Tom Fletcher and Duchy of Luxembourg: Difference between pages

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[[Image:Coat of arms counts of Luxembourg.png|thumb|125px|right|[[Coat of arms]] of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg]]''For other uses of Luxembourg see [[Luxembourg (disambiguation).]]''

{{Infobox solo

|name = Tom Fletcher

|born = {{birth date and age|1985|7|17}}

|origin = {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Harrow, London|Harrow]], [[London]], [[England]]

|instrument = [[Rhythm guitar]], [[piano]], [[singing|vocals]], [[Electronic keyboard|keyboard]]

|music_genre = [[Pop music|Pop/Rock]]

|years_active = 2004—present

|record_label = [[Island Records|Island]]

| website = [http://www.mcflyofficial.com www.mcflyofficial.com]

}}'''Thomas Michael Fletcher''', commonly known as '''Tom Fletcher''' (born [[July 17]], [[1985]] in [[Harrow, London|Harrow]], [[London]], [[England]]) is one of the lead vocalists and guitarists in the [[United Kingdom|British]] [[pop music|pop]] band [[McFly]], along with fellow band members [[Danny Jones]], [[Dougie Poynter]] and [[Harry Judd]]. McFly rose to fame after fellow band [[Busted (band)|Busted]] helped launch them by inviting them to tour in March 2004.

The historical region of '''Luxembourg''' belonged to the Roman province of [[Germania Inferior]]. After the invasion of the [[Germanic tribes]] from the East, Luxembourg became part of the [[Francian Empire]], and was later made part of [[Middle Francia]].

==McFly==

Along with [[Danny Jones]], Fletcher plays [[guitar]] for [[McFly]], and also shares lead [[vocals]] with Jones, and [[Dougie Poynter]] on the bass and backing vocals and [[Harry Judd]] on the drums. He created McFly shortly after not being chosen for the successful English band [[Busted (band)|Busted]]. He also writes the majority of McFly's music with Jones, Poynter and Judd. James Bourne formerly of Busted has assisted with songwriting on occasions.

==SongwritingHistory==

===Ancient history before 963===

Fletcher has penned nine number-one singles: "Crashed The Wedding" and "Who's David" for Busted. "[[Five Colours in Her Hair]]" (Bourne, Jones, Fletcher), "[[Obviously]]" (Fletcher, Jones, Bourne), "[[All About You/You've Got a Friend|All About You]]" (Fletcher), "[[I'll Be OK]]" (Fletcher, Jones, Poynter), "[[Please, Please]]" (Fletcher, Jones, Poynter, Judd) and "[[Star Girl]]" were all written for his band McFly. He has also co-written eight of the songs on Busted's second album, ''[[A Present for Everyone]]'', as well as all bar one ("Not Alone" - Jones) of the tracks on McFly's debut album, ''[[Room on the 3rd Floor]]''. The album shot straight to number one in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] charts, as did the second album ''[[Wonderland (McFly album)|Wonderland]]''. The second album included the track "She Falls Asleep", an epic track about a suicidal girl in which Fletcher sings and plays piano. He helped rewrite the theme tune for the newest ''[[Thunderbirds (movie)|Thunderbirds]]'' along with James Bourne, which was a number one single for Busted.

[[Image:Early settlements in LuxbrgCity-english.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Early settlements in the area of today [[Luxembourg City]] before the 10th century with the church Saint-Saveur, today Saint-Michel, built in 987.]]

The first known reference to the territory in modern Luxembourg was by [[Julius Caesar]] in his ''[[Commentarii de Bello Gallico|Commentaries on the Gallic War]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09465a.htm |title=Luxembourg |accessdate=2006-07-30 |year=1913 |publisher=Catholic Encyclopaedia }}</ref> Modern historians explain the etymology of the word ''Luxembourg'' as coming from the word ''Letze'', meaning fortification {{Fact|date=March 2007}} which might have referred to either the remains of a Roman watchtower or to a primitive refuge of the early [[Middle Ages]].

Fletcher's influences are musicals, [[John Williams (composer)|John Williams]], [[The Beach Boys]], [[The Beatles]], [[The Who]] and various new artists such as Green Day.

===County (963-1353)===

==Acting==

In the year [[963]], Count [[Siegfried I of Luxembourg|Siegfried]] of the [[House of Ardennes]] purchased some land from the [[abbot]] Wikerus of [[Abbey of saint Maximin|Saint Maximin]] in [[Trier]]. This land was centered around a ruined, supposedly [[Roman Empire|roman]], [[fortification|fort]] by the [[latin]] name of ''Lucilinburhuc'' (which is commonly translated as little [[castle]]). In the following years Siegfried had a new castle built on the site of these ruins, on a rock that would later be called ''Bock Fiels''. This castle dominated a stretch of the old roman road linking [[Reims]], Arlon and [[Trier]], which also opened some prospects for trade and taxation. Despite this new construction it seems that Siegfried and his immediate successors did not make the castle their primary residence. The history of Luxembourg proper began with the construction of this castle.

Tom attended [[Sylvia Young Theatre School ]] and played "Oliver" in the westend musical.

Tom was also featured in a short film on AIDS awareness, appeared in a TV commercial for Curry's and was once an extra in [[Eastenders]]. He played a character called Dean. He appears briefly in the video for the 1995 Mike & The Mechanics song 'Over My Shoulder' (available for viewing on Youtube).

In following years, a small town and market grew around the new castle. The first inhabitants were probably servants of count Siegfried and clergy of Saint Michael's church. This settlement soon received additional protection by the construction of a first, partial [[city wall]] and [[moat]].

Tom has also appeared, with the rest of [[McFly]], in the film [[Just My Luck]] ''(2006)'', which also stars [[Lindsay Lohan]] and [[Chris Pine]].

