Palestine (region) and Stacy Keibler: Difference between pages

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{{Infobox Wrestler

{{otheruses1|the geographical area known as Palestine|Palestine}}

|name=Stacy Keibler

[[Image:1759_map_Holy_Land_and_12_Tribes.jpg|thumb|200px|''The Holy Land or Palestine Showing not only the Old Kingoms of Judea and Israel but also the 12 Tribes Distinctly, and Confirming Even the Diversity of the Locations of their Ancient Positions and Doing So as the Holy Scriptures Indicate'', a geographic map from the studio of Tobiae Conradi [[Lotter]], [[1759]]]]

|image=Stacy_Keibler.jpg<!---Only freely-licensed images may be used to depict living people. Please see [[WP:FU]] before changing the image here.--->

'''Palestine''' (from {{lang-la|'''Palaestina'''}}; {{lang-he|'''פלשת'''}} ''Pleshet'', '''פלשתינה''' ''Palestina''; {{lang-ar|'''فلسطين'''}} ''Filastīn'', ''Falastīn'') is one of several names for the geographic region between the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and the [[Jordan River]] with various adjoining lands. Many different [[Definitions of Palestine and Palestinian|definitions of the region]] have been used in the past three millennia.

|img_capt=

|names=Nitro Girl Skye<br>Miss Hancock<br>Stacy Keibler<br>Super Stacy<br />

|real height=6 ft 2 in

[http://www.playboy.com/sex/d12/stacykeibler/02.html]

|real weight=130 lb

|height=5 ft 11 in (180 cm)

|weight=125 lbs (57 kg)

|birth_date={{birth date and age|year=1979|month=10|day=14}}

|death_date=

|birth_place=[[Baltimore, Maryland]]

|resides=[[Los Angeles, California]]

|billed=

|trainer=[[WCW Power Plant]]<br />[[Debra Miceli|Madusa]]<br />[[Dave Finlay|Fit Finlay]]<br />[[Nora Greenwald|Molly Holly]]

|debut=[[September 1999]]

|}}

'''Stacy Ann-Marie Keibler''' (born [[October 14]], [[1979]]) is an [[United States|American]] [[actor|actress]], former [[professional wrestler]] and [[manager (professional wrestling)|manager]] for [[World Championship Wrestling]] and [[World Wrestling Entertainment]].

Other English names for this geographical region include: [[Canaan]] ({{lang-he|'''כנען'''}}), [[Land of Israel]] ({{lang-he|'''ארץ ישראל'''}} ''Erets Yisrael''), [[Judea]] ({{lang-he|'''יהודה'''}} ''yehuda''), [[Holy Land]] ({{lang-he|'''ארץ הקדש''' ''Erets Ha-Kodesh''}}; {{lang-la|'''Terra Sancta'''}}; {{lang-ar|'''الأرض المقدسة'''}} ''al-Ard al-Muqaddasah''<ref>[[wikisource:The Holy Qur'an/Al-Meada|Surah 5:21]]</ref>) and Cisjordan (not to be confused with the [[French-language|French]] term for the modern-day [[West Bank]], ''[[:fr:Cisjordanie|Cisjordanie]]'').

==Early life==

The various names for the region are understood differently and are not identical in meaning.

Born the only child of Gary and Patricia Keibler and raised in [[Rosedale, Maryland]], a community within [[Baltimore County, Maryland|Baltimore County]], Stacy started dancing at the age of three and studied [[ballet]], [[jazz dance|jazz]] and [[tap dance|tap]] at a local studio, Jean Kettell Studio of Dance, in [[Dundalk, Maryland|Dundalk]]. Keibler attended Catholic High and [[Towson University]], earning near-perfect grades in [[Mass communication|Mass Communication]]{{Fact|date=March 2007}} at the latter. She later became a [[NFL Cheerleading|cheerleader]] for the [[Baltimore Ravens]] [[American football|football]] team, being the youngest of the group.

==Career==

==Boundaries and name==

===World Championship Wrestling===

[[Image:Levant 830.png|thumb|212px|Map of the southern [[Levant]], c.[[830s BC|830s BCE]].

In 1999, Keibler entered a contest held by [[World Championship Wrestling|WCW]] to find a new member of [[Nitro Girls]] dance troupe, which she won. Initially a Nitro Girl, Keibler would perform dance routines every week on WCW's flagship show Monday Nitro under the name '''Skye'''. However, this didn't last long as she soon accepted a larger role and became a [[manager (professional wrestling)|valet]] using the provocative [[stage name]] '''Miss Hancock''' (originally Miss Handcock), briefly serving as an associate for the [[tag team]] of [[Leonard Carlson|Lenny Lane]] and [[Brad Cain|Lodi]] dubbed "Standards and Practices". Despite wearing [[Suit (clothes)|business suits]], her character would often climb on top of the announcers table and start dancing sensually, much to the announcers' and fans' delight. It was also during this period that she began using what would become her trademark ring entrance. [[Image:StacyEntrance1.jpg|frame|left|Keibler's trademark Ring Entrance]] At 5' 11", Keibler was one of few women in professional wrestling tall enough to step over the middle of three ropes that surround the ring. She would do so while pausing momentarily to give the audience a peek of her famed "assets," as her ring attire usually included either hotpants or a miniskirt with a skimpy [[thong]] ([[G-string]]). This tease, among others, would remain a staple of Keibler's risque gimmick throughout the rest of her professional wrestling career.

{{legend|#00ff00|Kingdom of Judah}}

{{legend|#008000|Kingdom of Israel}}

After Standards and Practices "fired" her, Keibler went on to become the manager for Los Fabulosos, a Latin American tag team consisting of [[César González|Silver King]] and [[El Dandy]], leading them to their first major victories within WCW.

{{legend|#777777|Philistine city-states}}

{{legend|#3000ee|Phoenician states}}

{{legend|#7777ff|Kingdom of Ammon}}

{{legend|#ffff00|Kingdom of Edom}}

{{legend|#007777|Kingdom of Aram-Damascus}}

{{legend|#ffffff|Aramean tribes}}

{{legend|#800080|Arubu tribes}}

{{legend|#804020|Nabatu tribes}}

{{legend|#005fff|Assyrian Empire}}

{{legend|#808040|Kingdom of Moab}}

]]

[[Ancient Egypt]]ian texts call the entire [[Levant|levantine]] coastal area ''R-t-n-u'' (conventionally ''[[Retenu]]''), which stretched along the Mediterranean coast in between modern Egypt and Turkey. It subdivided into three regions. ''Retenu's'' southern region (called ''[[Djahy]]'') approximates modern Israel with the Palestinian Territories, the central region Lebanon, and the northern region (called ''[[Amurru]]'') the Syrian coast as far north as the [[Orontes River]] near Turkey.

For a brief period, she dated [[David Flair]] (both on screen and off), who was already involved in a faux relationship with [[Shannon Spruill|Daffney]]. This led to Keibler's in-ring debut at the Bash at the Beach in a Wedding Gown Match, which she lost after she, as well as David Flair and the referee, were left in the ring in their underwear. Keibler removed her own gown.

During the Israelite Period (or Iron Age), the [[Kingdom of Israel]] of the [[United Monarchy]] reigned from [[Jerusalem]] over an area approximating modern Israel with the Palestinian Territories but extending farther westward and northward to cover much (but not all) of the greater Land of Israel. After the split, the southern part became the [[Kingdom of Judah]], and the northern part the [[Kingdom of Israel]].

Hancock was next brought into a brief feud with [[Kimberly Page]], but Page quit the company at the beginning of the feud after problems with [[Scott Steiner]] and a refusal to wrestle Keibler on Pay-Per View.

The term "Palestine" derives from the word [[Philistine]], the name of a non-Semitic ethnic group, originating from Southern [[Greece]],closely related to early [[Mycenaean]] civilization. They inhabited a smaller area on the southern coast, called [[Philistia]], whose borders approximate the modern [[Gaza Strip]]. Philistia encompassed the five cities of [[Gaza]], [[Ashkelon]], [[Ashdod]], [[Ekron]], and [[Gath]]. The Egyptian texts of the temple at [[Medinet Habu (temple)|Medinet Habu]], record a people called the ''P-r-s-t'' (conventionally ''Peleset''), one of the [[Sea Peoples]] who invaded [[Egypt]] in [[Ramesses III]]'s reign. This is considered very likely to be a reference to the Philistines. The [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] name ''Peleshet'' ({{lang-he|פלשת}} ''Pəléshseth''), usually translated as ''Philistia'' in English, is used in the [[Bible]] to denote their southern coastal region. The Assyrian emperor [[Sargon II]] called it the ''Palashtu'' in his Annals. The Philistines seem to have disappeared as a distinct ethnic group by the [[Assyria]]n period, however the name of their land remained. During the Persian Period, the Greek form was first used in the [[5th century BCE]] by [[Herodotus]] who wrote of a "district of Syria, called ''Palaistinêi''" (whence {{lang-la|Palaestina}}, whence {{lang-en|Palestine}}). The boundaries of the area he referred to were not explicitly stated, but [[Josephus]] used the name only for the smaller coastal area, Philistia. [[Ptolemy]] also used the term. In [[Latin language|Latin]], [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] mentions a region of Syria that was "formerly called ''Palaestina''" among the areas of the Eastern Mediterranean.

Keibler and Flair began a feud with the Misfits in Action [[stable (professional wrestling)|stable]], which saw her fall to [[Tylene Buck|Major Gunns]] in a mud wrestling match at [[New Blood Rising]].

During the Roman Period, the Province of [[Judea]] (including [[Samaria]]) covered most of Israel and the Palestinian territories. But following the [[Bar Kokhba]] rebellion, as part of a program of ethnic cleansing, the Romans tried to erase the Jewish connection to the land of Judea, and renamed it [[Syria Palaestina]] ({{lang-la|Syria Palaestina}}) (including Judea) and Samaria.<ref name = "Lehmann">{{cite web

| url = http://www.usd.edu/erp/Palestine/history.htm#135-337

| title = Palestine: History: 135–337: Syria Palaestina and the Tetrarchy

| accessdate = 2006-07-19

| last = Lehmann

| first = Clayton Miles

| year = 1998

| month = Summer

| work = The On-line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces

| publisher = University of South Dakota

}}

</ref>

In another notable angle, Keibler feigned pregnancy and later broke up with Flair. Originally, the angle called for her to reveal the baby's father as [[Vince Russo]]. She began to use her real name and became the valet for [[Shawn Stasiak]].

During the Byzantine Period, this entire region (including Syria Palestine, Samaria, and Galilee) was renamed ''Palaestina'' and then subdivided into Diocese I and II. The Byzantines also renamed an area of land including the Negev, Sinai, and the west coast of the Arabian Peninsula as ''Palaestina Salutoris'', sometimes called ''Palaestina III''. Since the Byzantine Period, the Byzantine borders of ''Palaestina'' (''I'' and ''II'') have served as a name for the geographic area between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea.

===HolyWorld Wrestling TextsEntertainment===

====2001-2003====

The [[Hebrew Bible]] calls the region ''[[Canaan]]'' ({{lang-he|כּנען}}) when referring to the pre-Israelite period and thereafter ''[[Land of Israel|Israel]]'' (''Yisrael''). The name "[[Hebrews|Land of the Hebrews]]" ({{lang-he|ארץ העברים}}, ''Eretz Ha-Ivrim'') is also found as well as several poetical names: "land flowing with milk and honey", "land that [God] swore to your fathers to assign to you", "[[Holy Land]]", "Land of the Lord", and the "[[Promised Land]]". The Land of Canaan is given a precise description in ({{Niv|Numbers|34:1–12|Numbers 34:1}}) as including all of Lebanon as well({{Niv|Joshua|13:5|Joshua 13:5}}). The wide area appears to be the habitat of the ancient ethnic Hebrews, albeit shared with other ethnic groups. It is even said to extend as far as the Euphrates River {{Niv|Genesis|15:18|Genesis 15:18}} including an area called [[Aram Naharaim]], which includes [[Haran]] in modern Turkey, from where Abraham the ancestor of the Israelites departed.

