Content deleted Content added
mNo edit summary |
m rv back 8 edits to fix vandalism |
||
Line 1:
{{Infobox Anatomy |
Name = Liver |
Latin = |
GraySubject = 250 |
GrayPage = 1188 |
Image = Leber Schaf.jpg |
Caption = Liver of a [[sheep]]: (1) right lobe, (2) left lobe, (3) caudate lobe, (4) quadrate lobe, (5) hepatic artery and portal vein, (6) hepatic lymph nodes, (7) gall bladder. |
Image2 = Gray1224.png |
Caption2 = Position of the liver (red) in the abdomen.|
Width = 240 |
Precursor = [[foregut]] |
System = |
Artery = [[hepatic artery]] |
Vein = [[hepatic vein]], [[portal vein]] |
Nerve = [[celiac ganglia]], [[vagus]]<ref>{{GeorgiaPhysiology|6/6ch2/s6ch2_30}}</ref> |
Lymph = |
MeshName = Liver |
MeshNumber = A03.620 |
DorlandsPre = |
DorlandsSuf = |
}}
The '''liver''' is an [[organ (anatomy)|organ]] present in [[vertebrate]]s and some other animals. It plays a major role in [[metabolism]] and has a number of functions in the body, including [[glycogen]] storage, [[plasma protein]] synthesis, and drug detoxification. This organ also is the largest [[gland]] in the [[human anatomy|human body]]. It lies below the diaphragm in the thoracic region of the abdomen.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.kmle.com/search.php?Search=liver | title = ''KMLE Medical Dictionary Definition of liver'' | author = [http://www.kmle.com KMLE Medical Dictionary]}} Retrieved 2007-02-16</ref> It produces [[bile]], an alkaline compound which aids in [[digestion]]. It also performs and regulates a wide variety of high-volume biochemical reactions requiring specialized [[biological tissue|tissues]].
Medical terms related to the liver often start in ''hepato-'' or ''hepatic'' from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word for liver, ''hēpar'' (ήπαρ<ref>The Greek word ''"ήπαρ"'' was derived from ''hēpaomai'' (''[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?layout.reflang=greek;layout.refembed=2;layout.refwordcount=1;layout.refdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0058;layout.reflookup=h%29ph%2Fsasqai;layout.refcit=entry%3Dh%29pa%2Fomai;doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2347442 ηπάομαι]''): to mend, to repair, hence ''hēpar''
actually means ''"repairable"'', indicating that this organ can regenerate itself spontaneously in the case of lesion. </ref>).
==Anatomy==
The adult human liver normally weighs between 1.7 - 3.0 [[kilogram]]s (3.5 - 6.5 pounds), and it is a soft, pinkish-brown "[[boomerang]] shaped" organ. It is the second [[largest body part|largest organ]] (the largest organ being the [[skin]]) and the largest gland within the human body.
It is located on the right side of the upper [[human abdomen|abdomen]] below the [[diaphragm (anatomy)|diaphragm]]. The liver lies on the right of the stomach and makes a kind of bed for the [[gallbladder]] (which stores [[bile]]).
===Flow of blood===
The [[splenic vein]], joins the [[inferior mesenteric vein]], which then together join with the [[superior mesenteric vein]] to form the [[portal vein]], bringing venous [[blood]] from the [[spleen]], [[pancreas]], [[small intestine]], and [[large intestine]], so that the liver can process the [[nutrients]] and byproducts of food digestion.
The [[hepatic vein]]s drain directly into the [[inferior vena cava]].
The [[hepatic artery]] is generally a branch from the [[celiac trunk]], although occasionally some or all of the blood can be from other branches such as the [[superior mesenteric artery]].
Approximately 60% to 80% of the blood flow to the liver is from the portal venous system, and 1/4 is from the hepatic artery.
===Flow of bile===
The [[bile]] produced in the liver is collected in [[bile canaliculi]], which merge to form bile ducts.
These eventually drain into the right and left hepatic ducts, which in turn merge to form the [[common hepatic duct]]. The [[cystic duct]] (from the [[gallbladder]]) joins with the [[common hepatic duct]] to form the [[common bile duct]].
Bile can either drain directly into the [[duodenum]] via the [[common bile duct]] or be temporarily stored in the [[gallbladder]] via the cystic duct. The [[common bile duct]] and the [[pancreatic duct]] enter the [[duodenum]] together at the [[ampulla of Vater]].
