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A '''rating scale''' is a set of categories designed to elicit information about a [[quantitative]] attribute in social science. Common examples are the [[Likert scale]] and 1-10 rating scales for which a person selects the number which is considered to reflect the perceived quality of a product.
{{Oxford_College_Infobox |
name = Jesus College |
university = Oxford |
picture = [[Image:Jesus College.JPG|220px]] |
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college_name = Jesus College |
named_for = [[Jesus of Nazareth]] |
established = [[1571]] |
sister_college = [[Jesus College, Cambridge]] |
head_name = Principal|
head = Sir John Krebs|
JCR President = John-Michael Arnold|
GCR President = Claire Brunel|
undergraduates = 344 |
graduates = 134 |
homepage = [http://www.jesus.ox.ac.uk/ Homepage] |
boat_club = [http://home.jesus.ox.ac.uk/soc/jcbc/ Boatclub]
}}
[[Image:Jesus oxford crest.jpg|thumb|Crest of Jesus College, Oxford]]
== Background ==
'''Jesus College''' (in full: '''Jesus College in the University of Oxford of Queen Elizabeth's Foundation''') is one of the constituent colleges of the [[University of Oxford]] in the [[United Kingdom]]. It is the eighth wealthiest college, with closing reserves and endowments of £79,700,391 ([[2003]]).
In [[Psychometrics]], rating scales are often referenced to a statement which expresses an attitude or perception toward something. The most common example of such a rating scale is the Likert scale, in which a person is asked to select a category label from a list indicating the extent of disagreement or agreement with a statement.
== History ==
Jesus College was founded in [[1571]], occupying in part the site of the earlier White Hall, which had existed for several hundred years from the [[13th century]] up until [[1570]], just before Jesus began. Jesus was founded by eight commissioners, of whom Hugh Price is often credited as the main force, and received its Royal Charter from [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]].
The basic feature of any rating scale is that it consists of a number of categories. These are usually assigned integers. For example, an example of the use of a Likert scale is as follows.
The college was originally intended for the education of clergymen. The 1571 charter stated that it was to be a 'college of learning in the sciences of philosophy, the moral arts, and knowledge of the Hebrew, Greek and Latin languages, with the eventual aim of professing sacred Theology'. The intention was to satisfy a need for dedicated, learned clergy to promote the [[Elizabethan Religious Settlement]] in the parishes of England, Ireland and Wales.The college has since broadened the range of subjects offered, beginning with the inclusion of medicine and law; the college now offers almost the full range of subjects taught at the university.
:'''Statement:''' I could not live without my iPod.
In 1974, Jesus was among the first group of five men's colleges to admit women as members.
:'''Response options:'''
There has long been a rivalry between it and nearby [[Exeter College, Oxford|Exeter College]].
:*1. Strongly Disagree
== Location and Buildings ==
:*2. Disagree
Jesus is located on [[Turl Street, Oxford|Turl Street]] in the centre of [[Oxford]], on a comparatively small site by the standards of many Oxford colleges, and is one of the three Turl Street colleges along with [[Lincoln College, Oxford|Lincoln College]] and [[Exeter College, Oxford|Exeter College]]. Much of what are considered the original buildings date from the [[17th century]], although parts date back to the college's foundation. Most of these earlier buildings have undergone some degree of restoration, although this is not generally obvious, and parts of the rear of the college are much more modern.
:*3. Agree
:*4. Strongly Agree
It is common to treat the numbers obtained from a rating scale directly as measurements by calculating averages, or more generally any [[arithmetic]] operations. Doing so is not however justified. In terms of the [[levels of measurement]] proposed by S.S. Stevens, the data are ordinal categorisations. This means, for example, that to agree strongly with the above statement implies a more favourable perception of iPods than does to agree with the statement. However, the numbers are not interval-level measurements in Stevens' schema, which means that equal differences do not represent equal intervals between the degree to which one values iPods. For example, the difference between strong agreement and agreement is not necessarily the same as the difference between disagreement and agreement. Strictly, even demonstrating that categories are ordinal requires empirical evidence based on patterns of responses (Andrich, 1978).