When WCW was purchased by the WWF in 2001, her contract was one of 24 that were retained by the WWF. She portrayed a [[heel (professional wrestling)|heel]] character in [[The Alliance]]. She made her WWF TV debut on the [[June 14]], [[2001]] episode of ''[[WWE Friday Night SmackDown!|SmackDown!]]'' when [[Shane McMahon]] brought her to the ring to distract [[Terry Gerin|Rhyno]], causing him to lose a match. Keibler originally teamed up with real-life friend [[Torrie Wilson]] and the pair feuded with [[WWE Diva|WWF Divas]] [[Trish Stratus]] and [[Amy Dumas|Lita]]. During this feud, the four Divas competed in the first-ever tag team bra and panties match at the [[WWF Invasion]] pay-per-view which Trish and Lita won.

Towards the end of the [[The Invasion (professional wrestling)|WCW/ECW Invasion]], Keibler managed [[Dudley Boyz|The Dudley Boyz]], during which time she was [[nickname]]d the "[[Duke|Duchess]] of Dudleyville" by announcer [[Paul Heyman]]. She proved to be a fan favorite in this role, which lead to newfound popularity for the tag team. An early highlight of her career, Keibler made her WrestleMania debut at [[WrestleMania X8]] alongside The Dudleyz. Keibler's main angle at the time was getting pantsed by her opponent, revealing her white lace panties. Jacqueline, [[Matt Hyson|Spike Dudley]], and Torrie Wilson were among those to strip Keibler. During this time, she also feuded with former ally Torrie Wilson after Wilson left The Alliance. Keibler helped The Dudley Boyz put Torrie through a table. However, Torrie got her revenge after first giving Keibler a [[wedgie]] and pantsing her reveling her panties on an episode of ''[[WWE Friday Night SmackDown!|SmackDown!]]''. She then defeated Keibler in the first-ever [[lingerie]] match at [[WWE No Mercy#2001|No Mercy 2001]]. Keibler's role with the Dudley Boyz came to an abrupt end when she was powerbombed through a table after accidentally costing the team a match. Keibler was still a heel after the Alliance broke up. She set her sights upon the WWE Women's Championship at [[WWE Judgment Day#2002|Judgment Day 2002]] facing Trish Stratus in a losing effort. She would face Stratus a few more times in the proceeding weeks, losing every time.

The events of the [[Four Gospels]] of the [[Christian Bible]] take place entirely in Israel.

Keibler was originally [[WWE Draft|drafted]] to the ''SmackDown!'' brand in 2002, where she participated in a comedy segment involving WWE Chairman [[Vince McMahon]] hiring a personal assistant. McMahon was ready to hire another attractive female until Keibler interrupted and demonstrated why she should get the job by giving him a [[table dance]] in the ring. Keibler became Vince's personal assistant as well as his on-screen mistress, frequently shown flirting and even 'making out' with him in backstage segments, until Stephanie McMahon became [[List of authority figures in professional wrestling|general manager]] of the ''SmackDown!'' brand. [[Dawn Marie Psaltis|Dawn Marie]] made her debut on ''SmackDown!'' as Vince's legal assistant, who competed with Keibler for McMahon's affections.

In the [[Qur'an]], the term {{lang|ar|'''الأرض المقدسة'''}} ("Holy Land", ''Al-Ard Al-Muqaddasah'') is mentioned at least seven times, once when [[Moses]] proclaims to the [[Children of Israel]]: "O my people! Enter the holy land which Allah hath assigned unto you, and turn not back ignominiously, for then will ye be overthrown, to your own ruin." ([[wikisource:The Holy Qur'an/Al-Meada|Surah 5:21]])

A key [[angle (professional wrestling)|storyline]] for Keibler's on-screen character occurred when she left ''SmackDown!'' for ''[[WWE Raw|RAW]]''. Keibler made her official ''RAW'' debut on [[August 12]], [[2002]]. After her acquisition was announced by then-General Manager Eric Bischoff, she greeted the cheering crowd and then removed her skirt as she performed one of her signature table dances on the ''RAW'' announcer's table. During her ensuing time on ''RAW'', Keibler managed [[Scott Steiner]] and [[Andrew Martin|Test]], the latter of which was her real-life boyfriend at the time. She was also involved in the eventual feud between these two. As Test's on-screen marketing agent, she came up with the idea that Test should call his fans "Testicles," cut his hair and reshape his image. However, Test became jealous of Keibler wanting to also be Steiner's manager. During a match on ''RAW'', Test turned heel and began verbally abusing Keibler. Steiner managed to defeat Test for Keibler's services, and Keibler seemed happy as Steiner's new manager, as the two characters even alluded to having more than a professional relationship. Test, however, was not happy at all, and petitioned for an intergender tag team match, pitting himself and former rival [[Chris Jericho]] against Scott and Keibler, to win back the services of Keibler. Test faked a leg injury to pick up the win.

==History==

:''Main articles: [[History of Israel]], [[History of Palestine]]''

A match was set for [[WWE Unforgiven#2003|Unforgiven 2003]], the stipulation being if Test won, he would not only retain Keibler's services, but acquire those of Scott Steiner as well. During the match, Keibler attempted to distract Test by lifting her skirt and shaking her bare butt for the crowd. This was unsuccessful. Keibler then attempted to whack Test with a chair, but he ducked and she accidentally hit Steiner instead. As a result, Test won the match and the services of both Keibler and Steiner. Steiner would then turn heel by attacking Keibler when she botched another interference on the next ''RAW''. For a time, Test and Steiner would work as a tag team, sharing the services of Keibler. Finally, General Manager [[Mick Foley]] put a stop to the abusive Test and Steiner and freed Keibler from her obligatory contracts with the pair by temporarily firing them.

===Ancient Times===

====2004====

:''Main articles: [[Archaeology of Israel]], [[History of ancient Israel and Judah]]''

[[Image:Dvd-vivalasdivasofthewwe.jpg|thumb|left|120px|Keibler on the cover of the ''Viva Las Divas'' DVD]]

Keibler was chosen to record a track on the album ''[[WWE Originals]]''. She and WWE music producer [[Jim Johnston (composer)|Jim Johnston]] recorded the track "Why Can't We Just Dance?" for the album. Other tracks were performed by Superstars such as [[Chris Jericho]], [[Lilian Garcia]], and [[John Cena]], each of which had their own music career. Her track was used on an episode of ''[[WWE Raw|RAW]]'' for herself, during the [[WWE Diva Search|2004 RAW Diva Search]] and even on the ''Viva Las Diva of the WWE'' DVD.

Stacy then got involved with SmackDown! Divas Torrie Wilson and Sable. She aligned herself with Miss Jackie and they made it clear to everyone that they belonged in Playboy, not Wilson and Sable. Stacy and Jackie challenged Sable and Wilson to a Tag Team Evening Gown Match at Wrestlemania 20, which they lost. Jackie ended up losing the fall to Wilson after a roll up. Because Sable was having problems with her breasts, the divas began the match with their gowns off making it more of a Tag Team Lingerie Match than an Evening Gown Match. The fued was dropped after the match.

[[Image:CanaanMap.jpg|right|240px|Map of Canaan]]

As one of the more popular RAW face Divas, Keibler took over the 2004 RAW Diva Search for a few weeks. That was followed by a dance competition with [[Nora Greenwald|Molly]]. This led to a push with her participating in several tag matches against the heel girls, then WWE Diva, [[Gail Kim]]; then heel and then WWE Diva, [[Trish Stratus]]; and then WWE Diva, [[Nora Greenwald|Molly Holly]]. Her partners were WWE star, [[Nidia Guenard|Nidia]] and then babyface, [[Lisa Marie Varon|Victoria]]. Keibler showed off much improved wrestling skills, managing to get upset victories over Molly, Gail, and Trish. She even got herself a Women's Championship title match on [[October 11]], [[2004]]. However, Trish defeated her to retain the title. Stacy also competed in the first-ever Fulfill your Fantasy Diva Battle Royal for the WWE Women's Championship at the 2004 Taboo Tuesday Pay-Per-View along with Victoria, Nidia, Gail Kim, Molly Holly, Jazz & the champion Trish. She got eliminated second to last as she was jumping over the top rope to avoid hitting the turnbuckle, Molly punched her in the face and knocked her off the apron thus eliminating her. Trish quickly disposed of Molly to retain.

=====Bible period=====

During the ancient bible period, this region was referred to as [[Canaan]] and was the home of several small nations such as the Chanaanites, the [[Hethites]], the [[Amorrhites]], the Pherezites, the Hevites and the [[Jebusite]], who lived in the ancient cities of [[Jericho]], [[Megiddo]], [[Sidon]] and others.

Later, most of this region was conquered from these small nations by the [[Hebrews]] who settled in the region and divided it among the 12 [[Israelite]] tribes, who later were merged into one united Kingdom of Israel.

After 3 generations of kings, the kingdom was split in to 2 sister kingdoms: the northern kingdom of Israel , and the southern [[kingdom of judah]].

After a few centuries the kingdoms were razed by invaders: The [[Assyrian Empire]] destroyed the northern kingdom and exiled its inhabitants (which became known as the [[Lost Tribes]]) at 721 BC, while the [[Babylonian Empire]] destroyed the southern kingdom (and the first [[Temple in Jerusalem]]) and exiled its inhabitants (who became known since as the [[Jews]]) at 586 BC.

After approximately 50 years the Jewish exiles were allowed, by the [[Persian Empire]], to return back to the [[Land of Israel]], where they built the [[Second Temple]] in Jerusalem and where allowed to have a small autonomic rule.

Keibler was voted as the 2004 [[WWE Diva#WWE Babe of the Year|WWE Babe of the Year]], being the first WWE Diva to defeat [[Trish Stratus]] in the Babe of the Year competition (Stratus was 2001-2003 Babe of the Year). As a result of this, Keibler appeared on ''RAW'' following her victory and told everyone that she would bend over backwards to make the fans happy. Keibler's Babe of the Year photoshoots would be posted on WWE's official website on a monthly basis throughout 2005.

=====Greek period=====

The Persian Empire soon fell under the Greek forces of [[Alexander the Great]]. After his death, with the absence of heirs, his conquests were divided amongst his generals, while the region of the Jews ("Judah" or [[Judea]] as it became known) was first part of the [[Ptolemaic dynasty]] and then part of the [[Seleucid Empire]]. The Jewish population in Judea was allowed to conduct a limited autonomy in religion and administration and Jerusalem became a spiritual center for all the Jews (who also held communities outside Judea, such as in Babylon and in Alexandria). But soon the ever growing Hellenistic influence which intended to spread by force it's culture and ways upon all others, caused tensions between the Greek leaders and Jews in Judea. This led to the open revolt of the Jews under the leadership of the [[Hasmonean]], and the construction of their kingdom. After approximately a century of independence, control of the kingdom fell to the [[Roman Empire]] under the Roman army of [[Pompey]] and became fisrt a Roman [[Client Kingdom]] and then a Roman Province.

====2005====

[[Image:First century palestine.gif|right|thumb|200px|Roman [[Iudaea Province]] in the 1st century CE.]]

[[Image:Super Stacy.jpg|thumb|right|145px|Keibler had a brief run as Super Stacy, complete with her own superhero costume.]]

[[Image:Israel Byzantine 5c.jpg|right|thumb|200px|5th century CE: Byzantine Diocese of ''Palaestina I'' (Philistia, Judea and Samaria) and ''Palaestina II'' (Galilee and Perea)]]

Keibler soon began an angle with popular superstar [[Randy Orton]]. After kissing him on the cheek during a backstage segment on ''RAW'', there looked to possibly be a romance there. Randy even saved her from receiving a Pedigree from the villainous [[Triple H]]. She supported him from backstage and was never considered his manager. The storyline never really made any advances, and as Randy challenged [[The Undertaker]] to a match at ''[[WrestleMania 21]]'', Randy ended the relationship by giving her an RKO, justifying this evil act by claiming he was demonstrating just how ruthless he could be in order to defeat The Undertaker. In the end, Keibler's involvement with Orton was a device for his inevitable heel turn. Orton was the third on-screen boyfriend to betray Keibler.

