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A '''rating scale''' is a set of categories designed to elicit information about a [[quantitative]] attribute in social science. Common examples are the [[Likert scale]] and 1-10 rating scales for which a person selects the number which is considered to reflect the perceived quality of a product.
{| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" border="0" style="border:#435877 solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
| style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | '''Year'''
| style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | '''Winner'''
| style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" |
| style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | '''Runner-up'''
| style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaaaaa;" | '''Result'''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| [[1925]] || '''[[Suzanne Lenglen]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Kitty McKane]]'' || ''6-1 6-2''
|- bgcolor=#ffffff
| [[1926]] || '''[[Suzanne Lenglen]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Mary Browne]]'' || ''6-1 6-0''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| [[1927]] || '''[[Kea Bouman]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Irene Peacock]]'' || ''6-2 6-4''
|- bgcolor=#ffffff
| [[1928]] || '''[[Helen Wills Moody]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Eileen Bennett]]'' || ''6-1 6-2''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| [[1929]] || '''[[Helen Wills Moody]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Simone Mathieu]]'' || ''6-3 6-4''
|- bgcolor=#ffffff
| [[1930]] || '''[[Helen Wills Moody]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Helen Hull Jacobs]]'' || ''6-2 6-1''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| [[1931]] || '''[[Cilly Aussem]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Betty Nuthall]]'' || ''8-6 6-1''
|- bgcolor=#ffffff
| [[1932]] || '''[[Helen Wills Moody]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Simone Mathieu]]'' || ''7-5 6-1''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| [[1933]] || '''[[Margaret Scriven]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Simone Mathieu]]'' || ''6-2 4-6 6-4''
|- bgcolor=#ffffff
| [[1934]] || '''[[Margaret Scriven]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Helen Hull Jacobs]]'' || ''7-5 4-6 6-1''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| [[1935]] || '''[[Hilde Sperling]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Simone Mathieu]]'' || ''6-2 6-1''
|- bgcolor=#ffffff
| [[1936]] || '''[[Hilde Sperling]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Simone Mathieu]]'' || ''6-3 6-4''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| [[1937]] || '''[[Hilde Sperling]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Simone Mathieu]]'' || ''6-2 6-4''
|- bgcolor=#ffffff
| [[1938]] || '''[[Simone Mathieu]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Nelly Landry]]'' || ''6-0 6-3''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| [[1939]] || '''[[Simone Mathieu]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Jadwiga Jedrzejowska]]'' || ''6-3 8-6''
|- bgcolor=#ffffff
| [[1940]] || ''no competition'' || || ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| [[1941]] || ''no competition'' || || ||
|- bgcolor=#ffffff
| [[1942]] || ''no competition'' || || ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| [[1943]] || ''no competition'' || || ||
|- bgcolor=#ffffff
| [[1944]] || ''no competition'' || || ||
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| [[1945]] || ''no competition'' || || ||
|- bgcolor=#ffffff
| [[1946]] || '''[[Margaret Osborne duPont|Margaret Osborne]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Pauline Betz]]'' || ''1-6 8-6 7-5''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| [[1947]] || '''[[Pat Todd]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Doris Hart]]'' || ''6-3 3-6 6-4''
|- bgcolor=#ffffff
| [[1948]] || '''[[Nelly Landry]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Shirley Fry]]'' || ''6-2 0-6 6-0''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| [[1949]] || '''[[Margaret Osborne duPont]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Nelly Adamson]]'' || ''7-5 6-2''
|- bgcolor=#ffffff
| [[1950]] || '''[[Doris Hart]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Pat Todd]]'' || ''6-4 4-6 6-2''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| [[1951]] || '''[[Shirley Fry]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Doris Hart]]'' || ''6-3 3-6 6-3''
|- bgcolor=#ffffff
| [[1952]] || '''[[Doris Hart]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Shirley Fry]]'' || ''6-4 6-4''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| [[1953]] || '''[[Maureen Connolly]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Doris Hart]]'' || ''6-2 6-4''
|- bgcolor=#ffffff
