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[[Image:Coat of arms counts of Luxembourg.png|thumb|125px|right|[[Coat of arms]] of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg]]''For other uses of Luxembourg see [[Luxembourg (disambiguation).]]''
{{Football player infobox |
playername = Glenn Roeder |
image = |
fullname = Glenn Victor Roeder |
nickname = |
dateofbirth = [[December 13]], [[1955]] |
cityofbirth = [[Woodford]] |
countryofbirth = [[England]] |
currentclub = [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]] |
position = [[Coach (sport)|Manager]]<br>(former [[Defender (football)|Defender]]) |
years = 1973-1978</br>1978-1983<br>1983</br>1983-1989<br>1989-1992<br>1992<br>1992-1993 |
clubs = [[Leyton Orient]]</br>[[QPR]]<br>[[Notts County]] (loan)</br>[[Newcastle United]]<br>{{fc|Watford}}<br>[[Leyton Orient]]<br>{{fc|Gillingham}}<br>'''Total'''
| caps(goals) = 115 (4)</br>157 (17)<br>4 (0)</br>193 (8)<br>78 (2)<br>8 (0)<br>6 (0)<br>'''561 (31)'''
| youthyears = |
youthclubs = |
nationalyears = |
nationalteam = [[England national football team (B)|England B]] |
nationalcaps(goals) = 7 (0) |
manageryears = 1992-1993<br>1993-1996<br>2001-2003<br>2006- |
managerclubs = {{fc|Gillingham}} ''(player-manager)''<br>{{fc|Watford}}<br>[[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]]<br>[[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]] |
managercaps(goals) = |
pcupdate = 12/10/06|
ntupdate = |
}}
The historical region of '''Luxembourg''' belonged to the Roman province of [[Germania Inferior]]. After the invasion of the [[Germanic tribes]] from the East, Luxembourg became part of the [[Francian Empire]], and was later made part of [[Middle Francia]].
'''Glenn Victor Roeder''', (born [[December 13]] [[1955]] in [[Woodford]] [[Essex]]), is an [[England|English]] [[football (soccer)|football]] manager and former player. He is currently the manager of [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]], having been appointed officially on [[May 16]], [[2006]] after a successful three-month spell as [[caretaker manager]]. As a player, Roeder represented [[England national football team (B)|England B]] on 7 occasions.
==Playing careerHistory==
===Ancient history before 963===
Roeder began his playing career as a classy ball-playing defender at [[Leyton Orient F.C.]] before moving to [[Queens Park Rangers F.C.]] where he captained them in the [[1982]] [[FA Cup Final]] but sensationally missed the replay due to suspension picked up some weeks earlier. In [[1984]] he was transferred to [[Newcastle United]], where he made close to 200 appearances during his 5 years at the club. It was during this period he was famed for his shuffle, a smart stepover which he used to extricate himself from numerous tight spots. Roeder finished his playing career with a two year spell at [[Watford F.C.|Watford]] followed by a 6 game stint at [[Gillingham F.C.|Gillingham]], whom he had joined as player-manager.
[[Image:Early settlements in LuxbrgCity-english.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Early settlements in the area of today [[Luxembourg City]] before the 10th century with the church Saint-Saveur, today Saint-Michel, built in 987.]]
The first known reference to the territory in modern Luxembourg was by [[Julius Caesar]] in his ''[[Commentarii de Bello Gallico|Commentaries on the Gallic War]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09465a.htm |title=Luxembourg |accessdate=2006-07-30 |year=1913 |publisher=Catholic Encyclopaedia }}</ref> Modern historians explain the etymology of the word ''Luxembourg'' as coming from the word ''Letze'', meaning fortification {{Fact|date=March 2007}} which might have referred to either the remains of a Roman watchtower or to a primitive refuge of the early [[Middle Ages]].
==Early management: Gillingham and Watford==
Roeder spent only one season as manager of [[Gillingham F.C.|Gillingham]], during which time he led the side to 13 wins in 51 games and saw them finish second from bottom of the Football League, escaping relegation after winning against bottom club Halifax on the final day of the season. After [[Steve Perryman]]'s dismissal, Roeder was hired as the new manager of his former club, [[Watford F.C.|Watford]], at the start of the [[1993]]/[[1994|94]] season. In his second season with Watford he almost took the side to the play-offs, eventually finishing just one place outside them. However, he was sacked in February [[1996]] as the side were struggling near the bottom of the [[Football League First Division|First Division]]. His replacement, [[Graham Taylor (football manager)|Graham Taylor]], was unable to prevent the side from being relegated.