[[Image:Medieval_Arab_Palestine.jpg|right|thumb|200px|An 1890 map of Palestine as described by medieval Arab geographers, with the ''junds'' of northern Jordan and southern Filastin]]

Keibler would go on to join forces with [[Hurricane and Rosey]]. She became 1/3 of their trio as '''Super Stacy''', complete with her own superhero costume. During this time, Keibler was credited as having one of her best matches to date with [[WWE Diva]], [[Lisa Marie Varon|Victoria]], on an international edition of [[WWE Heat]].

===Roman Time===

After a long tenure on Monday nights, Keibler and fellow ''RAW'' Diva [[Christy Hemme]] were moved to [[WWE Friday Night SmackDown!|''SmackDown!'']] as part of a trade, bringing [[Torrie Wilson]] and [[Candice Michelle]] to ''RAW''. Upon their debut, the two former ''RAW'' Divas participated in a bra and panties pillow fight that was deemed too hot for television (the match could be viewed on WWE's official website.) After a short absence, Keibler started a short feud with [[Jillian Hall]], which lead to the two having a match on [[WWE Velocity|''Velocity'']], during which Hall captured the victory through cheating. The match represented Keibler's final match and final appearance on WWE television.

As a result of the [[First Jewish-Roman War]] ([[66]]-[[73]]), [[Titus]] [[Siege of Jerusalem (70)|sacked Jerusalem]] and destroyed the [[Second Temple]], leaving only the [[Western Wall]]. In [[135]], following the fall of a [[Bar Kokhba's revolt|Jewish revolt]] led by [[Bar Kokhba]] in 132&ndash;135, the Roman emperor [[Hadrian]] expelled most Jews from Judea, leaving large Jewish populations in Samaria and the Galilee. He also changed the name of the Roman province of Judea (Israel) to ''[[Syria Palaestina]]'' in an attempt to eradicate any connection with the now conquered Jews.<ref name = "Lehmann" /> In what was considered a form of [[psychological warfare]], the Romans also tried to change the name of [[Jerusalem]] to [[Aelia Capitolina]], but that had less staying power. Over time the name Syria Palaestina was shortened to Palaestina, which by then had become an administrative political unit within the [[Roman Empire]].

===Medieval Time=2006====

Keibler appeared on the hit show ''[[Dancing with the Stars (US TV series)|Dancing with the Stars]]'' (see [[#Outside of wrestling|Outside of wrestling]]), placing third. Recaps were aired weekly on ''[[WWE Raw|RAW]]'', which was believed to be because of a conflict with ''[[WWE Friday Night SmackDown!|SmackDown!]]'' and [[UPN]] not wanting to promote a rival network. After a few weeks, her profile was moved from ''SmackDown!'' back to ''RAW''.

=====Byzantine (Eastern Roman Empire) period=====

In approximately 390, Palaestina was further organised into three units: ''Palaestina Prima'', ''Secunda'', and ''Tertia'' (First, Second, and Third Palestine). ''Palaestina Prima'' consisted of Judea, [[Samaria]], the coast, and [[Perea (Holy Land)|Peraea]] with the governor residing in [[Caesarea Palaestina|Caesarea]]. ''Palaestina Secunda'' consisted of the [[Galilee]], the lower [[Jezreel Valley]], the regions east of Galilee, and the western part of the former [[Decapolis]] with the seat of government at [[Scythopolis]]. ''Palaestina Tertia'' included the [[Negev]], southern [[Jordan]] &mdash; once part of Arabia &mdash; and most of [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]] with [[Petra]] the usual residence of the governor. Palestina Tertia was also known as Palaestina Salutaris. This reorganization reduced Arabia to the northern Jordan east of Peraea.

In April 2006, Vegas Magazine reported that Keibler was done with WWE and moving on to other endeavors. Keibler posted a message on her official website saying that her WWE contract expired on [[July 21]], [[2006]], and she went on to sign a contract with [[ABC Television Studio]], formerly Touchstone Television, which is owned by Disney.

In 536 [[Justinian I]] promoted the governor at Caesarea to [[proconsul]] ([[anthypatos]]), giving him authority over the two remaining consulars. Justinian believed that the elevation of the governor was appropriate because he was responsible for "the province in which our Lord Jesus Christ... appeared on earth". This was also the principal factor explaining why Palestine prospered under the Christian Empire. The cities of Palestine, such as Caesarea Maritima, Jerusalem, Skythopolis, Neapolis, and Gaza reached their peak population in the late Roman period and produced notable Christian scholars in the disciplines of [[rhetoric]], [[historiography]], [[Eusebius of Caesarea|Eusebian ecclesiastical history]], classicizing history and [[hagiography]].

==Outside of wrestling==

Byzantine administration of Palestine ended temporarily during the Persian occupation of 614&ndash;28, then permanently after the Muslims arrived in 634 and defeated the imperial forces decisively at the [[Battle of Yarmouk]] in 636. Jerusalem capitulated in 638 and Caesarea around 640 or 641/2. The Muslims abolished Palaestina III, but Palaestina I survived as the Jund Filastin and Palaestina II as the Jund al-Urdunn. Ramla, a new city, became the capital.<ref>Kenneth G. Holum "Palestine" ''The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium.'' Ed. Alexander P. Kazhdan. Oxford University Press 1991.</ref>

[[Image:Tony and Stacy Tango.jpg|right|thumb|140px|Keibler dancing the [[Tango (dance)|tango]] with partner [[Tony Dovolani]]]]

For several months, Keibler wrote a monthly fitness column for ''[[Stuff (magazine)|Stuff Magazine]]'' titled ''Getting Fit''. Although her legs are famed for their length and beauty, she has great strength as well. In one issue, she speaks of how she recently attempted a 450 lb leg press. Although unable to push it, she did manage a 405lb leg press. In addition to posing for a total of five full pictorials, Keibler has graced the cover of ''[[Stuff (magazine)|Stuff Magazine]]'' twice, in [http://www.stuffmagazine.com/cover_girls/girl.aspx?id=470&src=wiki June 2005] and [http://www.stuffmagazine.com/cover_girls/girl.aspx?id=541&src=wiki March 2006]. ''Maxim'' named her #5 in their 2006 [http://www.maximonline.com/slideshows/index.aspx?slideId=1910&imgCollectId=94&src=wiki Hot 100] issue and #70 in their 2007 Hot 100.

Keibler has refused at least three offers to pose for [[Playboy]], believing that it would be better if she "left something for the imagination."

=====The Arab Caliphate period=====

The Arab [[Caliphate]] period includes the [[Umayyid]], [[Abbasid]] and the [[Ayyubid]].

She competed in the second season of ''[[Dancing with the Stars (US TV series)|Dancing with the Stars]]''. Her dance partner was [[ballroom dance]]r [[Tony Dovolani]]. Keibler managed to score a perfect 10 in the earliest round of the competition ever. Keibler received a perfect score of 30 from the three judges for her [[Samba (dance)|samba]] dance routine in week five. This prompted the judges to nickname her a "weapon of mass seduction." The following week, two perfect scores were awarded, one going to Keibler, the other to fellow contestant [[Drew Lachey]]. Overall, Keibler and Tony received four perfect scores. Keibler came in third to Jerry Rice, who placed second in the final round of the competition, and Lachey, the winner of the season. However, some viewers and two of the judges, [[Bruno Tonioli]] and [[Len Goodman]], felt she should've at least placed second.

The muslim rulers divided the province of ''ash-Sham'' (Arabic for Greater [[Syria]]) into five districts. ''[[Jund Filastin]]'' (Arabic جند فلسطين, literally "the army of military district of Palestine") was a region extending from the Sinai to south of the plain of Acre. At times it reached down into the Sinai. Major towns included [[Rafah]], Caesarea, Gaza, [[Jaffa]], [[Nablus]], [[Jericho]] and Ramla. Initially Ludd ([[Lydda]]) was the capital, but in 717 it was moved to the new city of ar-Ramlah ([[Ramla]]). ''Jund al-Urdunn'' (literally "Jordan") was a region to the north and east of Filastin. Major towns included Tiberias, Legio, Acre, Beisan and Tyre. The capital was at [[Tiberias]]. Various political upheavals led to readjustments of the boundaries several times. After the 10th century, the division into ''Junds'' began to break down and the Turkish invasions of the 1070s, followed by the first Crusade, completed that process.

Keibler has also appeared on [[MTV]]'s [[Punk'd]] twice. Once, as an accomplice to [[Triple H]]'s punk, along with [[Stephanie McMahon]], in season five. Keibler was then seen again in season seven, this time being Punk'd herself by her boyfriend, [[Geoff Stults]].

: ''See also the [http://www.mideastweb.org/palcaliph1.htm Mideastweb map of "Palestine Under the Caliphs"], showing Jund boundaries (external link).''

Keibler (along with Stults) is part-owner of the [[Hollywood Fame]], a [[2006]] expansion franchise of the [[American Basketball Association (21st century)|American Basketball Association]].

=====Crusader period=====

See the articles on the [[Crusade]]s and the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]].

In February 2007, Keibler began her recurring role on ABC's Monday night dramedy, [[What About Brian]]. She plays the role of Brian's new neighbour and love interest, Stephanie. This marks Keibler's first significant acting role, compared to her previous minor roles in both "Bubble Boy" and "Pecker".

=====Mamluk period=====

After Muslim control over Palestine was reestablished in the 12th and 13th centuries, the division into districts was reinstated, with boundaries that were frequently redrawn. 1263/Jul 1291 the country was part of the [[Mamluk Sultanate]] of Egypt.

Keibler also guest starred on [[The George Lopez Show]] on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] when the show returned in January. According to an interview on E! Television, she hopes to have her own sitcom soon and is also working on [[The Comebacks]], a comedy film produced by [[Punk'd]] producer Adam Goldberg.

Around the end of the 13th century, Palestine comprised several of nine emirates of Syria, namely the "Kingdoms" of ''Gaza'' (including Ascalon and Hebron), ''Karak'' (including Jaffa and Legio), ''Safad'' (including Safad, Acre, Sidon and Tyre) and parts of the Kingdom of ''Damascus'' (sometimes extending as far south as Jerusalem).

Keibler has also worked as an entertainment correspondent for the ABC show ''[[Good Morning America]]'', covering the premiere of the [[Dancing with the Stars (US TV series)#Season 4|fourth series of ''Dancing with the Stars'']].

By the middle of the 14th century, Syria had again been divided into five districts, of which ''Filastin'' included Jerusalem (its capital), Ramla, Ascalon, Hebron and Nablus, while ''Hauran'' included Tiberias (its capital).

==Personal life==

=====Ottoman period=====

During her days with WCW, Keibler was romantically linked with [[David Flair]], the son of legendary wrestler [[Ric Flair]]. After joining WWE, Keibler was in a relationship with [[Andrew Martin|Test]] for several years. The couple were reported to have separated shortly before Martin was fired by WWE while he recovered from neck surgery, but maintained a friendship.

After the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] conquest, the name "Palestine" disappeared as the official name of an administrative unit, as the Turks often called their (sub)provinces after the capital. Since its 1516 incorporation in the Ottoman Empire, it was part of the'' [[vilayet]]'' ([[Subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire|province]]) of Damascus-Syria until 1660, next of the ''vilayet'' of [[Sidon|Saida]] (seat in Lebanon), shortly interrupted by the 7 March 1799 - July 1799 French occupation of Jaffa, Haifa, and Caesarea. On 10 May 1832 it was one of the Turkish provinces annexed by [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali]]'s shortly imperialistic Egypt (nominally still Ottoman), but in November 1840 direct Ottoman rule was restored.