In addition to the small town near ''Bock Fiels'' and the roman road, another settlement was formed in the Alzette Valley (today the [[Grund, Luxembourg|Grund]] quarter). By [[1083]] this lower town contained two churches, two bridges of the rivers [[Alzette]] and [[Petruss]]. Its inhabitants pursued various professions including fishery, bakers and millers. That same year the [[Benedictine]] abbey of [[Altmünster abbey|Altmünster]] was founded by count [[Conrad I of Luxembourg|Conrad]] on the hill behind Luxembourg castle.

[[Henri III of Luxembourg|Henry III]] was the first count known to have established his permanent residence in Luxembourg castle. In a document from the year [[1089]] he is referred to as ''comes Henricus de Lutzeleburg'', which also makes him the first documented count of Luxembourg.

==External links==

*[http://www.mcflyofficial.com McFly official site]

Around this fort, the town gradually developed, which became the centre of a small but important state of great strategic value to [[France]], [[Germany]] and the [[Low Countries]]. Luxembourg's fortress, was steadily enlarged and strengthened over the years by successive owners, which made it one of the strongest fortresses on the European continent. Its formidable defences and strategic ___location caused it to become known as the [[Gibraltar of the North]].

[[Category:1985 births|Fletcher, Tom]]

[[Category:Living people|Fletcher, Tom]]

[[Category:English guitarists|Fletcher, Tom]]

[[Category:English male singers|Fletcher, Tom]]

[[Category:English pianists|Fletcher, Tom]]

[[Category:English pop singers|Fletcher, Tom]]

[[Category:British pop pianists|Fletcher, Tom]]

[[Category:McFly|Fletcher, Tom]]

[[Category:Members of boy bands|Fletcher, Tom]]

[[Category:People from London|Fletcher, Tom]]

The [[House of Luxembourg]] provided several [[Holy Roman Emperor]]s, Kings of [[Bohemia]], as well as [[Archbishop]]s of [[Trier]] and [[Mainz]]. From the early Middle Ages to the [[Renaissance]], Luxembourg bore multiple names, depending on the author. These include Lucilinburhuc, Lutzburg, Lützelburg, Luccelemburc, Lichtburg, among others.

===Duchy (1353-1790)===

[[Image:LuxembourgPartitionsMap_english.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The [[Partitions of Luxembourg]] have over the years greatly reduced Luxembourg's territory.]]

Luxembourg remained an independent [[fief]] (county) of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] until [[1354]], when the emperor [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles IV]] elevated it to the status of a [[duchy]] for his brother [[Wenceslaus I of Luxembourg|Wenceslaus]]. The [[duke|duchy]] of Luxembourg was formed in [[1353]] by integration of the old [[county of Luxembourg]], the [[margrave|marquisat]] of [[Arlon]], the [[count|counties]] of [[Durbuy]] and [[La Roche en Ardenne|Laroche]] as well as the districts of [[Thionville]], [[Bitburg]] and [[Marville, Meuse|Marville]]. The county of [[Vianden]] can also be included as it had been a [[vassal]] of the counts and dukes of Luxembourg since about [[July 31]], [[1264]].

{{UK-singer-stub}}

The Duchy passed to the [[Dukes of Burgundy]] of the [[House of Valois]], and to the [[Archdukes of Austria|Archduke of Austria]] of the [[House of Habsburg]] and was made an integral part of the [[Burgundian Circle]], an [[Imperial Circle]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] by [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]] in the [[Pragmatic Sanction of 1549]].

{{McFly}}

In [[1790]], French revolutionaries ended this situation. Only at the [[Congress of Vienna]] in [[1815]] this situation was resolved, as the [[Duchy of Luxembourg]] was upgraded to a [[Grand Duchy]], and given to [[William I of the Netherlands]] in a [[personal union]] with the [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands]].

===Grand duchy (1815-Present)===

[[pl:Tom Fletcher]]

:''See main article: [[History of Luxembourg]]''

==Rulers==

:''See main article: [[List of Counts, Dukes and Grand Dukes of Luxembourg]] and [[Prime Ministers of Luxembourg]]''

==See also==

*[[Counts, Dukes and Grand Dukes of Luxembourg]]

*[[History of Luxembourg]]

*[[Grand Ducal Family of Luxembourg]]

*[[Prime Ministers of Luxembourg]]

*[[Coat of arms of Luxembourg]]

==References==

* Ermesinde et l'affranchissement de la ville de Luxembourg; Etudes sur la femme, le pouvoir et la ville au XIIIe siècle, sous la direction de Michel Margue, Publications du Musée d'Histoire de la Ville de Luxembourg, Publications du CLUDEM tome 7, Luxembourg 1994.

* Tatsachen aus der Geschichte des Luxemburger Landes, Dr. P. J. Müller, Luxemburg 1963, Verlag "de Frendeskres", Imprimerie Bourg-Bourger.

* Vivre au Moyen Age: Luxembourg, Metz et Trèves; Etudes sur l'histoire et l'archéologie urbaines, sous la direction du Musée d'Histoire de la Ville de Luxembourg, Publications Scientifiques du Musée d'Histoire de la Ville de Luxembourg, tome 2, Luxembourg 1998.

{{Burgundian Circle}}

[[Category:960s establishments]]

[[Category:History of Luxembourg]]

[[Category:County of Luxembourg| ]]

[[Category:Duchy of Luxembourg| ]]

[[Category:Grand Duchy of Luxembourg| ]]

[[Category:States of the Holy Roman Empire|Luxembourg]]

[[Category:Burgundian circle|Luxemburg]]

[[Category:Seventeen Provinces|Luxemburg]]