===County (963-1353)===
==West Ham, relegation and illness==
In the year [[963]], Count [[Siegfried I of Luxembourg|Siegfried]] of the [[House of Ardennes]] purchased some land from the [[abbot]] Wikerus of [[Abbey of saint Maximin|Saint Maximin]] in [[Trier]]. This land was centered around a ruined, supposedly [[Roman Empire|roman]], [[fortification|fort]] by the [[latin]] name of ''Lucilinburhuc'' (which is commonly translated as little [[castle]]). In the following years Siegfried had a new castle built on the site of these ruins, on a rock that would later be called ''Bock Fiels''. This castle dominated a stretch of the old roman road linking [[Reims]], Arlon and [[Trier]], which also opened some prospects for trade and taxation. Despite this new construction it seems that Siegfried and his immediate successors did not make the castle their primary residence. The history of Luxembourg proper began with the construction of this castle.
Roeder spent the next five years as a coach with both England and West Ham before being given another opportunity at management. Following West Ham's failure to attract either [[Alan Curbishley]] or [[Steve McClaren]] as replacements for the recently departed [[Harry Redknapp]], Roeder, who was Youth Team coach acting as caretaker-manager, was appointed as West Ham's new manager in the summer of [[2001]]. In the second half of that season he took West Ham to 7th in the Premiership.
In following years, a small town and market grew around the new castle. The first inhabitants were probably servants of count Siegfried and clergy of Saint Michael's church. This settlement soon received additional protection by the construction of a first, partial [[city wall]] and [[moat]].
The following season, 2002/2003, he signed [[Tomas Repka]] for about £5 million, [[David James (footballer)|David James]] from [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]] for around £2 million and [[Don Hutchison]] from [[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]] for around £5 Million. David James was injured on international duty and was out for months before he could play for West Ham, Tomas Repka had serious disiplinary problems and Don Hutchison turned out to be a injury-prone flop on his second spell with the club.
In addition to the small town near ''Bock Fiels'' and the roman road, another settlement was formed in the Alzette Valley (today the [[Grund, Luxembourg|Grund]] quarter). By [[1083]] this lower town contained two churches, two bridges of the rivers [[Alzette]] and [[Petruss]]. Its inhabitants pursued various professions including fishery, bakers and millers. That same year the [[Benedictine]] abbey of [[Altmünster abbey|Altmünster]] was founded by count [[Conrad I of Luxembourg|Conrad]] on the hill behind Luxembourg castle.
Due to injuries to [[Paolo Di Canio]] and [[Frédéric Kanouté]]'s personal problems, Roeder was forced to play a young [[Jermain Defoe]] up front on his own. As the season became more desperate, the team resorted to playing direct, long ball football to Defoe, who struggled in this position. Roeder also struggled with a very small squad, only just managing to field a first eleven at times.
[[Henri III of Luxembourg|Henry III]] was the first count known to have established his permanent residence in Luxembourg castle. In a document from the year [[1089]] he is referred to as ''comes Henricus de Lutzeleburg'', which also makes him the first documented count of Luxembourg.
West Ham were bottom at Christmas and at that time no team had avoided relegation from that postion. Despite the January signings of [[Rufus Brevett]] and [[Lee Bowyer]] on a short-term deal and the best efforts of Sir Trevor Brooking in the last few games, the team was relegated from the Premiership.
Around this fort, the town gradually developed, which became the centre of a small but important state of great strategic value to [[France]], [[Germany]] and the [[Low Countries]]. Luxembourg's fortress, was steadily enlarged and strengthened over the years by successive owners, which made it one of the strongest fortresses on the European continent. Its formidable defences and strategic ___location caused it to become known as the [[Gibraltar of the North]].
On [[April 21]] [[2003]], whilst West Ham were battling to remain in the [[FA Premier League]], Roeder collapsed in his office due to a [[brain tumour]]. After taking the rest of the season off he returned to manage the side at the start of the next season. However, after a poor start in the First Division, Roeder was sacked by the newly relegated side on [[August 24]] [[2003]].
The [[House of Luxembourg]] provided several [[Holy Roman Emperor]]s, Kings of [[Bohemia]], as well as [[Archbishop]]s of [[Trier]] and [[Mainz]]. From the early Middle Ages to the [[Renaissance]], Luxembourg bore multiple names, depending on the author. These include Lucilinburhuc, Lutzburg, Lützelburg, Luccelemburc, Lichtburg, among others.