In [[June 2005]], Keibler was rumored to be in a relationship with actor [[Geoff Stults]], best known for his appearances on ''[[7th Heaven]]''. The couple were photographed at many places together and seen as an [[wiktionary:item|item]]. The pair also appeared together on [[MTV]]'s [[Punk'd]], with Keibler as the recipient of the prank. The [[September 2005]] edition of the tabloid, ''[[Star Magazine]]'', claimed that Keibler was involved in a [[love triangle]] with Geoff Stults and actress [[Jennifer Aniston]]. It was later announced that Aniston was in a relationship with the man that supposedly got her and daniels together, [[Vince Vaughn]]. Keibler denied rumors of a relationship with Stults in two interviews and gave a "no comment" to [[Todd Grisham]] when asked about it on [[WWE Byte This!|Byte This!]].

Still the old name remained in popular and semi-official use. Many examples of its usage in the 16th and 17th centuries have survived.<ref>Gerber, 1998.</ref> During the 19th century, the "Ottoman Government employed the term ''Arz-i Filistin'' (the 'Land of Palestine') in official correspondence, meaning for all intents and purposes the area to the west of the River Jordan which became 'Palestine' under the British in 1922". <ref>Mandel, 1976, p. ''xx''.</ref> Amongst the educated Arab public, ''Filastin'' was a common concept, referring either to the whole of Palestine or to the Jerusalem ''[[sanjaq]]'' alone<ref>Porath, 1974, pp. 8-9.</ref> or just to the area around Ramle<ref>Haim Gerber (1998) referring to [[fatwa]]s by two [[Hanafite]] Syrian jurists.</ref>.

On [[May 16]], [[2006]], Keibler suffered a [[seizure]] at the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] Upfront Presentation in [[New York City]], and was hospitalized. The seizure was said to be minor and Keibler was released from the hospital shortly after. Four days later, Keibler appeared on the [[ESPN]] pre-race telecast of the [[Preakness Stakes]], in an interview with [[Kenny Mayne]].

Ottoman rule over the region lasted until the [[Great War]] ([[World War I]]) when the Ottomans [[World War I#Ottoman Empire|sided]] with [[Germany]] and the [[Central Powers]]. During [[World War I]], the Ottomans were driven from much of the area by the [[United Kingdom]] during the [[dissolution of the Ottoman Empire]]. As the Empire ended, the number of Jews in Palestine had declined to 55,000.<ref>Porath, 1974, p. 17</ref>

==Wrestling facts==

===The 19th and 20th centuries===

*'''Finishing and signature moves'''

:*'''''Keibler Kick''''' ([[Professional wrestling attacks#Spin kick|Spinning Kick]])

:*[[Cartwheel (gymnastics)|Cartwheel evasion]]

:*[[Professional wrestling holds#Corner foot choke|Corner foot choke]]

:*[[Professional wrestling throws#Snapmare|Hair-pull snapmare]]

:*[[Professional wrestling throws#Scoop slam|Scoop slam]]

*'''Wrestlers Managed'''

In European usage up to [[World War I]], "Palestine" was used informally for a region that extended in the north-south direction typically from [[Raphia]] (south-east of [[Gaza]]) to the [[Litani River]] (now in Lebanon). The western boundary was the sea, and the eastern boundary was the poorly-defined place where the Syrian desert began. In various European sources, the eastern boundary was placed anywhere from the Jordan River to slightly east of [[Amman]]. The [[Negev Desert]] was not included.<ref>[Biger]</ref>

:*Lenny Lane & Lodi

:*Silver King & El Dandi

:*David Flair

:*Sean Stasiak

:*Shane McMahon

:*The Dudley Boyz

:*Test

:*Scott Steiner

:*Randy Orton

:*Hurricane & Rosey

*'''Nicknames'''

Under the [[Sykes-Picot Agreement]] of 1916, it was envisioned that most of Palestine, when freed from Ottoman control, would become an international zone not under direct French or British colonial control. Shortly thereafter, British foreign minister [[Arthur Balfour]] issued the [[Balfour Declaration of 1917]], which laid plans for a Jewish homeland to be established in Palestine eventually.

:*"The Legs of WCW"

:*"The Duchess of [[Dudley Boyz|Dudleyville]]"

:*"The Weapon of Mass Seduction" (''Dancing With the Stars'')

:*"Super Stacy" (with The Hurricane and Rosey)

*'''Entrance Theme'''

The British-led [[Egyptian Expeditionary Force]], commanded by [[Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby|Edmund Allenby]], captured Jerusalem on [[9 December]], 1917 and occupied the whole of the Levant following the defeat of Turkish forces in Palestine at the [[Battle of Megiddo (1918)|Battle of Megiddo]] in September 1918.<ref>Hughes, 1999, p. 17; p. 97.</ref>

In [[WCW]], she used a generic dance theme called "Universal Love".

During The Invasion she used a generic theme.

===British Mandate (1920-1948)===

Her final and most famous theme was "Legs" by [[Kid Rock]].

{{main|British Mandate of Palestine}}

[[Image:BritishMandatePalestine1920.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Palestine and [[Transjordan]] were incorporated (under different legal and administrative arrangements) into the Mandate for Palestine issued by the [[League of Nations]] to [[Great Britain]] on [[29 September]], 1923.]]

Prior to departure from [[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]], the band Zebrahead recorded new theme music for her titled "With Legs Like That" which was given to [[Maria Kanellis]] after she left.

Formal use of the English word "Palestine" returned with the [[British Mandate of Palestine|British Mandate]]. At the beginning of this period, the name "[[Eretz Yisrael]]" ("Land of Israel", [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: ארץ ישראל) was inserted into use on a 1920 Postage Stamp by Herbert Samuel, the first British high-commissioner of Palestine 1920-1925. Foreign office officials questioned his action, but the issue was forgotten as responsibility for Palestine was passed from the foreign office to colonial office.<ref>See [ http://www.just-international.org/article.cfm?newsid=20001274]</ref>

==Championships and accomplishments==

In April 1920 the Allied Supreme Council (the USA, Great Britain, France, Italy and Japan) met at [[Sanremo conference|Sanremo]] and formal decisions were taken on the allocation of mandate territories. The United Kingdom accepted a mandate for Palestine, but the boundaries of the mandate and the conditions under which it was to be held were not decided. The Zionist Organization's representative at Sanremo, [[Chaim Weizmann]], subsequently reported to his colleagues in London:

*'''[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]'''

:* 2004 [[WWE Diva#WWE Babe of the Year|WWE Babe of the Year]] (1 time, first person to defeat Trish Stratus in the competition)

*'''Other'''

:* Has appeared in Stuff Magazine on numerous occasions, even appearing on the cover twice.

==Filmography==

:"There are still important details outstanding, such as the actual terms of the mandate and the question of the boundaries in Palestine. There is the delimitation of the boundary between French Syria and Palestine, which will constitute the northern frontier and the eastern line of demarcation, adjoining Arab Syria. The latter is not likely to be fixed until the Emir Feisal attends the Peace Conference, probably in Paris."<ref>'Zionist Aspirations: Dr Weizmann on the Future of Palestine', ''The Times'', Saturday, [[8 May]], 1920; p. 15.</ref>

*''[[Pecker (film)|Pecker]]'' (1998) ... Blonde on Bus (uncredited)

*''[[Bubble Boy]]'' (2001) ... Working Girl

*''[[George Lopez (TV series)|George Lopez]]''

:George's House Has Two Empty Wombs (2007) ... Lindsay

:George Thinks Vic's Fiancée Is Lion About Being a Cheetah (2007) ... Lindsay

*''[[What About Brian]]''

:What About Finding Your Place... (2007) ... Stephanie

:What About Temptations... (2007) ... Stephanie

:What About Strange Bedfellows... (2007) ... Stephanie

:What About All That Glitters... (2007) ... Stephanie

:What About Secret Lovers... (2007) ... Stephanie

*''[[The Comebacks]]'' (2007) ... All-American Mom

==External links==

In July 1920, the French drove [[Faisal I of Iraq|Faisal bin Husayn]] from [[Damascus]] ending his already negligible control over the region of Transjordan, where local chiefs traditionally resisted any central authority. The sheikhs, who had earlier pledged their loyalty to the Sharif, asked the British to undertake the region's administration. [[Herbert Samuel]] asked for the extension of the Palestine government's authority to Transjordan, but at meetings in Cairo and Jerusalem between [[Winston Churchill]] and [[Abdullah I of Jordan|Emir Abdullah]] in March 1921 it was agreed that Abdullah would administer the territory (initially for six months only) on behalf of the Palestine administration. In the summer of 1921 Transjordan was included within the Mandate, but excluded from the provisions for a [[Jewish National Home]].<ref>Gelber, 1997, pp. 6-15.</ref> On [[24 July]], 1922 the League of Nations approved the terms of the British Mandate over Palestine and Transjordan. On [[16 September]] the League formally approved a memorandum from [[Arthur Balfour|Lord Balfour]] confirming the exemption of Transjordan from the clauses of the mandate concerning the creation of a Jewish national home and from the mandate's responsibility to ''facilitate'' Jewish immigration and land settlement.<ref>Sicker, 1999, p. 164.</ref> In reality, the British prevented Jews from settling in Transjordan, while Arabs could freely settle in Palestine. (See [http://domino.un.org/unispal.NSF/fd807e46661e3689852570d00069e918/e211072996e780b9052565f000651656!OpenDocument Entry of Jews into Transjordan]). Transjordan was essentially 77% of Palestine so this was viewed as a great injustice and huge division of the territory designated for the Jewish National Home by the Balfour Declaration according to the Jewish leaders. <ref> See for example: ''Shamir, Moshe "Yair" 2001'', page 203 and ''Katz, Shmuel "Battleground" 1973'', page 67: "The Zionist leaders were stunned at the threat of cutting 3/4 of the area of the Jewish national home... and reaffirmed uniamously their demand to the eastern land of Israel during the Zionist congress in 1923"</ref>

The award of the mandates was delayed as a result of the United States' suspicions regarding Britain's colonial ambitions and similar reservations held by Italy about France's intentions. France in turn refused to reach a settlement over Palestine until its own mandate in Syria became final. According to Louis,

:Together with the American protests against the issuance of mandates these triangular quarrels between the Italians, French, and British explain why the A mandates did not come into force until nearly four years after the signing of the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Peace Treaty]].... The British documents clearly reveal that Balfour's patient and skilful diplomacy contributed greatly to the final issuance of the A mandates for Syria and Palestine on [[September 29]], 1923.<ref>Louis, 1969, p. 90.</ref>

Even before the Mandate came into legal effect in 1923 ([[1922 Text: League of Nations Palestine Mandate|text]]), British terminology sometimes used '"Palestine" for the part west of the Jordan River and "Trans-Jordan" (or ''Transjordania'') for the part east of the Jordan River. <ref>Ingrams, 1972</ref><ref>League of Nations (1921). [ http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/349b02280a930813052565e90048ed1c!OpenDocument An Interim Report on the Civil Administration of Palestine]</ref> However, "Palestine" in the sense of the Jewish National Home often included lands on both sides of the Jordan River (see also [[Faisal-Weizmann Agreement]]).

[[Image:Palestine_stamp.jpg|thumb|right|130px|A stamp from Palestine under the British Mandate]]

In the years following [[World War II]], Britain's position in Palestine gradually worsened. This was caused by a combination of factors, including:

* The situation in Palestine itself rapidly deteriorated, due to the incessant attacks by [[Irgun]] and [[Lehi (group)|Lehi]] on British officials, armed forces, and strategic installations. This caused severe damage to British morale and prestige, as well as increasing opposition to the mandate in Britain itself, public opinion demanding to "bring the boys home".<ref>Colonel Archer-Cust, Chief Secretary of the British Government in Palestine, said in a lecture to the Royal Empire Society that "The hanging of the two British Sergeants [an Irgun retaliation to British executions] did more than anything to get us out [of Palestine]".

(The United Empire Journal, November-December 1949, taken from The Revolt, by Menachem Begin) </ref>

* World public opinion turned against Britain as a result of the British policy of preventing the Jewish [[Holocaust]] survivors from reaching Palestine, sending them instead to refugee camps in [[Cyprus]], or even back to [[Germany]], as in the case of [[Exodus (ship)|Exodus 1947]].

* The costs of maintaining an army of over 100,000 men in Palestine weighed heavily on a British economy suffering from post-war depression, and was another cause for British public opinion to demand an end to the Mandate.