The branchings of the [[bile duct]]s resemble those of a tree, and indeed the term "[[biliary tree]]" is commonly used in this setting.
===Regeneration===
The liver is among the few internal human organs capable of natural [[regeneration (biology)|regeneration]] of lost [[Biological tissue|tissue]]; as little as 25% of remaining liver can regenerate into a whole liver again. App. 67% of a liver can grow back in one week.
This is predominantly due to the [[hepatocyte]]s acting as unipotential [[stem cell]]s (i.e. a single [[hepatocyte]] can divide into two [[hepatocyte]] daughter cells). There is also some evidence of [[bipotential]] [[stem cell]]s, called [[oval cells]], which can differentiate into either [[hepatocytes]] or [[cholangiocytes]] (cells that line the [[bile ducts]]).
===Traditional (Surface) anatomy===
====Peritoneal ligaments====
Apart from a patch where it connects to the [[diaphragm (anatomy)|diaphragm]], the liver is covered entirely by [[visceral]] [[peritoneum]], a thin, double-layered [[Mesothelium|membrane]] that reduces [[friction]] against other organs. The [[peritoneum]] folds back on itself to form the [[falciform ligament]] and the [[right triangular ligament|right]] and [[left triangular ligament]]s.
These "[[ligaments]]" are in no way related to the true [[anatomic ligaments]] in [[joints]], and have essentially no functional importance, but they are easily recognizable surface landmarks.
====Lobes====
''Traditional'' gross anatomy divided the liver into four [[lobe]]s based on surface features.
The [[falciform ligament]] is visible on the front ([[anterior]] side) of the liver. This divides the liver into a [[left anatomical lobe]], and a [[right anatomical lobe]].
If the liver flipped over, to look at it from behind (the [[visceral]] surface), there are two additional lobes between the right and left. These are the [[caudate lobe]] (the more [[superior]]), and below this the [[quadrate lobe]].
From behind, the lobes are divided up by the [[ligamentum venosum]] and [[ligamentum teres]] (anything left of these is the left lobe), the [[transverse fissure]] (or ''[[porta hepatis]]'') divides the [[caudate]] from the [[quadrate lobe]], and the right [[sagittal fossa]], which the [[inferior vena cava]] runs over, separates these two lobes from the right lobe.
===Modern (Functional) anatomy===
The central area where the [[common bile duct]], [[portal vein]], and [[hepatic artery]] enter the liver is the [[hilum]] or "[[porta hepatis]]". The duct, vein, and artery divide into left and right branches, and the portions of the liver supplied by these branches constitute the functional left and right lobes.
The functional lobes are separated by a plane joining the gallbladder fossa to the inferior vena cava. This separates the liver into the true right and left lobes. The middle hepatic vein also demarcates the true right and left lobes. The right lobe is further divided into an [[anterior]] and [[posterior]] segment by the right hepatic vein. The left lobe is divided into the [[medial]] and [[latera]]l segments by the left hepatic vein. The fissure for the [[ligamentum teres]] (the ligamentum teres becomes the falciform ligament) also separates the medial and lateral segmants. The medial segment is what used to be called the [[quadrate lobe]]. In the widely used Couinaud or "French" system, the functional lobes are further divided into a total of eight subsegments based on a transverse plane through the bifurcation of the main portal vein. The [[caudate lobe]] is a separate structure which receives blood flow from both the right- and left-sided vascular branches.<ref>http://dpi.radiology.uiowa.edu/nlm/app/livertoc/liver/liver.html</ref><ref>http://www.uni-bonn.de/~umm705/quiz0403.htm</ref> The subsegments corresponding to the anatomical lobes are as follows:
{| cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0 border=1 style="border-collapse: collapse"
!bgcolor="#ffffff"| '''Segment*'''
!bgcolor="#cccccc"| '''Couinaud segments'''
|-
|bgcolor="#eeeeee"| Caudate
|align=center|1
|-
|bgcolor="#eeeeee"| Lateral
|align=center|2, 3
|-
|bgcolor="#eeeeee"| Medial
|align=center|4a, 4b
|-
|bgcolor="#eeeeee"| Right
|align=center| 5, 6, 7, 8
|}
*or lobe in the Caudate's case.