==Newcastle United==
After nearly two years out of the game, he returned to football in June 2005 when he was named youth-development manager of [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]]. When [[Graeme Souness]] was sacked as Newcastle manager in February 2006, Roeder was appointed caretaker manager, with striker [[Alan Shearer]] as his assistant. He was able to spectacularly turn the Magpies' season around, rescuing them from near the foot of the table to finish 7th in the Premiership with a place in the [[Intertoto Cup]].
===Duchy (1353-1790)===
[[Freddy Shepherd]], Newcastle United's chairman, consequently named Roeder as first in line to become full-time manager at the club, on condition that Newcastle obtain [[dispensation]] from the FA Premier League to allow Roeder to continue without the mandatory [[UEFA Pro Licence]]. Newcastle claim exceptional circumstances as Roeder was halfway to gaining the licence when he suffered his brain tumour.
[[Image:LuxembourgPartitionsMap_english.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The [[Partitions of Luxembourg]] have over the years greatly reduced Luxembourg's territory.]]
The Premier League at first rejected Newcastle's request on [[3 May]] [[2006]], the organisation had little choice, as they are bound by UEFA rules. However, Freddy Shepherd lobbied his fellow chairmen and they voted in favour of Roeder being allowed to gain the correct licence while in the job.
Luxembourg remained an independent [[fief]] (county) of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] until [[1354]], when the emperor [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles IV]] elevated it to the status of a [[duchy]] for his brother [[Wenceslaus I of Luxembourg|Wenceslaus]]. The [[duke|duchy]] of Luxembourg was formed in [[1353]] by integration of the old [[county of Luxembourg]], the [[margrave|marquisat]] of [[Arlon]], the [[count|counties]] of [[Durbuy]] and [[La Roche en Ardenne|Laroche]] as well as the districts of [[Thionville]], [[Bitburg]] and [[Marville, Meuse|Marville]]. The county of [[Vianden]] can also be included as it had been a [[vassal]] of the counts and dukes of Luxembourg since about [[July 31]], [[1264]].
A press conference was held on [[16 May]] [[2006]], in which Roeder was introduced as the new manager and signed a two year contract. <ref name="Appointment">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/n/newcastle_united/4770157.stm "Roeder named as Newcastle manager"] - BBC News, May 16 </ref> On [[June 1]] [[2006]], Roeder appointed [[Kevin Bond (footballer)|Kevin Bond]] as his assistant. Roeder had worked with Bond at [[West Ham United|West Ham]] where Bond was a scout. Roeder believed the two of them work well together, however Bond's contract at the club was terminated after allegations he was prepared to take bungs for players whilst at [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]]. [[Lee Clark]] was also appointed first team coach on the same day.
The Duchy passed to the [[Dukes of Burgundy]] of the [[House of Valois]], and to the [[Archdukes of Austria|Archduke of Austria]] of the [[House of Habsburg]] and was made an integral part of the [[Burgundian Circle]], an [[Imperial Circle]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] by [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]] in the [[Pragmatic Sanction of 1549]].
On the [[22nd October]] [[2006]], Roeder announced that, [[Middlesbrough F.C.|ex-Middlesbrough]] player and recent care-taker manager of [[West Bromwich Albion|West Brom]], [[Nigel Pearson]] would be his new assistant manager. It is rumoured that Pearson turned down many other clubs, including the chance to manage [[Sheffield Wednesday]] in order to work with Roeder.
In [[1790]], French revolutionaries ended this situation. Only at the [[Congress of Vienna]] in [[1815]] this situation was resolved, as the [[Duchy of Luxembourg]] was upgraded to a [[Grand Duchy]], and given to [[William I of the Netherlands]] in a [[personal union]] with the [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands]].
===Grand duchy (1815-Present)===
Roeder is currently the target of fan anger over slipping performances by what is seen as one of the weakest Newcastle sides in years, especially the back four of [[Celestine Babayaro]], [[Titus Bramble]] and [[Stephen Carr]]. Bramble in particular is seen as the weak link of the team due to many lapses in his recent games. Whether he will remain in the job is yet to be seen as a similar campaign drove former manager [[Graeme Souness]] out just last year.
:''See main article: [[History of Luxembourg]]''
==Rulers==
After the 1-0 defeat to Sheffield United at home on Saturday 2/11/06, there was a huge fan protest out side St. James', that was shown live on [[Sky]] channel [[PremPlus]], many of whom would like the chairman, [[Freddy Shepherd]] to leave the club due to his poor decisions on appointing managers.
:''See main article: [[List of Counts, Dukes and Grand Dukes of Luxembourg]] and [[Prime Ministers of Luxembourg]]''
Roeder has also been widely criticised for dropping spaniard [[Albert Luque]] from the starting XI after he scored in Newcastle's shock 1-0 victory over [[Palermo]] in [[Italy]], and choosing to play rookie loanee [[Giuseppe Rossi]] upfront on his own.