Finally in early 1947 the British Government announced their desire to terminate the Mandate, and passed the responsibility over Palestine to the [[United Nations]].

===UN Partition ===

{{main|1947 UN Partition Plan}}

[[Image:UN Partition Plan Palestine.png|right|thumb|150px|UN Partition Plan]]

[[Image:Is-map.PNG|right|thumb|150px|Map of the [[Israel|State of Israel]] today]]

On [[29 November]] [[1947]], the [[United Nations]] [[UN General Assembly|General Assembly]], with a two-thirds majority international vote, passed the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine (United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181), a plan to resolve the [[Arab-Israeli conflict|Arab-Jewish conflict]] by partitioning the territory into separate [[Jew|Jewish]] and [[Arab]] states, with the Greater [[Jerusalem]] area (encompassing [[Bethlehem]]) coming under international control. Jewish leaders (including the [[Jewish Agency]]), accepted the plan, while Palestinian Arab leaders rejected it and refused to negotiate. Neighboring Arab and Muslim states also rejected the partition plan. The Arab community reacted violently after the [[Arab Higher Committee]] declared a [[1947 Jerusalem riots|strike and burned many buildings and shops]]. As armed skirmishes between Arab and Jewish paramilitary forces in Palestine continued, the British mandate ended on [[May 15]], [[1948]], the establishment of the [[State of Israel]] having been proclaimed the day before (see [[Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel]]). The neighboring Arab states and armies ([[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Iraq]], [[Egypt]], [[Transjordan]], [[Holy War Army]], [[Arab Liberation Army]], and local [[Arab]]s) immediately attacked Israel following its declaration of independence, and the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]] ensued. Consequently, the partition plan was never implemented.

===Current status===

Following the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]], the [[1949 Armistice Agreements]] between Israel and neighboring Arab states eliminated Palestine as a distinct territory. It was divided between Israel, Egypt, Syria and Jordan.

In addition to the UN-partitioned area, Israel captured 26 percent of the Mandate territory west of the Jordan river. Jordan captured and annexed about 21% of the Mandate territory. Jerusalem was divided, with Jordan taking the eastern parts, including the old city, and Israel taking the western parts. The [[Gaza Strip]] was captured by [[Egypt]].

For a description of the massive population movements, Arab and Jewish, at the time of the 1948 war and over the following decades, see [[Palestinian exodus]] and [[Jewish exodus from Arab lands]].

From the 1960s onward, the term "Palestine" was regularly used in political contexts. Various declarations, such as the 1988 proclamation of a [[State of Palestine]] by the [[PLO]] referred to a country called Palestine, defining its borders with differing degrees of clarity, including the annexation of the whole of the State of Israel. Most recently, the Palestine draft constitution refers to borders based on the West Bank and Gaza Strip prior to the 1967 [[Six-Day War]]. This so-called [[Green Line (Israel)|Green Line]] follows the [[1949 Armistice Agreements#Cease-fire line vs. permanent border|1949 armistice line]]; the permanent borders are yet to be negotiated. Furthermore, since 1994, there has been a [[Palestinian Authority]] controlling varying portions of historic Palestine.

==The Origins and Evolution of the Palestine Problem:1917-1988==

The question of Palestine was brought before the United Nations shortly after the end of the Second World War.

The origins of the Palestine problem as an international issue, however, lie in events occurring towards the end of the First World War. These events led to a League of Nations decision to place Palestine under the administration of Great Britain as the Mandatory Power under the Mandates System adopted by the League. In principle, the Mandate was meant to be in the nature of a transitory phase until Palestine attained the status of a fully independent nation, a status provisionally recognized in the League's Covenant, but in fact the Mandate's historical evolution did not result in the emergence of Palestine as an independent nation.

The decision on the Mandate did not take into account the wishes of the people of Palestine, both Arabs and Jews, despite the Covenant's requirements that "the wishes of these communities must be a principal consideration in the selection of the Mandatory". This assumed special significance because, almost five years before receiving the mandate from the League of Nations, the British Government had given commitments to the [[Zionist]] Organization regarding the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine, for which Zionist leaders had pressed a claim of historical connection since their ancestors had lived in Palestine two thousand years earlier before dispersing in the [[Diaspora]].

During the period of the Mandate, the Zionist Organization worked to secure the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine, where both Jews and Arabs could live side by side. The Arab people of Palestine felt this design to be a violation of their rights. They also viewed it as an infringement of assurances of independence given by the Allied Powers to Arab leaders in return for their support during the war. The result was mounting resistance to the Mandate by all Arabs, followed by Arab violence against the Jewish population<ref>''See source article at [ http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/561c6ee353d740fb8525607d00581829/aeac80e740c782e4852561150071fdb0!OpenDocument].'' </ref>.

==Demographics==

===Early demographics===

Estimating the population of Palestine in antiquity relies on 3 methods - censuses and writings made at the times, biblical associations, and the scientific method based on excavations and statistical methods that consider the number of settlements at the particular age, area of each settlement, density factor for each settelment.

According to Joseph Jacobs, writing in the ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]'' (1901-1906) [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1044&letter=S ], the [[Pentateuch]] contains a number of statements as to the number of Jews that left [[Egypt]], the descendants of the seventy sons and grandsons of [[Jacob]] who took up their residence in that country. Altogether, including [[Levite]]s, there were 611,730 males over twenty years of age, and therefore capable of bearing arms; this would imply a population of about 3,154,000. The Census of [[David]] is said to have recorded 1,300,000 males over twenty years of age, which would imply a population of over 5,000,000. The number of exiles who returned from [[Babylon]] is given at 42,360. [[Tacitus]] declares that [[Jerusalem]] at its fall contained 600,000 persons; [[Josephus]], that there were as many as 1,100,000.

According to excavational studies by Magen Borshi of [[The Israel Museum]] in Jerusalem:

<blockquote>

"We have sought here to demonstrate in two alternate, independent ways that the population of Palestine in antiquity did not exceed a million persons. It can also be shown, moreover, that this was more or less the size of the population in the peak period--the late Byzantine period, around A.D. 600"<ref> Magen Broshi, The Population of Western PAlestine in the Roman-Byzantine Period, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 236, p.7, 1979.</ref>

</blockquote>

Similarly, a study by Yigal Shiloh of [[The Hebrew University]] suggests that the population of Palestine in the Iron Age could have never exceeded a million. He writes:

<blockquote>

"As we have seen above, the population of the country in the Roman-Byzantine period greatly exceeded that in the Iron Age...If we accept Broshi's population estimates, which appear to be confirmed by the results of recent research, it follows that the estimates for the population during the Iron Age must be set at a lower figure."<ref> Yigal Shiloh, The Population of Iron Age Palestine in the Light of a Sample Analysis of Urban Plans, Areas, and Population Density, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 239, p.33, 1980.</ref>

</blockquote>

[[Shmuel Katz]] writes: <ref> Katz, p.113-115 {{he icon}} </ref>

<blockquote>

"When Jewish independence came to an end in the year 70, the population numbered, at a conservative estimate, some 5 million people. (By [[Josephus]]' figures, there were nearer 7 million.) Even sixty years after the destruction of the Temple, at the outbreak of the revolt led by Bar Kochba in 132, when large numbers had fled or been deported, the Jewish population of the country must have numbered at least 3 million, according to [[Dio Cassius]]' figures. Sixteen centuries later, when the practical possibility of the return to Zion appeared on the horizon, Palestine was a denuded, derelict, and depopulated country. The writings of travellers who visited Palestine in the late eighteenth and throughout the nineteenth century are filled with descriptions of its emptiness, its desolation. In 1738, [[Thomas Shaw]] wrote of the absence of people to fill - Palestine's fertile soil. In 1785, [[Constantin-François Chassebœuf|Constantine Francois Volney]] described the "rained" and "desolate" country. He had not seen the worst. Pilgrims and travellers continued to report in heartrending terms on its condition. Almost sixty years later, [[Alexander Keith]], recalling Volney's description, wrote: "In his day the land had not fully reached its last degree of desolation and depopulation."<ref> Tomas Shaw, Travels and Observations Relating to Several Parts of Barbary and the Levant (London, 1767), p. 331ff.; Constantine Francois Volney, Travels Through Syria and Egypt in the Years 1783, 1784 and 1785 (London, 1787); Alexander Keith, The Land of Israel (Edinburgh, 1944), P. 465. </ref>

</blockquote>

The table below represents Estimates of the first century population of Palestine as adapted from Byatt (1973).

{| width="462" border="1" cellpadding="2"

| width="149" height="13" bgcolor="#C0C0C0" | '''<font size="2"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Authority</span></font>'''

| width="134" height="13" bgcolor="#C0C0C0" align="center" | '''<font size="2"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jews</span></font>'''

| width="159" height="13" bgcolor="#C0C0C0" align="center" | '''<font size="2"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Total population¹</span></font>'''

|-

| width="149" height="19" | <font size="2">Condor , C R <ref>''Hastings Bible Dictionary'', Vol. 3, 646.</ref> </font>

| width="134" height="19" align="center" | <font size="2">-</font>

| width="159" height="19" align="center" | <font size="2">6 million</font>

|-

| width="149" height="19" | <font size="2">Juster, J <ref>''Les Juifs dans l'empire romain'' (1914), 1, 209f.</ref></font>

| width="134" height="19" align="center" | <font size="2">5 million</font>

| width="159" height="19" align="center" | <font size="2">>5 million</font>

|-

| width="149" height="19" | <font size="2">Mazar, B <ref>Referred to by W C Lowdermilk, ''Palestine, Land of Promise'',(1944), p. 47.</ref></font>

| width="134" height="19" align="center" | <font size="2">-</font>

| width="159" height="19" align="center" | <font size="2">>4 million</font>

|-

| width="149" height="19" | <font size="2">Klausner, J <ref>''From Jesus to Paul'' (1944), 33.</ref></font>

| width="134" height="19" align="center" | <font size="2">3 million</font>

| width="159" height="19" align="center" | <font size="2"> 3.5 million</font>

|-

| width="149" height="19" | <font size="2">Grant, M <ref>''Herod the Great'' (1971), 165.</ref></font>

| width="134" height="19" align="center" | <font size="2">3 million</font>

| width="159" height="19" align="center" | <font size="2">not given</font>

|-

| width="149" height="19" | <font size="2">Baron, S W <ref>A Social and Religious History of the Jews, 2nd ed. (1952), Vol. 1, 168, 370-2.</ref></font>

| width="134" height="19" align="center" | <font size="2">2-2.5 million</font>

| width="159" height="19" align="center" | <font size="2"> 2.5-3 million</font>

|-

| width="149" height="19" | <font size="2">Socin, A <ref>''Encyc. Biblica'' column 3550.</ref></font>

| width="134" height="19" align="center" | <font size="2">-</font>

| width="159" height="19" align="center" | <font size="2">2.5-3 million</font>

|-

| width="149" height="19" | <font size="2">Lowdermilk, W C <ref>Referred to by W C Lowdermilk, ''Palestine, Land of Promise'' (1944), 47.</ref></font>

| width="134" height="19" align="center" | <font size="2">-</font>

| width="159" height="19" align="center" | <font size="2">3 million</font>

|-

| width="149" height="19" | <font size="2">Avi-Yonah, M <ref>''The Holy Land'' (1966), 220, 221.</ref></font>

| width="134" height="19" align="center" | <font size="2">-</font>

| width="159" height="19" align="center" | <font size="2">2.8 million</font>

|-

| width="149" height="19" | <font size="2">Glueck, N <ref>Letter of 16 Dec. 1941 reported by Lowdermilk, ibid, 47.</ref></font>

| width="134" height="19" align="center" | <font size="2">-</font>

| width="159" height="19" align="center" | <font size="2"> 2.5 million</font>

|-

| width="149" height="19" | <font size="2">Beloch, K J <ref>''Die Bevolkerung der griechischromischen Welt'' (1886), 242-9.</ref></font>