[[Image:St. Michael the Archangel.jpg|thumb|right|160px|''St Michael subduing the Devil'', by Guido Reni (original version, church of Santa Maria della Concezione, Rome)]]
More than one rating scale is required to [[measurement|measure]] an attitude or perception due to the requirement for statistical comparisons between the categories in the [[polytomous Rasch model]] for ordered categories (Andrich, 1978). In terms of [[Classical test theory]], more than one question is required to obtain an index of internal reliability such as [[Cronbach's alpha]] (Cronbach, 1951) which is a basic criterion for assessing the effectiveness of a rating scale and, more generally, a psychometric instrument.
The main college buildings include the chapel (in the First [[Quadrangle]]) which was built in the early seventeeth century in Jacobean-Gothic style under Sir Eubule Thelwall (Principal 1621-30), and extended at the east end in 1636. It has a fine barrel-vaulted roof, a late seventeenth-century ante-chapel screen and an early seventeenth-century pulpit. The chancel arch was widened in 1864 by [[George Edmund Street]], and also features a Victorian stained-glass window and stone altarpiece. The stone flooring and much of the woodwork also date from Street's alterations. Also worth seeing is the large copy of [[Guido Reni]]'s ''St Michael subduing the Devil'' which hangs in the chancel. This was given to the college by Thomas James Bulkeley, 7th Viscount Bulkeley (a student in 1769), who acquired it in Rome during his [[Grand Tour]].
== Rating scales used online ==
[[Image:Jesus2ndQuad.JPG|thumb|left|235px|View across Second Quad, Jesus College, Oxford.]]
Rating scales are used widely online in an attempt to provide indications of consumer opinions of products. Examples of sites which employ ratings scales are [[IMDb]], [[Epinions.com]], [[Internet Book List]], [[Yahoo! Movies]], [[Amazon.com]], [[BoardGameGeek]], [[TV.com]] and [[Ratings.net]]. The [[Criticker]] website uses a rating scale from 0 to 100 in order to obtain "personalised film recommendations".
The college Hall, accessed from the passage between the two main quadrangles, contains a fine full-length portrait of the college's Founder, [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]], attributed to [[Nicholas Hilliard]] or his school. This was presented to the college in 1687 by James Jeffreys, brother of [[George Jeffreys, 1st Baron Jeffreys|George Jeffreys]], the "Hanging Judge". Other portraits to be found here include contemporary likenesses of [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] and [[Charles II of England|Charles II]], as well as numerous other benefactors, former Principals and alumni including [[T. E. Lawrence]] and [[Harold Wilson]].
In almost all cases, online rating scales only allow one rating per user per product, though there are exceptions such as ''Ratings.net'', which allows users to rate products in relation to several qualities. Most online rating facilities also provide few or no qualitative descriptions of the rating categories, although again there are exceptions such as ''Yahoo! Movies'' which labels each of the categories between F and A+ and BoardGameGeek, which provides explicit descriptions of each category from 1 to 10. Often, only the top and bottom category is described, such as on ''IMDb'''s online rating facility.
In recent years the college has also built two annexes for student accommodation in the north and east of the city (known as Stevens Close and Herbert Close respectively). Many students continue to live on the main central site, which remains the hub of the social and academic life of the college. The Herbert Close annexe is known as "Barts", after nearby [[St Bartholomew's Chapel|Bartlemas]], and the college sports grounds are also located there.
With each user rating a product only once, for example in a category from 1 to 10, there is no means for evaluating internal [[reliability (statistics)|reliability]] using an index such as [[Cronbach's alpha]]. It is therefore impossible to evaluate the [[validity]] of the ratings as measures of viewer perceptions. Establishing validity would require establishing both reliability and accuracy (i.e. that the ratings represent what they are supposed to represent).
