Lake Erie and Montesquieu: Difference between pages

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[[Image:Charles Montesquieu.jpg|thumb|right|Montesquieu in 1728.]]

|lake_name = Lake Erie

'''Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu''' ([[January 18]], [[1689]] in Bordeaux – [[February 10]], [[1755]]), more commonly known as '''Montesquieu''', was a [[France|French]] social commentator and political thinker who lived during the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]. He is famous for his articulation of the theory of [[separation of powers]], taken for granted in modern discussions of [[government]] and implemented in many [[constitution]]s throughout the world. He was largely responsible for the popularization of the terms [[feudalism]] and [[Byzantine Empire]].

|image_lake = Lake Erie looking southward.jpg

|caption_lake = Lake Erie, looking southward from a high rural bluff near [[Leamington, Ontario]]

|image_bathymetry =

|caption_bathymetry =

|coords = {{coor at dm|42|30|N|81|00|W}}

|type =

|inflow = [[Detroit River]]

|outflow = [[Niagara River]]|Niagara River

|catchment =

|basin_countries = [[Canada]], [[USA]]

|length = 388 km

|width = 92 km

|area = 9,940 square miles (25,745&nbsp;km²)<ref name=nyt>{{cite book | first=John W. (ed.) | last=Wright | coauthors=Editors and reporters of ''The New York Times'' | year=2006 | title=The New York Times Almanac | edition=2007 | publisher=Penguin Books

|___location = New York, New York | id=ISBN 0-14-303820-6 | pages=64}}</ref>

|depth = 19 m

|max-depth = 210 feet (64&nbsp;m)<ref name=nyt/>

|volume = 484 km³

|residence_time = 2.6 years

|shore = 4385 km

|elevation = 571 feet (174&nbsp;m)<ref name=nyt/>

|islands = 24+ ''(see [[#Islands|list]])''

|cities = [[Buffalo, New York]]<br>[[Erie, Pennsylvania]]<br>[[Toledo, Ohio]]<br>[[Monroe, Michigan]]<br>[[Cleveland, Ohio]]

}}

'''Lake Erie''' ([[IPA chart for English|pronounced]] {{IPA|[ˈi.ɹi]}}) is the tenth largest [[lake]] on Earth<ref name="Factmonster list">[http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0001777.html Large Lakes of the World]. ''Factmonster.com.''</ref> and, of the five [[Great Lakes (North America)|Great Lakes]] of [[North America]], it is the fourth largest by [[area|surface area]], the southernmost, shallowest, and smallest by [[volume]].<ref name="GLIN F&F">[http://www.great-lakes.net/lakes/ref/eriefact.html Lake Erie - Facts and Figures]. ''Great Lakes Information Network.''</ref><ref>[http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/us/A0817584.html Erie, Lake]. ''Factmonster.com.''</ref> It is bounded on the north by the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Canadian province]] of [[Ontario]], on the south by the [[U.S. state]]s of [[Ohio]], [[Pennsylvania]], and [[New York]], and on the west by the state of [[Michigan]]. The lake is named after the [[Erie tribe]] of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] who lived along its southern shore before being defeated by Euro-American settlers.<ref name="GLIN F&F"/>

== Biography ==

The lake creates a favorable environment for [[agriculture|agricultural]] pursuits in the bordering areas of [[Ontario]], [[Ohio]], [[Pennsylvania]], and [[New York]]. In addition, its waters are home to numerous fish species, making it a popular site for commercial fishing. However, since high levels of [[pollution]] were discovered in the 1960s and 1970s, there has been continued debate over the extent of commercial fishing and measures used to protect the lake.

After having studied at the Catholic [[College of Juilly]], he married Jeanne de Latrigue, a Protestant who brought him a substantial dowry when he was 26. The next year, he inherited a fortune upon the death of his uncle, as well as the title Baron de [[Montesquieu]] and [[Président à Mortier]] in the [[Parlement]] of Bordeaux. By that time, England had declared itself a constitutional monarchy in the wake of its [[Glorious Revolution]] (1688–89), and had joined with [[Scotland]] in the [[Union of 1707]] to form the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]]. And in 1715 the long-reigning [[King Louis XIV|Sun King]], Louis XIV died and was succeeded by the weaker and more feeble Louis XV. These national transformations impacted Montesquieu greatly; he would later refer to them repeatedly in his work.