| width="134" height="19" align="center" | <font size="2">2 million</font>

| width="159" height="19" align="center" | <font size="2">not given</font>

|-

| width="149" height="19" | <font size="2">Grant, F C <ref>''Economic Background of the Gospels'' (1926), 83.</ref></font>

| width="134" height="19" align="center" | <font size="2">-</font>

| width="159" height="19" align="center" | <font size="2">1.5-2.5 million</font>

|-

| width="149" height="19" | <font size="2">Byatt, A <ref>Byatt, 1973.</ref></font>

| width="134" height="19" align="center" | <font size="2">-</font>

| width="159" height="19" align="center" | <font size="2"> 2.265 million</font>

|-

| width="149" height="19" | <font size="2">Daniel-Rops, H <ref>''Daily Life in Palestine at the Time of Christ'' (1962), 43.</ref> </font>

| width="134" height="19" align="center" | <font size="2">1.5 million</font>

| width="159" height="19" align="center" | <font size="2">2 million</font>

|-

| width="149" height="19" | <font size="2">Derwacter, F M <ref>''Preparing the Way for Paul'' (1930), 115.</ref></font>

| width="134" height="19" align="center" | <font size="2">1 million</font>

| width="159" height="19" align="center" | <font size="2">1.5 million</font>

|-

| width="149" height="19" | <font size="2">Pfeiffer, R H <ref>''History of New Testament Times'' (1949), 189.</ref></font>

| width="134" height="19" align="center" | <font size="2">1 million</font>

| width="159" height="19" align="center" | <font size="2">not given</font>

|-

| width="149" height="19" | <font size="2">Harnack, A <ref>''Mission und Ausbreitung des Christentums'' (1915), 1, 10.</ref></font>

| width="134" height="19" align="center" | <font size="2">500,000</font>

| width="159" height="19" align="center" | <font size="2">not given</font>

|-

| width="149" height="19" | <font size="2">Jeremias, J <ref>''Jerusalem in the Time of Jesus'' (1969), 205.</ref></font>

| width="134" height="19" align="center" | <font size="2">500,000-600,000</font>

| width="159" height="19" align="center" | <font size="2">not given</font>

|-

| width="149" height="19" | <font size="2">McCown, C C <ref>The Density of Population in Ancient Palestine, ''Journal of Biblical Literature'', Vol 66 (1947), 425-36.</ref></font>

| width="134" height="19" align="center" | <font size="2"><500,000</font>

| width="159" height="19" align="center" | <font size="2"><1 million</font>

|}

^'''1.''' There is no consensus on the population of Palestine in the first century of the Christian Era; estimates range from under 1 million to 6 million.

===Demographics in the late Ottoman and British Mandate periods===

In the middle of the first century of the Ottoman rule, i.e. 1550 A.D., [[Bernard Lewis]] in a study of Ottoman registers of the early Ottoman Rule of Palestine reports<ref>Bernard Lewis, Studies in the Ottoman Archives--I, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 16, NO. 3, pp. 469-501, 1954</ref>

<blockquote>"From the mass of detail in the registers, it is possible to extract something like a general picture of the economic life of the country in that period. Out of a total population of about 300,000 souls, between a fifth and a quarter lived in the six towns of [[Jerusalem]], [[Gaza]], [[Safed]], [[Nablus|Nabulus]], [[Ramla|Ramle]], and [[Hebron]]. The remainder consisted mainly of peasants, living in villages of varying size, and engaged in agriculture. Their main food-crops were wheat and barley in that order, supplemented by leguminous pulses, olives, fruit, and vegetables. In and around most of the towns there was a considerable number of vineyards, orchards, and vegetable gardens."

</blockquote>

By [[Constantin-François Chassebœuf|Volney's]] estimates in 1785, there were no more than 200,000 people in the country.<ref> C.F.C Conte de Volney: Travels through Syria & Egypt in the years 1783, 1784, 1785 (London, 1798). Vol II p. 219 </ref> <ref> Katz, 115 </ref>

In his paper 'Demography in Israel/Palestine: Trends, Prospects and Policy Implications'<ref>DellaPergola, 2001, p. 5.</ref> Sergio DellaPergola, drawing on the work of Bachi (1975), provides rough estimates of the population of Palestine west of the River Jordan by religion groups from the first century onwards summarised in the table below.

{| width="628" border="1" cellpadding="2"

| width="166" bgcolor="#C0C0C0" | '''<font size="2"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Year</span></font>'''

| width="15%" bgcolor="#C0C0C0" align="center" | '''<font size="2"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jews</span></font>'''

| width="15%" bgcolor="#C0C0C0" align="center" | '''<font size="2"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Christians</span></font>'''

| width="15%" bgcolor="#C0C0C0" align="center" | '''<font size="2"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Muslims</span></font>'''

| width="15%" bgcolor="#C0C0C0" align="center" | '''<font size="2"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Total¹</span></font>'''

|-

| <font size="2">First half 1st century C.E.</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">Majority</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">-</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">-</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">~2,500²</font>

|-

| <font size="2">5th century</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">Minority</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">Majority</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">-</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">>1st century</font>

|-

| <font size="2">End 12th century</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">Minority</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">Minority</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">Majority</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">>225</font>

|-

| <font size="2">14th cent. before Black Death</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">Minority</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">Minority</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">Majority</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">225</font>

|-

| <font size="2">14th cent. after Black Death</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">Minority</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">Minority</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">Majority</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">150</font>

|-

| <font size="2">1533-1539</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">5</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">6</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">145</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">157</font>

|-

| <font size="2">1690-1691</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">2</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">11</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">219</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">232</font>

|-

| <font size="2">1800</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">7</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">22</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">246</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">275</font>

|-

| <font size="2">1890</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">43</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">57</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">432</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">532</font>

|-

| <font size="2">1914</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">94</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">70</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">525</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">689</font>

|-

| <font size="2">1922</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">84</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">71</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">589</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">752</font>

|-

| <font size="2">1931</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">175</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">89</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">760</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">1,033</font>

|-

| <font size="2">1947</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">630</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">143</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">1,181</font>

| align="center" | <font size="2">1,970</font>

|}

^'''1.''' Figures in thousands. The total includes Druzes and other small religious minorities.<br>

According to [[Scholch]], the population of Palestine in 1850 had about 350,000 inhabitants, 30% of whom lived in 13 towns; roughly 85% were Muslims, 11% were Christians and 4% Jews <ref>Scholch 1985, p. 503</ref>[http://www.jstor.org/view/00207438/ap010071/01a00050/0]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; margin-right:60px"

|-

!rowspan=2|

!rowspan=2 align=center |Qazas

!rowspan=2| <small> Number of <br>Towns and <br>Villages</small>

! colspan=4 rowspan=1 |<center>Number of Households</center>

|-

!rowspan=1|<small>Muslims</small>

!rowspan=1|<small>Christians</small>

!rowspan=1|<small>Jews</small>

!rowspan=1|<small>Total</small>

|-

| 1 ||align=left | '''Jerusalem'''

|-

| ||align=left | <small>Jerusalem</small>|| 1 || 1,025 ||738 ||630||2,393

|-

| ||align=left | <small>Countryside</small>|| 116 || 6,118 ||1,202 ||<center>-</center> || 7,320

|-

|-

| 2 ||align=left | '''Hebron'''

|-

| ||align=left | <small>Hebron</small>|| 1 || 2,800||<center>-</center> ||200||3,000

|-

| ||align=left | <small>Countryside</small>|| 52 || 2,820||<center>-</center>||<center>-</center> || 2,820

|-

|-

| 3 ||align=left | '''Gaza'''

|-

| ||align=left | <small>Gaza</small>|| 1 || 2,690||65 ||<center>-</center>||2,755

|-

| ||align=left | <small>Countryside</small>|| 55 || 6,417|| <center>-</center> || <center>-</center> || 6,417

|-

|-

| 3 ||align=left | '''Jaffa'''

|-

| ||align=left | <small>Jaffa</small>|| 3 || 865||266||<center>-</center>||1,131

|-

| ||align=left | <small>Ludd</small>|| . || 700||207||<center>-</center> || 907

|-

| ||align=left | <small>Ramla</small>|| . || 675||250||<center>-</center> || 925

|-

| ||align=left | <small>Countryside</small>|| 61 || 3,439||<center>-</center>||<center>-</center> || 3,439

|-

|-

| 4||align=left | '''Nablus'''

|-

| ||align=left | <small>Nablus</small>|| 1 || 1,356||108 ||14||1,478

|-

| ||align=left | <small>Countryside</small>|| 176 || 13,022|| 202 ||<center>-</center> || 13,224

|-

|-

| 5 ||align=left | '''Jinin'''

|-

| ||align=left | <small>Jinin</small>|| 1 || 656||16 ||<center>-</center>||672

|-

| ||align=left | <small>Countryside</small>|| 39 || 2,120|| 17 || <center>-</center> || 2,137

|-

|-

| 6 ||align=left | '''Ajlun'''

|-

| ||align=left | <small>Countryside</small>|| 97 || 1,599|| 137 || <center>-</center> || 1,736

|-

|-

| 7 ||align=left | '''Salt'''

|-

| ||align=left | <small>Salt</small>|| 1 || 500||250 ||<center>-</center>||750

|-

| ||align=left | <small>Countryside</small>|| 12 || 685|| <center>-</center> || <center>-</center> || 685

|-

|-

| 8 ||align=left | '''Akka'''

|-

| ||align=left | <small>Gaza</small>|| 1 || 547||210 || 6 ||763

|-

| ||align=left | <small>Countryside</small>|| 34 || 1,768|| 1,021 || <center>-</center> || 2,789

|-

|-

| 9 ||align=left | '''Haifa'''

|-

| ||align=left | <small>Haifa</small>|| 1 || 224||228 ||8 ||460

|-

| ||align=left | <small>Countryside</small>|| 41 || 2,011|| 161 || <center>-</center> || 2,171

|-

|-

| 10 ||align=left | '''Nazareth'''

|-

| ||align=left | <small>Nazareth</small>|| 1 || 275||1,073 ||<center>-</center>||1,348

|-

| ||align=left | <small>Countryside</small>|| 38 || 1,606|| 544 || <center>-</center> || 2,150

|-

|-

| 11 ||align=left | '''Tiberias'''

|-

| ||align=left | <small>Tiberias</small>|| 1 || 159||66 || 400 ||625

|-

| ||align=left | <small>Countryside</small>|| 7 || 507|| <center>-</center> || <center>-</center> || 507

|-

|-

| 12 ||align=left | '''Safad'''

|-

| ||align=left | <small>Safad</small>|| 1 || 1,295||3 || 1,197 ||2,495

|-

| ||align=left | <small>Countryside</small>|| 38 || 1,117|| 616 || <center>-</center> || 1,733

|-

|}

Figures from Ben-Arieh, in Scholch 1985, p. 388.

According to [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] statistics studied by [[Justin McCarthy (American historian)|Justin McCarthy]]<ref>McCarthy, 1990, p.26.</ref>, the population of Palestine in the early 19th century was 350,000, in 1860 it was 411,000 and in 1900 Palestine had a population of about 600,000 of which 94% were [[Arabs]]. In 1914 Palestine had a population of 657,000 Muslim Arabs, 81,000 Christian Arabs, and 59,000 Jews.<ref>McCarthy, 1990.</ref>

[[Alphonse de Lamartine]] visited Palestine in 1835: <ref> Katz, 114 </ref>

<blockquote>

"Outside the gates of Jerusalem we saw indeed no living object, heard no living sound, we found the same void, the same silence ... as we should have expected before the entombed gates of Pompeii or Herculaneam a complete eternal silence reigns in the town, on the highways, in the country ... the tomb of a whole people." <ref> Alphonse de Lamartine, Recollections of the East, Vol. I (London, 1845), pp. 268, 308. </ref>

</blockquote>

[[Mark Twain]] visited Palestine in 1867 and wrote in ''[[Innocents Abroad]]'':

<blockquote>

"Palestine sits in sackcloth and ashes. Over it broods the spell of a curse that has withered its fields and fettered its energies. Palestine is desolate and unlovely -- Palestine is no more of this workday world. It is sacred to poetry and tradition, it is dreamland."<ref> Twain, 358</ref> "There was hardly a tree or a shrub anywhere. Even the olive and the cactus, those fast friends of a worthless soil, had almost deserted the country".<ref> Twain, 294</ref> "A desolation is here that not even imagination can grace with the pomp of life and action. We reached Tabor safely. We never saw a human being on the whole route".<ref> Mark Twain: Innocents Abroad (New York, 1911) p.216 ,253</ref> "There is not a solitary village throughout its whole extent – not for thirty miles in either direction. ...One may ride ten miles hereabouts and not see ten human beings." ...these unpeopled deserts, these rusty mounds of barrenness..."

