution to the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]] proposes to [[Conflict resolution|resolve]] the conflict by establishing a new [[city-state]] on the [[Sinai Peninsula]] along the [[Mediterranean Sea]] close to [[Arish]]. The implementation of a New-state solution would involve the establishment of a [[Democracy|democratic]] [[independent state|independent]] [[Sovereign state|sovereign]] [[State of Palestine]] away from the [[State of Israel]]
==See also==
Line 243 ⟶ 240:
== References ==
{{reflist|
<!--ref name="WoodheadReport1938">{{cite web|title=Woodhead commission report |url=https://archive.org/details/WoodheadCommission|quote=(p. 236) FINANCE...we found that it was impossible, whatever boundaries we might recommend, to set up an Arab State which should be self-supporting.... deficits of £P.610,000 per annum for the Arab State (including Trans-Jordan) and of £P.460,000 per annum for the Mandated Territories, but a surplus of £P.600,Q00 per annum for the (p. 237 ) Jewish State. We have found that it is not possible to call upon the Jewish State for a direct subvention to the Arab State, and neither practicable nor equitable to set up an Arab State with a budget so very far from being balanced. We conclude that, if partition is to be carried out, there is no alternative but that Parliament should be asked to provide, in some form, sufficient assistance to enable the Arab State to balance its budget. (p. 246)...CONCLUSION ... The question whether partition is practicable involves considerations of two kinds : practical and political. The former concern chiefly finance and economics ;.... But the financial and economic difficulties, ..., are of such a nature that we can find no possible way to overcome them within our terms of reference. ... we have proposed, ... a modification of partition which, ... seems to us, subject to certain reservations, to form a satisfactory basis of settlement, if His Majesty's Government are prepared to accept the very considerable financial liability involved. There remain the political difficulties. .... But there is still the possibility that both sides may be willing to accept a reasonable compromise.}}</ref-->
}}
== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Ashton |first=Nigel |title=King Hussein of Jordan |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-300-09167-0 |editor-last= |editor-first= |edition= |___location=New Haven and London}} No Google Books preview (August 2024).
* {{Cite journal |
* {{Cite book |title=Routledge Handbook on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |year=2015 |isbn=9781138925373 |editor-last=Peters |editor-first=Joel |___location=London and New York |editor-last2=Newman |editor-first2=David}} No Google Books preview (August 2024).
* {{Cite book |last=Quandt |first=William B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Jm0YNKvQsAC&pg=PA261 |title=Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict Since 1967 |publisher=Brookings Institution Press and University of California Press |year=2005 |isbn=9780520246317 |edition=3rd |___location=Washington, D.C., Berkeley and Los Angeles |pages=
▲* {{Cite book |last=Quandt |first=William B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Jm0YNKvQsAC&pg=PA261 |title=Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict Since 1967 |publisher=Brookings Institution Press and University of California Press |year=2005 |isbn=9780520246317 |edition=3rd |___location=Washington, D.C., Berkeley and Los Angeles |pages=261-262 |access-date=26 August 2024}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://www.routledge.com/Routledge-Companion-to-the-Israeli-Palestinian-Conflict/Siniver/p/book/9781032249018?srsltid=AfmBOopGWVNEf14__LcSfzP7lIz9YmpO5mWbE94WOdz673A6k29oyX2j |title=Routledge Companion to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-032-24901-8 |editor-last=Siniver |editor-first=Asaf |___location=Abingdon and New York}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Sharnoff |first=Michael |date=2024 |title=Visualizing Palestine in Arab postage stamps:
* {{Cite journal |last=Shemesh |first=Moshe |date=2010 |title=On Two Parallel
▲* {{Cite journal |last=Shemesh |first=Moshe |date=2010 |title=On Two Parallel Tracks—The Secret Jordanian-Israeli Talks (July 1967–September 1973) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/isr.2010.15.3.87?read-now=1&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents |journal=Israel Studies |publisher=Indiana University Press |volume=15 |issue=3 |access-date=26 August 2024 |via=JSTOR}}
* {{Cite book |last=Shlaim |first=Avi |url= |title=Lion of Jordan: The Life of King Hussein in War and Peace |publisher=[[Knopf]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4000-4305-7 |___location=New York}}
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