| [[1954]] || '''[[Maureen Connolly]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Ginette Bucaille]]'' || ''6-4 6-1''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| [[1955]] || '''[[Angela Mortimer]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Dorothy Knode]]'' || ''2-6 7-5 10-8''
|- bgcolor=#ffffff
| [[1956]] || '''[[Althea Gibson]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Angela Mortimer]]'' || ''6-0 12-10''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| [[1957]] || '''[[Shirley Bloomer]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Dorothy Knode]]'' || ''6-1 6-3''
|- bgcolor=#ffffff
| [[1958]] || '''[[Zsuzsi Kormoczy]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Shirley Bloomer]]'' || ''6-4 1-6 6-2''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| [[1959]] || '''[[Christine Truman]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Zsuzsi Kormoczy]]'' || ''6-4 7-5''
|- bgcolor=#ffffff
| [[1960]] || '''[[Darlene Hard]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Yola Ramírez]]'' || ''6-3 6-4''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| [[1961]] || '''[[Ann Haydon-Jones|Ann Haydon]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Yola Ramírez]]'' || ''6-2 6-1''
|- bgcolor=#ffffff
| [[1962]] || '''[[Margaret Smith Court|Margaret Smith]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Lesley Turner]]'' || ''6-3 3-6 7-5''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| [[1963]] || '''[[Lesley Turner]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Ann Haydon Jones]]'' || ''2-6 6-3 7-5''
|- bgcolor=#ffffff
| [[1964]] || '''[[Margaret Smith Court|Margaret Smith]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Maria Bueno]]'' || ''5-7 6-1 6-2''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| [[1965]] || '''[[Lesley Turner]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Margaret Smith]]'' || ''6-3 6-4''
|- bgcolor=#ffffff
| [[1966]] || '''[[Ann Haydon Jones]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Nancy Richey]]'' || ''6-3 6-1''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| [[1967]] || '''[[Francoise Durr]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Lesley Turner]]'' || ''4-6 6-3 6-4''
|- bgcolor=#ffffff
| [[1968]] || '''[[Nancy Richey]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Ann Haydon Jones]]'' || ''5-7 6-4 6-1''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| [[1969]] || '''[[Margaret Smith Court]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Ann Haydon Jones]]'' || ''6-1 4-6 6-3''
|- bgcolor=#ffffff
| [[1970]] || '''[[Margaret Smith Court]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Helga Niessen]]'' || ''6-2 6-4''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| [[1971]] || '''[[Evonne Goolagong]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Helen Gourlay]]'' || ''6-3 7-5''
|- bgcolor=#ffffff
| [[1972]] || '''[[Billie Jean King]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Evonne Goolagong]]'' || ''6-3 6-3''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| [[1973]] || '''[[Margaret Smith Court]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Chris Evert]]'' || ''6-7 7-6 6-4''
|- bgcolor=#ffffff
| [[1974]] || '''[[Chris Evert]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Olga Morozova]]'' || ''6-1 6-2''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| [[1975]] || '''[[Chris Evert]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Martina Navratilova]]'' || ''2-6 6-2 6-1''
|- bgcolor=#ffffff
| [[1976]] || '''[[Sue Barker]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Renata Tomanova]]'' || ''6-2 0-6 6-2''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| [[1977]] || '''[[Mimi Jausovec]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Florenta Mihai]]'' || ''6-2 6-7 6-1''
|- bgcolor=#ffffff
| [[1978]] || '''[[Virginia Ruzici]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Mimi Jausovec]]'' || ''6-2 6-2''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| [[1979]] || '''[[Chris Evert]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Wendy Turnbull]]'' || ''6-2 6-0''
|- bgcolor=#ffffff
| [[1980]] || '''[[Chris Evert]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Virginia Ruzici]]'' || ''6-0 6-3''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| [[1981]] || '''[[Hana Mandlikova]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Sylvia Hanika]]'' || ''6-2 6-4''
|- bgcolor=#ffffff
| [[1982]] || '''[[Martina Navratilova]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Andrea Jaeger]]'' || ''7-6 6-1''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| [[1983]] || '''[[Chris Evert]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Mimi Jausovec]]'' || ''6-1 6-2''
|- bgcolor=#ffffff
| [[1984]] || '''[[Martina Navratilova]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Chris Evert]]'' || ''6-3 6-1''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| [[1985]] || '''[[Chris Evert]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Martina Navratilova]]'' || ''6-3 6-7(4) 7-5''