</blockquote>

So overwhelming was Twain's impression of an irreversible desolation that he came to the grim conclusion that Palestine would never come to life again. [[Kathleen Christison]] was critical of Twain and claimed that in Nablus the city had a population of 20,000 Arabs and a few hundred Samaritans<ref>B. B. Doumani, The political economy of population counts in Ottoman Palestine: Nablus, Circa 1950, ''International Journal of Middle East Studies'', Vol 26 (1994) 1-17.</ref> yet Twain described the Samaritans at length without mentioning the Arabs at all.<ref>K. Christison, Perceptions of Palestine: Their Influence on U.S. Middle East Policy, Univ. of California Press, 1999; p20.</ref>

[[Nabil Mattar]] claims that some European travelers are biased in comparison to reports by other Arab travelers who reported about the same places and era in regard to Palestine. He brings a case study for a Morrocoan traveler Ayyashi in the seventeenth century, and another of an Englishman called T.B, both of whom visited mostly the same sites, but had reported sharply different view of Palestine.

<blockquote>"There were no people in T.B's Palestine, no nature, no terrain to link them...There was no mention of the Dome of the Rock, nothing of the Moors or the Arabs or anybody else." <ref>Nabil Mattar, Two Journeys to Seventeenth-Century Palestine, Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 29, no.4, pp.37-50</ref></blockquote>

Remarkably, there are photographs dating to the 19th century and early 20th century that document the development of Palestine from the desolate, pre-Zionist landscape reported by travelers to the green and productive land that Jewish immigrants created there. The photographs and lithographs of the period show how the industrious Zionists made the lightly-populated land productive and able to support the great increases in Jewish and Arab numbers that came to Palestine in the following decades. [http://www.palestinefacts.org/pf_early_palestine_zionists_impact.php] [http://www.eretzyisroel.org/~dhershkowitz/]

During the nineteenth century, many residents and visitors attempted to estimate the population without recourse to official data, and came up with a large number of different values. Estimates that are reasonably reliable are only available for the final third of the century, from which period Ottoman population and taxation registers have been preserved.<ref>J. McCarthy, The population of Ottoman Syria and Iraq, 1878-1914, ''Asian and African Studies'', vol. 15 (1981) 3-44. K. H. Karpat, Ottoman population 1830-1914 (Univ. Wisconsin Press, 1985).</ref>

After a visit to Palestine in 1891, [[Ahad Ha'am]] wrote:

<blockquote>

From abroad, we are accustomed to believe that Eretz Israel is presently almost totally desolate, an uncultivated desert, and that anyone wishing to buy land there can come and buy all he wants. But in truth it is not so. In the entire land, it is hard to find tillable land that is not already tilled; only sandy fields or stony hills, suitable at best for planting trees or vines and, even that after considerable work and expense in clearing and preparing them- only these remain unworked. ... Many of our people who came to buy land have been in Eretz Israel for months, and have toured its length and width, without finding what they seek.<ref> Alan Dowty, Much Ado about Little: Ahad Ha'am's "Truth from Eretz Yisrael," Zionism, and the Arabs, ''Israel Studies'', Vol. 5, No. 2 (Fall 2000) 154-181.</ref>

</blockquote>

In 1898, German [[Kaiser Wilhelm II]] also visited Palestine. He was appalled at the condition of the country. The Ottomans had stripped the forests for lumber and firewood. The Palestinian Arabs had let an old Roman aqueduct fall into ruin. The ultimate ecological curse was the ubiquitous herds of black goats. For nearly 2,000 years after the dispersion of the Jews, Arabs had allowed their goats to graze unfenced across Palestine. They had eaten the grass down to its roots, and the topsoil had eroded and blown away. The biblical land of milk and honey had become a dust bowl. <ref> Palestine: The Original Sin , Meir Abelson [http://www.acpr.org.il/ENGLISH-NATIV/issue1/Abelson-1.htm] </ref>

In 1920, the League of Nations "Interim Report on the Civil Administration of Palestine states that there were 700,000 people living in Palestine.

<blockquote>"Of these 235,000 live in the larger towns, 465,000 in the smaller towns and villages. Four-fifths of the whole population are Moslems. A small proportion of these are Bedouin Arabs; the remainder, although they speak Arabic and are termed Arabs, are largely of mixed race. Some 77,000 of the population are Christians, in large majority belonging to the Orthodox Church, and speaking Arabic. The minority are members of the Latin or of the Uniate Greek Catholic Church, or--a small number--are Protestants.

The Jewish element of the population numbers 76,000. Almost all have entered Palestine during the last 40 years. Prior to 1850 there were in the country only a handful of Jews. In the following 30 years a few hundreds came to Palestine. Most of them were animated by religious motives; they came to pray and to die in the Holy Land, and to be buried in its soil. After the persecutions in Russia forty years ago, the movement of the Jews to Palestine assumed larger proportions.

[http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/349b02280a930813052565e90048ed1c!OpenDocument] "</blockquote>

By 1948, the population had risen to 1,900,000, of whom 68% were [[Arabs]], and 32% were [[Jews]] ([[UNSCOP]] report, including [[bedouin]]).

===Genetic analyses of the populations of the region===<!--This whole section is pretty awkward. If somebody has a better title for it, please replace and erase this comment/!-->

[[Image:Y-chromosome haplotype.jpg|thumb|Regions of the Y chromosome used in staining]]

According to various genetic studies, Jewish populations and Palestinian populations do overlap genetically. Palestinian Muslims additionally have genetic components that are found in the population of the [[Arabian Peninsula]], but are rare in Jews. [[Ashkenazi]] Jews also carry components found in European populations, but are rare in Arabs.

Geneticists generally agree there was mixing in Middle East populations in prehistoric times. Nebel et al. (2000) doing Y-chromosome [[haplotype]] analysis for patrilineal ancestry of Jews and Palestinian Muslims "revealed a common gene pool for a large portion of Y chromosomes, suggesting a relatively recent common ancestry". The two modal haplotypes that comprise the Palestinian Arab [[clade]] were very infrequent among Jews, "reflecting divergence and/or admixture from other populations". Nebel et al. regard their findings in good agreement with historical evidence that suggest that "Part, or perhaps the majority, of the Muslim Arabs in this country descended from local inhabitants, mainly Christians and Jews, who had converted after the Islamic conquest in the seventh century AD... These local inhabitants, in turn, were descendants of the core population that had lived in the area for several centuries, some even since prehistoric times. <ref> [ http://www.springerlink.com/content/4b9fltx6cnc9l18q/ Journal Abstract:] Almut Nebel, Dvora Filon, Deborah A. Weiss, Michael Weale, Marina Faerman, Ariella Oppenheim,

Mark G. Thomas. 2000 "High-resolution Y chromosome haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs reveal geographic substructure and substantial overlap with haplotypes of Jews". ''Human Genetics'' 107(6): 630-641.</ref>

A subsequent study aimed at determining the genetic relationship among three Jewish communities (Ashkenazi, Sephardic, and Kurdish) by the same group described two Y-chromosomal haplotype groups, Eu9 and Eu10, that represent a major part of Middle East ancestry. Eu9 appears to originate from the northern [[Fertile Crescent]], while Eu10 appears to come from the southern part of it. Jewish and Muslim Kurdish populations have high-frequency of Eu9 but generally lack Eu10, which is prevalent in Palestinian Muslims. The study proposes that <blockquote>...the Y chromosomes in Palestinian Arabs and Bedouin represent, to a large extent, early lineages derived from the Neolithic inhabitants of the area and additional lineages from more-recent population movements. The early lineages are part of the common chromosome pool shared with Jews. According to our working model, the more-recent migrations were mostly from the Arabian Peninsula, as is seen in the Arab-specific Eu 10 chromosomes that include the modal haplotypes observed in Palestinians and Bedouin... The study demonstrates that the Y chromosome pool of Jews is an integral part of the genetic landscape of the region and, in particular, that Jews exhibit a high degree of genetic affinity to populations living in the north of the Fertile Crescent.<ref>[ http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=11573163 Journal Article:] Almut Nebel, Dvora Filon, Bernd Brinkmann, Partha P. Majumder, Marina Faerman, Ariella Oppenheim. 2001. "The Y Chromosome Pool of Jews as Part of the Genetic Landscape of the Middle East". ''American Journal of Human Genetics'' 69(5): 1095–1112.</ref></blockquote>

In 1902, [[Sir James Frazer]], in his book [[The Golden Bough]], which argued his thesis about the origins of religion, speculated that the majority of Palestinian Arabs are descendants of the ancient [[Jebusites]] and [[Canaanites]]:

<blockquote> "The Arabic-speaking peasants of Palestine are the progeny of the tribes which settled in the country before the Israelite invasion. They are still adhering to the land. They never left it and were never uprooted from it."</blockquote>

Some geneticists agree with Frazer. Arnaiz-Villena, et al. (2001) compared the genetic profile of Palestinians with that of other Mediterranean populations, and argue that:<ref> Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio et. al. (2001), The Origin of Palestinians and Their Genetic Relatedness With Other Mediterranean Populations, Human Immunology Vol 62, 889-900</ref>:[http://www.rense.com/general48/Palestinians.pdf]

<blockquote> "Archaeologic and genetic data support [the hypothesis]<ref> p.897.</ref> that both Jews and Palestinians came from the ancient Canaanites, who extensively mixed with Egyptians, Mesopotamian and Anatolian peoples in ancient times."<ref> p. 889.</ref></blockquote>

However, the study also says that Palestinians are closely related to [[Egyptian]]s, [[Lebanon|Lebanese]], [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]]s,

[[Cretan]]s, [[Macedonians]] and [[Sardinian]]s, [[Turkish people|Turk]]s, [[Armenian]]s and also to [[Algerian]]s, [[Spaniard]]s, [[French people|French]], [[Italian people|Italian]]s and [[Basque]]s. It therefore doesn't answer the question of immigration.

Arnaiz-Villena was later sacked from the journal's editorial board and the article retracted[http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4307083,00.html ]. The journal claimed the article was politically biased and was written using inappropriate remarks about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

===The question of late Arab immigration to Palestine===

Whether there was significant Arab immigration into Palestine after the beginning of Jewish settlement there in the late 19th century has been a matter of some controversy.

Demographer [[Uziel Schmelz]], in his analysis of Ottoman registration data for 1905 populations of Jerusalem and Hebron ''[[kazas]]'', found that most Ottoman citizens living in these areas, comprising about one quarter of the population of Palestine, were living at the place where they were born. Specifically, of Muslims, 93.1% were born in their current locality of residence, 5.2% were born elsewhere in Palestine, and 1.6% were born outside Palestine. Of Christians, 93.4% were born in their current locality, 3.0% were born elsewhere in Palestine, and 3.6% were born outside Palestine. Of Jews (excluding the large fraction who were not Ottoman citizens), 59.0% were born in their current locality, 1.9% were born elsewhere in Palestine, and 39.0% were born outside Palestine. <ref>Schmelz, 1990, pp. 15-67.</ref>

Professor [[Joseph Kickasola]] of international affairs talks about the Palestine region being sparsely populated before the immigration. One of the reasons could have been the apparent lack of oil in the region. He also mentions the abundant existence of swamps and [[malaria]]. Historians note that the [[Zionist]] settlers drained the swamps and eradicated the deadly malaria. [http://64.233.161.104/search?q=cache:udaPwxfnACwJ:www.jerrybowyer.com/docs/kickasola_4.doc+jews+who+drained+swamps&hl=iw&gl=il&ct=clnk&cd=81&client=firefox-a]

American economist [http://www.meforum.org/article/522/ Gottheil] considers that there was significant Arab immigration:

<blockquote>

There is every reason to believe that consequential immigration of Arabs into and within Palestine occurred during the Ottoman and British mandatory periods. Among the most compelling arguments in support of such immigration is the universally acknowledged and practiced linkage between regional economic disparities and migratory impulses.