Each number in the list corresponds to one in the table.
<ol>
<li>Caudate</li>
<li>Superior subsegment of the lateral segment</li>
<li>Inferior subsegment of the lateral segment</li>
<li><ol type="a">
<li>Superior subsegment of the medial segment</li>
<li>Inferior subsegment of the medial segment</li>
</ol></li>
<li>Inferior subsegment of the anterior segment</li>
<li>Inferior subsegment of the posterior segment</li>
<li>Superior subsegment of the posterior segment</li>
<li>Superior subsegment of the anterior segment</li>
</ol>
==Physiology==
The various functions of the liver are carried out by the liver cells or [[hepatocyte]]s.
* The liver produces and excretes [[bile]] (a greenish liquid) required for emulsifying fats. Some of the bile drains directly into the [[duodenum]], and some is stored in the [[gallbladder]].
* The liver performs several roles in [[carbohydrate]] [[metabolism]]:
** ''[[Gluconeogenesis]]'' (the synthesis of [[glucose]] from certain [[amino acid]]s, [[lactic acid|lactate]] or [[glycerol]])
** ''[[Glycogenolysis]]'' (the breakdown of [[glycogen]] into [[glucose]]) (muscle tissues can also do this)
** ''[[Glycogenesis]]'' (the formation of glycogen from glucose)
** The breakdown of [[insulin]] and other [[hormone]]s
** The liver is responsible for the mainstay of protein [[metabolism]].
* The liver also performs several roles in [[lipid]] metabolism:
** ''[[Cholesterol]] synthesis''
** The production of [[triglyceride]]s (fats).
* The liver produces [[coagulation factors]] [[fibrinogen|I]] (fibrinogen), [[thrombin|II]] (prothrombin), [[factor V|V]], [[factor VII|VII]], [[factor IX|IX]], [[factor X|X]] and [[factor XI|XI]], as well as [[protein C]], [[protein S]] and [[antithrombin]].
* The liver breaks down [[hemoglobin]], creating [[metabolite]]s that are added to [[bile]] as pigment ([[bilirubin]] and [[biliverdin]]).
* The liver breaks down [[toxic]] substances and most medicinal products in a process called [[drug metabolism]]. This sometimes results in [[toxication]], when the metabolite is more toxic than its precursor.
* The liver converts [[ammonia]] to [[urea]].
* The liver stores a multitude of substances, including glucose in the form of [[glycogen]], [[vitamin B12]], [[iron]], and [[copper]].
* In the first trimester [[fetus]], the liver is the main site of [[red blood cell]] production. By the 32nd week of gestation, the [[bone marrow]] has almost completely taken over that task.
* The liver is responsible for immunological effects- the reticuloendothelial system of the liver contains many immunologically active cells, acting as a 'sieve' for antigens carried to it via the portal system.
Currently, there is no artificial organ or device capable of emulating all the functions of the liver. Some functions can be emulated by [[liver dialysis]], an experimental treatment for [[liver failure]].
==Diseases of the liver==
Many diseases of the liver are accompanied by [[jaundice]] caused by increased levels of [[bilirubin]] in the system. The bilirubin results from the breakup of the [[hemoglobin]] of dead [[red blood cell]]s; normally, the liver removes bilirubin from the blood and excretes it through bile.
* [[Hepatitis]], inflammation of the liver, caused mainly by various [[virus]]es but also by some poisons, autoimmunity or hereditary conditions.
* [[Cirrhosis]] is the formation of fibrous tissue in the liver, replacing dead liver cells. The death of the liver cells can for example be caused by viral hepatitis, [[alcoholism]] or contact with other liver-toxic chemicals.
* [[Hemochromatosis]], a hereditary disease causing the accumulation of [[iron]] in the body, eventually leading to liver damage.
* [[Cancer]] of the liver (primary [[hepatocellular carcinoma]] or [[cholangiocarcinoma]] and metastatic cancers, usually from other parts of the [[gastrointestinal tract]]).
* [[Wilson's disease]], a [[hereditary disease]] which causes the body to retain [[copper]].
* [[Primary sclerosing cholangitis]], an [[inflammation|inflammatory]] disease of the [[bile duct]], autoimmune in nature.