|- bgcolor=#ffffff
| [[1986]] || '''[[Chris Evert]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Martina Navratilova]]'' || ''2-6 6-3 6-3''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| [[1987]] || '''[[Steffi Graf]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Martina Navratilova]]'' || ''6-4 4-6 8-6''
|- bgcolor=#ffffff
| [[1988]] || '''[[Steffi Graf]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Natasha Zvereva]]'' || ''6-0 6-0''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| [[1989]] || '''[[Arantxa Sánchez Vicario]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Steffi Graf]]'' || ''7-6(6) 3-6 7-5''
|- bgcolor=#ffffff
| [[1990]] || '''[[Monica Seles]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Steffi Graf]]'' || ''7-6(6) 6-4''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| [[1991]] || '''[[Monica Seles]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Arantxa Sánchez Vicario]]'' || ''6-3 6-4''
|- bgcolor=#ffffff
| [[1992]] || '''[[Monica Seles]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Steffi Graf]]'' || ''6-2 3-6 10-8''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| [[1993]] || '''[[Steffi Graf]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Mary Joe Fernández]]'' || ''4-6 6-2 6-4''
|- bgcolor=#ffffff
| [[1994]] || '''[[Arantxa Sánchez Vicario]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Mary Pierce]]'' || ''6-4 6-4''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| [[1995]] || '''[[Steffi Graf]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Arantxa Sánchez Vicario]]'' || ''7-5 4-6 6-0''
|- bgcolor=#ffffff
| [[1996]] || '''[[Steffi Graf]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Arantxa Sánchez Vicario]]'' || ''6-3 6-7(4) 10-8''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| [[1997]] || '''[[Iva Majoli]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Martina Hingis]]'' || ''6-4 6-2''
|- bgcolor=#ffffff
| [[1998]] || '''[[Arantxa Sánchez Vicario]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Monica Seles]]'' || ''7-6(5) 0-6 6-2''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| [[1999]] || '''[[Steffi Graf]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Martina Hingis]]'' || ''4-6 7-5 6-2''
|- bgcolor=#ffffff
| [[2000]] || '''[[Mary Pierce]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Conchita Martínez]]'' || ''6-2 7-5''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| [[2001]] || '''[[Jennifer Capriati]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Kim Clijsters]]'' || ''1-6 6-4 12-10''
|- bgcolor=#ffffff
| [[2002]] || '''[[Serena Williams]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Venus Williams]]'' || ''7-5 6-3''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| [[2003]] || '''[[Justine Henin-Hardenne]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Kim Clijsters]]'' || ''6-0 6-4''
|- bgcolor=#ffffff
| [[2004]] || '''[[Anastasia Myskina]]''' || ''d.'' || ''[[Elena Dementieva]]'' || ''6-1 6-2''
|}
==See alsoBackground ==
In [[Psychometrics]], rating scales are often referenced to a statement which expresses an attitude or perception toward something. The most common example of such a rating scale is the Likert scale, in which a person is asked to select a category label from a list indicating the extent of disagreement or agreement with a statement.
*[[French Open]]
*[[French Open champions (Men's Singles)]]
*[[Wimbledon champions (Men's Singles)]]
*[[Wimbledon champions (Women's Singles)]]
*[[Australian Open champions (Men's Singles)]]
*[[Australian Open champions (Women's Singles)]]
*[[US Open champions (Men's Singles)]]
*[[US Open champions (Women's Singles)]]
The basic feature of any rating scale is that it consists of a number of categories. These are usually assigned integers. For example, an example of the use of a Likert scale is as follows.
:'''Statement:''' I could not live without my iPod.
:'''Response options:'''
:*1. Strongly Disagree
:*2. Disagree
:*3. Agree
:*4. Strongly Agree
It is common to treat the numbers obtained from a rating scale directly as measurements by calculating averages, or more generally any [[arithmetic]] operations. Doing so is not however justified. In terms of the [[levels of measurement]] proposed by S.S. Stevens, the data are ordinal categorisations. This means, for example, that to agree strongly with the above statement implies a more favourable perception of iPods than does to agree with the statement. However, the numbers are not interval-level measurements in Stevens' schema, which means that equal differences do not represent equal intervals between the degree to which one values iPods. For example, the difference between strong agreement and agreement is not necessarily the same as the difference between disagreement and agreement. Strictly, even demonstrating that categories are ordinal requires empirical evidence based on patterns of responses (Andrich, 1978).