== Student life ==
Another fundamental issue is that online ratings usually involve convenience [[sampling (statistics)|sampling]] much like television polls, i.e., they represent only the conglomeration of those inclined to submit ratings.
The college has a reputation within Oxford for being a friendly, close-knit community[http://www.oxfordhandbook.com/the_university/colleges/jesus/]. Some have attributed this to the relatively small physical size of the main college site, where first-year students live in close proximity to one-another and form strong bonds of friendship and a keen sense of college spirit. The college has a reputation for apathy when it comes to [[Oxford Union]] and [[OUSU]] student politics.
Sampling is one factor which can lead to results which have a specific bias or are only relevant to a specific subgroup. To illustrate the importance of such factors, consider an example. Suppose that a film's marketing strategy and reputation is such that 90% of its audience are attracted to the particular kind of film; i.e. it does not appeal to a broad audience. Suppose also that the film is very popular among the audience that does see the film and, in addition, that those who feel most strongly about the film are inclined to rate the film online. This combination may lead to very high ratings of the film which do not generalize beyond the people who actually see the film (or possibly even beyond those who actually rate it).
Students from the college participate in a variety of extra-curricular activities, their successes not being limited to any one field in particular. Some contribute to student journalism for ''[[Cherwell newspaper|The Cherwell]]'' or ''[[The Oxford Student]]''. In the Arts, the annual [[Turl Street]] Arts Festival is of particular note. This week-long student-organised event is held annually in conjunction with [[Exeter College, Oxford|Exeter]] and [[Lincoln College, Oxford|Lincoln]] colleges. The festival, which takes place in Fifth Week of [[Hilary term]], includes exhibitions, plays and concerts. Although the college does not award Choral Scholarships, the Chapel Choir is well-attended by enthusiastic college members and others. The choir is non-auditioning for college members, and is run by one or more undergraduate Organ Scholars.
Qualitative description of categories is an important feature of a rating scale. For example, if only the points 1-10 are given without description, some people may select 10 rarely whereas other may select the category often. If, instead, "10" is described as "near flawless", the category is more likely to mean the same thing to different people. This applies to all categories, not just the extreme points. Even with category descriptions, some may be harsher raters than others. Rater harshness is also a consideration in marking essays in educational contexts. [http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:o1l_qRDI9QwJ:www.cambridgeesol.org/rs_notes/rs_nts13.pdf+rater+harshness+references&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=4].
In common with many in Oxford, the college is well provided with sporting facilities, including extensive playing fields at the east Oxford annexe site for (Association and Rugby) football, hockey, cricket, tennis etc., modern squash courts on Saint Cross Road, and a boat house on [[The Isis]].
These issues are also compounded when aggregated statistics such as averages are used for lists and rankings of products. User ratings are at best [[levels of measurement|ordinal]] categorizations. While it is not uncommon to calculate averages or means for such data, doing so cannot be justified because in calculating averages, equal intervals are required to represent the same difference between levels of perceived quality. The key problems with aggregate data based on the kinds of rating scales commonly used online are as follow:
== The Welsh connection ==
*Averages should not be calculated for data of the kind collected.
Although it accepts students from all over the UK and indeed the world, Jesus has a particular association with [[Wales]] and is often referred to as "the Welsh college". The college is also home to the university's Professor of Celtic, and a specialist Celtic library in addition to the college's normal library. To reflect this connection, the college's undergraduate gossip sheet is entitled ''[[The Sheepshagger]]'' in allusion to a racist joke about Welsh people's penchant for sheep. Furthermore, the Welshness of the College is self-perpetuating, as Welsh students will often apply to Jesus because it is seen as the Welsh college. To this day there is a larger proportion of Welsh undergraduates than in other colleges.
*It is usually impossible to evaluate the reliability or validity of user ratings.
*Products are not compared with respect to explicit, let alone common, criteria.
*Only users inclined to submit a rating for a product do so.