* [[Primary biliary cirrhosis]], autoimmune disease of small bile ducts
* [[Budd-Chiari syndrome]], obstruction of the hepatic vein.
* [[Gilbert's syndrome]], a genetic disorder of [[bilirubin]] metabolism, found in about 5% of the population.
* [[Glycogen storage disease type II]],The build-up of glycogen causes progressive muscle weakness (myopathy) throughout the body and affects various body tissues, particularly in the heart, skeletal muscles, liver and nervous system.
There are also many pediatric liver disease, including [[biliary atresia]], [[alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency]], [[alagille syndrome]], and [[progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis]], to name but a few.
A number of [[liver function tests]] are available to test the proper function of the liver. These test for the presence of enzymes in blood that are normally most abundant in liver tissue, metabolites or products.
==Liver transplantation==
{{main|Liver transplantation}}
Human liver transplant was first performed by [[Thomas Starzl]] in USA and [[Roy Calne]] in England in 1963 and 1965 respectively.
[[Liver transplantation]] is the only option for those with irreversible liver failure. Most transplants are done for chronic liver diseases leading to [[cirrhosis]], such as chronic hepatitis C, alcoholism, autoimmune hepatitis, and many others. Less commonly, liver transplantation is done for [[fulminant hepatic failure]], in which liver failure occurs over days to weeks.
Liver [[allograft]]s for [[organ transplantation|transplant]] usually come from non-living donors who have died from fatal brain injury. [[Living donor liver transplantation]] is a technique in which a portion of a living person's liver is removed and used to replace the entire liver of the recipient. This was first performed in [[1989]] for pediatric liver transplantation. Only 20% of an adult's liver (Couinaud segments 2 and 3) is needed to serve as a liver allograft for an infant or small child.
More recently, adult-to-adult liver transplantation has been done using the donor's right hepatic lobe which amounts to 60% of the liver. Due to the ability of the liver to [[regeneration (biology)|regenerate]], both the donor and recipient end up with normal liver function if all goes well. This procedure is more controversial as it entails performing a much larger operation on the donor, and indeed there have been at least 2 donor deaths out of the first several hundred cases. A recent publication has addressed the problem of donor mortality, and at least 14 cases have been found.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Bramstedt K | title = Living liver donor mortality: where do we stand? | journal = Am J Gastroenterol | volume = 101 | issue = 4 | pages = 755-9 | year = 2006 | id = PMID 16494593}}</ref> The risk of postoperative complications (and death) is far greater in right sided hepatectomy than left sided operations.
==Development==
The liver develops as an [[germ layer#Endoderm|endodermal]] outpocketing of the [[gut|foregut]] called the ''hepatic diverticulum''. Its initial blood supply is primarily from the [[vitelline vein]]s that drain blood from the [[yolk sac]]. The superior part of the hepatic diverticulum gives rise to the hepatocytes and bile ducts, while the inferior part becomes the [[gallbladder]] and its associated cystic duct.
===Fetal blood supply===
In the growing fetus, a major source of blood to the liver is the [[umbilical vein]] which supplies nutrients to the growing fetus. The umbilical vein enters the abdomen at the umbilicus, and passes upward along the free margin of the [[falciform ligament]] of the liver to the inferior surface of the liver. There it joins with the left branch of the portal vein. The [[ductus venosus]] carries blood from the left portal vein to the left hepatic vein and then to the [[inferior vena cava]], allowing placental blood to bypass the liver.
In the fetus, the liver develops throughout normal gestation, and does not perform the normal filtration of the infant liver. The liver does not perform digestive processes because the fetus does not consume meals directly, but receives nourishment from the mother via the [[placenta]]. The fetal liver releases some blood stem cells that migrate to the fetal [[thymus]], so initially the [[lymphocytes]], called [[T-cells]], are created from fetal liver stem cells. Once the fetus is delivered, the formation of blood stem cells in infants shifts to the red [[bone marrow]].
After birth, the umbilical vein and ductus venosus are completely obliterated two to five days postpartum; the former becomes the [[Round ligament of liver|ligamentum teres]] and the latter becomes the [[ligamentum venosum]]. In the disease state of [[cirrhosis]] and [[portal hypertension]], the umbilical vein can open up again.