The precise magnitude of Arab immigration into and within Palestine is, as Bachi noted, unknown. Lack of completeness in Ottoman registration lists and British Mandatory censuses, and the immeasurable illegal, unreported, and undetected immigration during both periods make any estimate a bold venture into creative analysis. In most cases, those venturing into the realm of Palestinian demography—or other demographic analyses based on very crude data—acknowledge its limitations and the tentativeness of the conclusions that may be drawn.<ref>Gottheil, 2003.</ref>

</blockquote>

[[Yehoshua Porath]] believes that the notion of "large-scale immigration of Arabs from the neighboring countries" is a myth "proposed by Zionist writers". He writes:

<blockquote>

As all the research by historians and geographers of modern Palestine shows, the Arab population began to grow again in the middle of the nineteenth century. That growth resulted from a new factor: the demographic revolution. Until the 1850s there was no "natural" increase of the population, but this began to change when modern medical treatment was introduced and modern hospitals were established, both by the Ottoman authorities and by the foreign Christian missionaries. The number of births remained steady but infant mortality decreased. This was the main reason for Arab population growth. ... No one would doubt that some migrant workers came to Palestine from Syria and Trans-Jordan and remained there. But one has to add to this that there were migrations in the opposite direction as well. For example, a tradition developed in Hebron to go to study and work in Cairo, with the result that a permanent community of Hebronites had been living in Cairo since the fifteenth century. Trans-Jordan exported unskilled casual labor to Palestine; but before 1948 its civil service attracted a good many educated Palestinian Arabs who did not find work in Palestine itself. Demographically speaking, however, neither movement of population was significant in comparison to the decisive factor of natural increase. <ref>Porath, Y. (1986). [ http://www.nybooks.com/articles/5249 Mrs. Peters's Palestine]. ''New York Review of Books''. [[16 January]], 32(21 & 22).</ref>

</blockquote>

[[Daniel Pipes]] responds to Porath by saying that the argument that "substantial immigration of Arabs to Palestine took place during the first half of the [[twentieth century]] is supported by an array of [[demography|demographic]] statistics and contemporary accounts, the bulk of which have not been questioned by anyone, including Professor Porath." [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/5172]

===Current demographics===

{{seealso|Demographics of Israel|Demographics of the Palestinian territories|Demographics of Jordan}}

According to Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics, as of May 2006, of Israel's 7 million people, 77% were [[Jew]]s, 18.5% [[Arab]]s, and 4.3% "others".<ref name="pdf2">{{cite web| url= http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton56/st02_01.pdf| title=Population, by religion and population group| accessdate=2006-04-08| first =Government of Israel| last =Central Bureau of Statistics}} {{PDFlink}}</ref> Among Jews, 68% were [[Sabra (person)|Sabras]] (Israeli-born), mostly second- or third-generation Israelis, and the rest are [[oleh|olim]] — 22% from [[Europe]] and the [[Americas]], and 10% from [[Asia]] and [[Africa]], including the [[Arab world|Arab countries]]. <ref name="pdf3">{{cite web| url= http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton56/st02_24.pdf| title=Jews and others, by origin, continent of birth and period of immigration| accessdate=2006-04-08| first =Government of Israel| last =Central Bureau of Statistics}} {{PDFlink}}</ref>

According to Palestinian evaluations, The [[West Bank]] is inhabited by approximately 2.4 million [[Palestinian]]s. According to a study presented at The Sixth Herzliya Conference on The Balance of Israel's National Security<ref name=Herzliya>{{cite web

|title = Arab Population in the West Bank & Gaza: The Million Person Gap

|author = Bennett Zimmerman & Roberta Seid

|publisher = American-Israel Demographic Research Group

|date = January 23, 2006

|url = http://www.pademographics.com

|accessdate = 2006-09-27

}}</ref> there are 1.4 million Palestinians. According to Palestinian estimates, there are another 1.4 million Palestinians in the [[Gaza Strip]].

According to these Israeli and Palestinian estimates, the population in the region of Palestine stands at 9.8 - 10.8 millions.

According to [[Jordanian]] statistics, there are almost 6 million inhabitants in Jordan, the majority of them being Palestinians but exact Palestinian percentage in the society is disputed and not encouraged to be researched by the government. Estimates are between 45 - 90 %.

==See also==

{{commonscat|Maps of the history of the Middle East}}

{{wikiquote}}

{{commons}}

*[[Palestinian people]]

*{{imdb name|id=0445001|name=Stacy Keibler}}

*[[History of Palestine]]

*{{tvtome person|id=59432|name=Stacy Keibler}}

*[[State of Palestine]]

*[[Names of the Levant]]

*[[Land of Israel]] covers roughly the same region, with a different focus

*[[Israel|State of Israel]]

*[[Mandate for Palestine]]

*[[Israeli-Palestinian conflict]]

*[[Arab-Israeli conflict]]

*[[Greater Israel]]

*[[Greater Syria]]

* [[Conflict: Middle East Political Simulator]]

==External links==

*The Hope Simpson Report (London, 1930) [http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/e3ed8720f8707c9385256d19004f057c!OpenDocument ]

*Palestine Royal Commission Report (the Peel Report) (London, 1937) [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/peel1.html]

*Report to the Council of the League of Nations (1928) [http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/3d14c9e5cdaa296d85256cbf005aa3eb/a212ce7d6edb27c6052565d4005af973!OpenDocument ]

*Report to the Council of the League of Nations (1929) [http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/38bed104db074b49052565e70054eb22!OpenDocument ]

*Report to the Council of the League of Nations (1934) [http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/3d14c9e5cdaa296d85256cbf005aa3eb/a212ce7d6edb27c6052565d4005af973!OpenDocument ]

*Report to the Council of the League of Nations (1935) [http://domino.un.org/UNISPAl.NSF/3d14c9e5cdaa296d85256cbf005aa3eb/b672dc87b2d50447052565d4005173df!OpenDocument ]

*[http://www.mideastweb.org/palpop.htm| www.mideastweb.org - A website with a wealth of statistics regarding population in Palestine]

*[http://www.drberlin.com/palestine/ Coins and Banknotes of Palestine under the British Mandate]

*[http://www.worldstatesmen.org WorldStatesmen- Maps, flags, chronology, see Israel and Palestinian National Authority]

*[http://www.hweb.org.uk/content/view/69/3/ hWeb - Israel-Palestine in Maps]

===Maps===

*[http://www.dartmouth.edu/~gov46/sykes-picot-1916.gif Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1916]

*[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/israel/images/israel04.jpg 1947 UN Partition Plan]

*[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/israel/images/israel05.jpg 1949 Armisitice Lines]

*[ http://www.dartmouth.edu/~gov46/israel-post-armstice-1949.gif Israel After 1949 Armistice Agreements]

==Footnotes==

<div class="references-small">

<references/>

</div>

==Bibliography==

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*Bachi, Roberto (1974), The Population of Israel, Jerusalem: Institute of Contemporary Jewry, Hebrew University

*Biger, Gideon (1981). Where was Palestine? Pre-World War I perception, ''AREA'' (Journal of the Institute of British Geographers) Vol 13, No. 2, pp. 153-160.

*Broshi, Magen (1979). The Population of Western Palestine in the Roman-Byzantine Period, ''Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research'', No. 236, p.7, 1979.

*Doumani, Beshara (1995). ''Rediscovering Palestine: Merchants and Peasants in Jabal Nablus 1700-1900''. UC Press. ISBN 0-520-20370-4

*Samih K. Farsoun, Naseer Aruri (2006), ''Palestine and the Palestinians'', Westview Press, 2nd edition , ISBN 0813343364

*Gelber, Yoav (1997). ''Jewish-Transjordanian Relations 1921-48: Alliance of Bars Sinister''. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-4675-X

*Gerber, Haim (1998). "Palestine" and other territorial concepts in the 17th century, ''International Journal of Middle East Studies'', Vol 30, pp. 563-572.

*Gilbar, Gar G. (ed.), ''Ottoman Palestine: 1800-1914''. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-07785-5

*Gottheil, Fred M. (2003) [http://www.meforum.org/article/522/ The Smoking Gun: Arab Immigration into Palestine, 1922-1931], ''[[Middle East Quarterly]]'', X(1).

*Hughes, Mark (1999). ''Allenby and British Strategy in the Middle East, 1917-1919''. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-4920-1

*Ingrams, Doreen (1972). ''Palestine Papers 1917-1922''. London: John Murray. ISBN 0-8076-0648-0

*[[Rashid Khalidi|Khalidi, Rashid]] (1997). ''Palestinian Identity. The Construction of Modern National Consciousness''. [[Columbia University Press]]. ISBN 0-231-10515-0

*Karpat, Kemal H. (2002). ''Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History''. Brill. ISBN 90-04-12101-3

*[[Shmuel Katz|Katz, Shmuel]] (1973) ''Battleground: Fact and Fantasy in Palestine'' Shapolsky Pub; ISBN 0-933503-03-2

*Kimmerling, Baruch and Migdal, Joel S. (1994). ''Palestinians: The Making of a People'', Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-65223-1

*[[Hans Köchler|Köchler, Hans]] (1981). ''The Legal Aspects of the Palestine Problem with Special Regard to the Question of Jerusalem''. Vienna: Braumüller. ISBN 3-7003-0278-9

*Le Strange, Guy (1965). ''Palestine under the Moslems'' (Originally published in 1890; reprinted by Khayats) ISBN 0-404-56288-4

*J.P. Loftus (1948), Features of the demography of Palestine, Population Studies, Vol 2

*Louis, Wm. Roger (1969). The United Kingdom and the Beginning of the Mandates System, 1919-1922. ''International Organization'', 23(1), pp. 73-96.

*McCarthy, Justin (1990). ''The Population of Palestine''. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-07110-8.

*Mandel, Neville J. (1976). ''The Arabs and Zionism Before World War I''. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02466-4

*[[Fabio Maniscalco|Maniscalco, Fabio]]. (2005). ''Protection, conservation and valorisation of Palestinian Cultural Patrimony'' Massa Publisher. ISBN 88-87835-62-4.

*Metzer, Jacob (1988), The divided economy of Mandatory Palestine, Cambridge University Press

*Porath, Yehoshua (1974). ''The Emergence of the Palestinian-Arab National Movement'', 1918-1929. London: Frank Cass. ISBN 0-7146-2939-1

*Rogan, Eugene L. (2002). ''Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850-1921''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-89223-6.

*Schlor, Joachim (1999). ''Tel Aviv: From Dream to City''. Reaktion Books. ISBN 1-86189-033-8

*Scholch, Alexander (1985) ''"The Demographic Development of Palestine 1850-1882"'', International Journal of Middle East Studies, XII, 4, November 1985, pp. 485-505

*Shahin, Mariam (2005). ''Palestine: A Guide'', Interlink Books. ISBN 1-56656-557-X

*Schmelz, Uziel O. (1990) Population characteristics of Jerusalem and Hebron regions according to Ottoman Census of 1905, in

*Shiloh, Yigal (1980). The Population of Iron Age Palestine in the Light of a Sample Analysis of Urban Plans, Areas, and Population Density, ''Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research'', No. 239, p.33, 1980.

*Sicker, Martin (1999). ''Reshaping Palestine: From Muhammad Ali to the British Mandate, 1831-1922''. Praeger/Greenwood. ISBN 0-275-96639-9

*Twain , Mark (1867). ''Innocents Abroad''. Penguin Classics. ISBN 0-14-243708-5

*[[UNSCOP]] [http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/07175de9fa2de563852568d3006e10f3!OpenDocument Report to the General Assembly]

*Westermann, ''Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte''. ISBN 3-07-509520-6

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