It is beleived Roeder will keep his job at least until the end of the transfer window.
Alan Shearer commented on [[BBC's]] [[Match of the Day]] "the problem before was Newcastle were conceding at the back, but they were still scoring upfront, but now they havn't got anybody to score goals, so they're gonna have to buy in the transfer window."
[[Shearer]] also said that a new manager won't solve the problem for Newcastle, as there are too many injuries, the same excuse used by ex magpies manager [[Graeme Souness]].
==See also==
After a run of poor results in the 2006/2007 seasons leaving [[Newcastle United]] second from bottom in the [[FA Premier League]] table Roeder is set to have a crisis meeting with chairman [[Freddy Shepherd]].
*[[Counts, Dukes and Grand Dukes of Luxembourg]]
*[[History of Luxembourg]]
*[[Grand Ducal Family of Luxembourg]]
*[[Prime Ministers of Luxembourg]]
*[[Coat of arms of Luxembourg]]
==References==
* Ermesinde et l'affranchissement de la ville de Luxembourg; Etudes sur la femme, le pouvoir et la ville au XIIIe siècle, sous la direction de Michel Margue, Publications du Musée d'Histoire de la Ville de Luxembourg, Publications du CLUDEM tome 7, Luxembourg 1994.
<references/>
* Tatsachen aus der Geschichte des Luxemburger Landes, Dr. P. J. Müller, Luxemburg 1963, Verlag "de Frendeskres", Imprimerie Bourg-Bourger.
* Vivre au Moyen Age: Luxembourg, Metz et Trèves; Etudes sur l'histoire et l'archéologie urbaines, sous la direction du Musée d'Histoire de la Ville de Luxembourg, Publications Scientifiques du Musée d'Histoire de la Ville de Luxembourg, tome 2, Luxembourg 1998.
{{Burgundian Circle}}
[[Category:960s establishments]]
{{start box}}
[[Category:History of Luxembourg]]
{{succession box|
[[Category:County of Luxembourg| ]]
before=[[Damien Richardson]]|
[[Category:Duchy of Luxembourg| ]]
title=[[Gillingham F.C.|Gillingham Manager]]|
[[Category:Grand Duchy of Luxembourg| ]]
years=[[1992]]-[[1993]]|
[[Category:States of the Holy Roman Empire|Luxembourg]]
after=[[Mike Flanagan (footballer)|Mike Flanagan]]
[[Category:Burgundian circle|Luxemburg]]
}}
[[Category:Seventeen Provinces|Luxemburg]]
{{succession box|
before=[[Steve Perryman]]|
title=[[Watford F.C.|Watford Manager]]|
years=[[1993]]-[[1996]]|
after=[[Graham Taylor (football manager)|Graham Taylor]]
}}
{{succession box|
before=[[Harry Redknapp]]|
title=[[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United Manager]]|
years=[[2001]]-[[2003]]|
after=[[Trevor Brooking]] (caretaker)
}}
{{succession box|
before=[[Graeme Souness]]|
title=[[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United Manager]]|
years=[[2006]]-|
after=''[[Incumbent]]''
}}
{{end box}}
[[Category:English footballers|Roeder, Glenn]]
[[Category:Leyton Orient F.C. players|Roeder, Glenn]]
[[Category:Queens Park Rangers F.C. players|Roeder, Glenn]]
[[Category:Notts County F.C. players|Roeder, Glenn]]
[[Category:Newcastle United F.C. players|Roeder, Glenn]]
[[Category:Watford F.C. players|Roeder, Glenn]]
[[Category:Gillingham F.C. players|Roeder, Glenn]]
[[Category:Newcastle United F.C. captains|Roeder, Glenn]]
[[Category:English football managers|Roeder, Glenn]]
[[Category:Gillingham F.C. managers|Roeder, Glenn]]
[[Category:Watford F.C. managers|Roeder, Glenn]]
[[Category:West Ham United F.C. managers|Roeder, Glenn]]
[[Category:Newcastle United F.C. managers|Roeder, Glenn]]
[[Category:FA Premier League managers|Roeder, Glenn]]
[[Category:1955 births|Roeder, Glenn]]
[[Category:Living people|Roeder, Glenn]]
[[Category:Natives of Essex|Roeder, Glenn]]
[[Category:People from Woodford|Roeder, Glenn]]
{{Newcastle United F.C. Squad}}
[[de:Glenn Roeder]]
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