==Liver as food==
{{nutritionalvalue | name=Pork liver | kJ=561 | protein=21 g | fat=3.7 g | carbs=2.5 g | iron_mg=23 | sodium_mg=87 | panthothenic_mg=6.7 | niacin_mg=15 | riboflavin_mg=3 | folate_ug=212 | vitB6_mg=0.7 | vitB12_ug=26 | vitA_ug=6500 | source_usda=1 | right=1
| note=Beef and chicken liver are comparable.}}
Mammal and bird livers are commonly eaten as food: products include [[liver paté]], [[Leberwurst]], [[Braunschweiger]], [[foie gras]], [[chopped liver]], [[leverpostej]] and liver [[sashimi]].
Both animal and fish livers are rich in iron and [[Retinol|Vitamin A]] and [[cod liver oil]] is commonly used as a supplement. Very high doses of Vitamin A can be [[toxic]]; [[Antarctica|Antarctic]] explorers [[Douglas Mawson]] and [[Xavier Mertz]] were both poisoned, the latter fatally, from eating [[Sled dog|husky]] liver. In the US, the USDA specifies 3000 μg per day as a tolerable upper limit, which amounts to about 50 g of raw pork liver or, as reported in a non scientific source, 3 g of polar-bear liver.<ref>[http://prof_anil_aggrawal.tripod.com/poiso032.html A. Aggrawal, Death by Vitamin A]</ref> However, acute vitamin A poisoning is not likely to result from liver consumption, since it is present in a less toxic form than in many dietary supplements.<ref>Myhre ''et al.'', "Water-miscible, emulsified, and solid forms of retinol supplements are more toxic than oil-based preparations", [http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/78/6/1152 Am. J. Clinical Nutrition'', '''78''', 1152 (2003)]</ref>
==Cultural allusions==
In [[Greek mythology]], [[Prometheus]] was punished by the gods for revealing fire to humans by being chained to a rock where a [[vulture]] (or an [[eagle]], [[Ethon]]) would peck out his liver, which would regenerate overnight. Curiously, the liver is the only human internal organ that actually can regenerate itself to a significant extent, a characteristic which may have already been known to the Greeks, possibly due to survived injuries in battle.
The [[Talmud]] (tractate Berakhot 61b) refers to the liver as the seat of [[anger]], with the [[gallbladder]] counteracting this.
In Arabic and Persian language, the liver is used in figurative speech to refer to courage and strong feelings, or "their best," e.g. "This [[Mecca]] has thrown to you the pieces of its liver!" <ref>http://www.shawuniversitymosque.org/m/faq_qanda.php?id=94</ref>
The legend of [[Liver-Eating Johnson]] says that he would cut out and eat the liver of each man killed.
In the motion picture ''[[Mohammad, Messenger of God (film)|The Message]]'', [[Hind bint Utbah]] is implied or portrayed eating the liver of [[Hamza ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib]] during the [[Battle of Uhud]].
[[Inuit]] will not eat the liver of [[polar bear]]s or [[Pinniped|seal]]s <ref>http://www.studentbmj.com/issues/02/05/life/158.php</ref>
==Further reading==
:The following are standard medical textbooks:
* Eugene R. Schiff, Michael F. Sorrell, Willis C. Maddrey, eds. ''Schiff's diseases of the liver'', 9th ed. Philadelphia : Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2003. ISBN 0-7817-3007-4
* Sheila Sherlock, James Dooley. ''Diseases of the liver and biliary system'', 11th ed. Oxford, UK ; Malden, MA : Blackwell Science. 2002. ISBN 0-632-05582-0
* David Zakim, Thomas D. Boyer. eds. ''Hepatology: a textbook of liver disease'', 4th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders. 2003. ISBN 0-7216-9051-3
:These are for the lay reader or patient:
*Sanjiv Chopra. ''The Liver Book: A Comprehensive Guide to Diagnosis, Treatment, and Recovery'', Atria, 2002, ISBN 0-7434-0585-4
*Melissa Palmer. ''Dr. Melissa Palmer's Guide to Hepatitis and Liver Disease: What You Need to Know'', Avery Publishing Group; Revised edition May 24, 2004, ISBN 1-58333-188-3. [http://www.liverdisease.com her webpage].