More than one rating scale is required to [[measurement|measure]] an attitude or perception due to the requirement for statistical comparisons between the categories in the [[polytomous Rasch model]] for ordered categories (Andrich, 1978). In terms of [[Classical test theory]], more than one question is required to obtain an index of internal reliability such as [[Cronbach's alpha]] (Cronbach, 1951) which is a basic criterion for assessing the effectiveness of a rating scale and, more generally, a psychometric instrument.
== Rating scales used online ==
Rating scales are used widely online in an attempt to provide indications of consumer opinions of products. Examples of sites which employ ratings scales are [[IMDb]], [[Epinions.com]], [[Internet Book List]], [[Yahoo! Movies]], [[Amazon.com]], [[BoardGameGeek]], [[TV.com]] and [[Ratings.net]]. The [[Criticker]] website uses a rating scale from 0 to 100 in order to obtain "personalised film recommendations".
In almost all cases, online rating scales only allow one rating per user per product, though there are exceptions such as ''Ratings.net'', which allows users to rate products in relation to several qualities. Most online rating facilities also provide few or no qualitative descriptions of the rating categories, although again there are exceptions such as ''Yahoo! Movies'' which labels each of the categories between F and A+ and BoardGameGeek, which provides explicit descriptions of each category from 1 to 10. Often, only the top and bottom category is described, such as on ''IMDb'''s online rating facility.
With each user rating a product only once, for example in a category from 1 to 10, there is no means for evaluating internal [[reliability (statistics)|reliability]] using an index such as [[Cronbach's alpha]]. It is therefore impossible to evaluate the [[validity]] of the ratings as measures of viewer perceptions. Establishing validity would require establishing both reliability and accuracy (i.e. that the ratings represent what they are supposed to represent).
Another fundamental issue is that online ratings usually involve convenience [[sampling (statistics)|sampling]] much like television polls, i.e., they represent only the conglomeration of those inclined to submit ratings.
Sampling is one factor which can lead to results which have a specific bias or are only relevant to a specific subgroup. To illustrate the importance of such factors, consider an example. Suppose that a film's marketing strategy and reputation is such that 90% of its audience are attracted to the particular kind of film; i.e. it does not appeal to a broad audience. Suppose also that the film is very popular among the audience that does see the film and, in addition, that those who feel most strongly about the film are inclined to rate the film online. This combination may lead to very high ratings of the film which do not generalize beyond the people who actually see the film (or possibly even beyond those who actually rate it).
Qualitative description of categories is an important feature of a rating scale. For example, if only the points 1-10 are given without description, some people may select 10 rarely whereas other may select the category often. If, instead, "10" is described as "near flawless", the category is more likely to mean the same thing to different people. This applies to all categories, not just the extreme points. Even with category descriptions, some may be harsher raters than others. Rater harshness is also a consideration in marking essays in educational contexts. [http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:o1l_qRDI9QwJ:www.cambridgeesol.org/rs_notes/rs_nts13.pdf+rater+harshness+references&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=4].
These issues are also compounded when aggregated statistics such as averages are used for lists and rankings of products. User ratings are at best [[levels of measurement|ordinal]] categorizations. While it is not uncommon to calculate averages or means for such data, doing so cannot be justified because in calculating averages, equal intervals are required to represent the same difference between levels of perceived quality. The key problems with aggregate data based on the kinds of rating scales commonly used online are as follow:
*Averages should not be calculated for data of the kind collected.
*It is usually impossible to evaluate the reliability or validity of user ratings.
*Products are not compared with respect to explicit, let alone common, criteria.
*Only users inclined to submit a rating for a product do so.
*Data are not usually published in a form that permits evaluation of the product ratings.
==References==
* Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. ''Psychometrika, 16'', 297-333.
* Andrich, D. (1978). A rating formulation for ordered response categories. ''Psychometrika'', 43, 357-74.
==See also==
*[[Voting system]]
*[[Rotten Tomatoes]]
*[[Metacritic]]
==External links==
[[Category:Tennis]]
[http://www.rasch-analysis.com/ How to apply Rasch analysis]
[[Category:Women's sports|Tennis]]
[[Category:Psychometrics]]
[[it:Open di Francia (singolare femminile)]]
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