*Data are not usually published in a form that permits evaluation of the product ratings.
==References==
== College Graces ==
* Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. ''Psychometrika, 16'', 297-333.
The College Grace is read by a Scholar of the college at Formal Hall (the second, more elaborate sitting of dinner) on Wednesdays, Fridays and Sundays. It is relatively unusual for the grace ''after'' dinner to be read, as the custom is for those not dining on High Table to retire after finishing dinner, the Scholar who read the first grace having first requested permission from the Principal or the senior Fellow present.
* Andrich, D. (1978). A rating formulation for ordered response categories. ''Psychometrika'', 43, 357-74.
==See also==
====Grace to be said before Dinner====
*[[Voting system]]
:''Nos miseri et egentes homines pro cibo quem ad alimoniam corporis sanctificatum nobis es largítus, ut eo utamur grati Tibi, Deus Omnipotens, Pater caelestis, gratias reverenter agimus, simul obsecrantes ut cibum angelorum, verum panem caelestem, Verbum Dei aeternum, Dominum nostrum Iesum Christum nobis impertiaris, ut illo mens nostra pascatur et per carnem et sanguinem Eius foveamur, alamur et corróboremur.''
*[[Rotten Tomatoes]]
:''Amen''
*[[Metacritic]]
==External links==
====Grace after Dinner====
[http://www.rasch-analysis.com/ How to apply Rasch analysis]
:''Quandoquidem nos, Domine, donis Tuis, Omnipotens et misericors Deus, exsatiasti, effice ut posthac quid per nos fieri aut secus velis diligenter observemus, atque illud animo sincero effectum praestemus, per Iesum Christum Dominum nostrum.''
:''Amen''
:'''VERS.''' ''Domine, salvam fac Reginam.''
:'''RESP.''' ''Et exaudi nos in die qua invocaverimus Te.''
:''Deus, in cuius manu sunt corda regum, qui es humilium consolator et fidelium fortitudo et protector omnium in Te sperantium, da Reginae nostrae Elizabethae populoque Christiano triumphum virtutis Tuae scienter excolere, ut per Te semper reparentur ad gloriam, per Christum, Dominum nostrum.''
:''Amen''
[[Category:Psychometrics]]
== Famous former students ==
[[Image:Thomas Edward Lawrence-Lawrence of Arabia.JPG|right|100px|thumb|T.E. Lawrence.]]
[[Image:Haroldwilson.jpg|right|100px|thumb|Harold Wilson]]
* [[James Burke (science historian)|James Burke]]
* [[William Boyd (writer)|William Boyd]]
* [[Thomas Charles]]
* [[Edward Davey]]
* [[Geraint Davies]]
* [[Richard J. Evans]]
* [[John Richard Green]]
* [[Ffion Hague]]
* [[Paul Jones (singer)|Paul Jones]]
* [[T. E. Lawrence]] ("Lawrence of Arabia")
* [[Siân Lloyd]]
* [[Magnus Magnusson]]
* [[Norman Manley]]
* [[Dom Moraes]]
* [[Walter H. Stockmayer]]
* [[Henry Vaughan]]
* [[William Vaughan (writer)|William Vaughan]]
* [[Harold Wilson]]
:See also [[:Category:Former students of Jesus College, Oxford|Former students of Jesus College, Oxford]].
== Academics/teachers ==
* Sir [[Leoline Jenkins]]
* Professor [[Niall Ferguson]]
* Professor [[John Gray (LSE)|John Gray]]
== External links ==
*[http://jcr.jesus.ox.ac.uk/ JCR (undergraduates) website]
*[http://gcr.jesus.ox.ac.uk/ GCR (postgraduates) website]
{{University_of_Oxford}}
[[Category: Colleges of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:1571 establishments]]
[[Category:Jesus College, Oxford]]
[[cy:Coleg Iesu, Rhydychen]]
[[de:Jesus College (Oxford)]]
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