*Howard J. Worman. ''The Liver Disorders Sourcebook'', McGraw-Hill, 1999, ISBN 0-7373-0090-6. [http://cpmcnet.columbia.edu/dept/gi/disliv.html his Columbia University web site, "Diseases of the liver"]
==See also==
{{wiktionarypar|liver}}
*
*[[Hepatocyte]]
*[[Bile canaliculus]]
*[[Bile]]
==References==
<div class="references-small"><references/></div>
==Additional images==
<gallery>
Image:Digestive system showing bile duct.png|Accessory digestive system.
Image:BauchOrgane wn.png|Digestive organs.
Image:Gray475.png|The liver and the veins in connection with it, of a human embryo, twenty-four or twenty-five days old, as seen from the ventral surface.
Image:Gray1097.png|Transverse section through the middle of the first lumbar vertebra, showing the relations of the pancreas.
Image:Gray1223.png|Front of abdomen, showing surface markings for liver, stomach, and great intestine
Image:Gray1224.png|Topography of thoracic and abdominal viscera.
Image:Portal triad.JPG|[[Portal triad]]
Image:Gray1085.png|Frontal view from [[Gray's Anatomy]](1918)
Image:Gray1087.png|Back view from [[Gray's Anatomy]](1918)
</gallery>
==External links==
{{commonscat|Liver}}
*[http://www.classkids.org Children's Liver Association for Support Services, C.L.A.S.S. A large non-profit organization. An online Support Group full of resources, materials and stories; includes a Community Discussion Forum and Chat Room]
*[http://www.liverfoundation.org The American Liver Foundation]
*[http://www.aasld.org American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD)]
*[http://www.liversociety.org American Liver Society (ALS)]
*[http://mathis.heydtmann.de/WikiLiver WikiLiver — a wiki dedicated to the liver]
*[http://www.yourliver.org "It's Dangerous to Ignore Your Liver" — information provided by the American Liver Foundation]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A134920 "The Liver and its Diseases" — information at h2g2]
*[http://www.liverfamilies.org/ Liver Families — an online support group for families whose lives have been affected by pediatric liver disease and transplant issues]
*[http://www.childliverdisease.org Children's Liver Disease Foundation — an organisation dedicated to fighting childhood liver disease and supporting affected families]
*[http://www.texasliver.com Liver Specialists of Texas: a site designed for patients with liver disease, located in Houston, Texas USA]
*[http://www.antibodypatterns.com/liver.php Autoimmune immune liver disease]
*[http://www.britishlivertrust.org.uk British Liver Trust - includes patient info oriented to British situations.]
{{Digestive glands}}
[[Category:Organs]]
[[Category:Abdomen]]
[[Category:Digestive system]]
[[Category:Hepatology]]
[[Category:Glands]]
[[Category:Offal]]
[[ar:كبد]]
[[bs:Jetra]]
[[bg:Черен дроб]]
[[ca:Fetge]]
[[cs:Játra]]
[[cy:Afu]]
[[da:Lever]]
[[de:Leber]]
[[es:Hígado]]
[[eo:Hepato]]
[[eu:Gibel]]
[[fr:Foie]]
[[ga:Ae]]
[[gd:Àdha]]
[[gl:Fígado]]
[[ko:간]]
[[hi:कलेजा]]
[[hr:Jetra]]
[[io:Hepato]]
[[id:Hati]]
[[it:Fegato]]
[[he:כבד]]
[[ku:Kezeb]]
[[la:Iecur]]
[[lt:Kepenys]]
[[ln:Libale]]
[[hu:Máj]]
[[mk:Црн дроб]]
[[mt:Fwied]]
[[ms:Hati]]
[[nah:Eltapachtli]]
[[nl:Lever]]
[[ja:肝臓]]
[[no:Leveren]]
[[nn:Lever]]
[[ug:جىگەر]]
[[pl:Wątroba]]
[[pt:Fígado]]
[[ru:Печень]]
[[scn:Fìcatu]]
[[simple:Liver]]
[[sk:Pečeň]]
[[sl:Jetra]]
[[sr:Јетра]]
[[sh:Jetra]]
[[su:Ati]]
[[fi:Maksa]]
[[sv:Lever]]
[[th:ตับ]]
[[vi:Gan]]
[[tr:Karaciğer]]
[[uk:Печінка]]
[[yi:לעיבער]]
[[zh:肝臟]]
| |||