==Geography==

Lake Erie (42°30'N, 81°00'W) has an elevation of 571 feet (174&nbsp;m)<ref name=nyt/> above sea level. It has a [[surface area]] of 9,940 square miles (25,745&nbsp;km²)<ref name=nyt/> with a length of 241 miles (388&nbsp;km) and breadth of 57 miles (92&nbsp;km) at its widest points. [[Image:LakeErie-2.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Frozen Lake Erie from [[Cleveland]]]]

It is the shallowest of the Great Lakes with an average depth is 62 feet (19&nbsp;m) and with a maximum depth of 210 feet (64&nbsp;m).<ref name=nyt/> The western section, comprising one-fourth of the area, is shallower with an average depth of 42 feet (13&nbsp;m) and a maximum depth of 62 feet (19&nbsp;m).{{Fact|date=January 2007}}

Soon afterwards he achieved literary success with the publication of his ''Lettres persanes'' (''[[Persian Letters]]'', 1721), a [[satire]] based on the imaginary correspondence of an [[Oriental]] visitor to [[Paris]], pointing out the absurdities of contemporary society. He next published ''Considérations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains et de leur décadence'' (''[[Considerations on the Causes of the Grandeur and Decadence of the Romans]]'', 1734), considered by some scholars a transition from ''The Persian Letters'' to his master work. ''De l'Esprit des Lois'' (''[[The Spirit of the Laws]]'') was originally published anonymously in [[1748]] and quickly rose to a position of enormous influence. In France, it met with an unfriendly reception from both supporters and opponents of the regime. The Roman Catholic Church banned ''l'Esprit'' – along with many of Montesquieu's other works – in 1751 and included it on the papacy's notorious [[Index Librorum Prohibitorum|Index]]. But from the rest of Europe, especially Britain, it received the highest praise.

For comparison, [[Lake Superior]] has an average depth of 483 feet (147&nbsp;m), a volume of 2,900 cubic miles (12,100&nbsp;km³) and shoreline of 2,726 miles (4385&nbsp;km).{{Fact|date=January 2007}}

Montesquieu was also highly regarded in the British colonies in America as a champion of British liberty (though not of American independence). Political scientist Donald Lutz found that Montesquieu was the most frequently quoted authority on government and politics in colonial pre-revolutionary British America.<ref>"The Relative Influence of European Writers on Late Eighteenth-Century American Political Thought," ''American Political Science Review'' 78,1(March, 1984), 189-197.</ref> And following the American secession, Montesquieu remained a powerful influence on many of the [[United States|American]] Founders, most notably [[James Madison]] of [[Virginia]], the "Father of the Constitution." Montesquieu's philosophy that "government should be set up so that no man need be afraid of another" reminded Madison and others that a free and stable foundation for their new national government required the inclusion of a clearly defined and balanced separation of powers.

Lake Erie is primarily fed by the [[Detroit River]] (from [[Lake Huron]] and [[Lake Saint Clair (North America)|Lake St. Clair]]) and drains via the [[Niagara River]] and [[Niagara Falls]] into [[Lake Ontario]]. Navigation downstream is provided by the [[Welland Canal]], part of the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]]. Other major tributaries of Lake Erie include the [[Grand River (Ontario)|Grand River]], the [[River Raisin]], the [[Huron River (Michigan)|Huron River]], the [[Maumee River]], the [[Sandusky River]] and the [[Cuyahoga River]].

Besides composing additional works on society and politics, Montesquieu traveled for a number of years through [[Europe]] including [[Austria]] and [[Hungary]], spending a year in [[Italy]] and eighteen months in [[England]] before resettling in [[France]]. He was troubled by poor eyesight, and was completely blind by the time he died from a high fever in [[1755]]. He was buried in L'église [[Saint-Sulpice]] in Paris, France.

== Political views ==

[[Image:Great Lakes Lake Erie.png|thumb|right|200px|Lake Erie and the other Great Lakes]]

Montesquieu's most radical work divided French society into three classes (or ''[[trias politica]]'', a term he coined): the monarchy, the aristocracy, and the commons. Montesquieu saw two types of governmental power existing: the sovereign and the administrative. The administrative powers were the [[legislative]], the [[executive (government)|executive]], and the [[judiciary]]. These should be separate from and dependent upon each other so that the influence of any one power would not be able to exceed that of the other two, either singly or in combination. This was radical because it completely eliminated the three ''Estates'' structure of the French Monarchy: the [[clergy]], the aristocracy, and the people at large represented by the [[Estates-General]], thereby erasing the last vestige of a [[feudalism|feudalistic]] structure.

The [[United States|American]] states [[Ohio]], [[Pennsylvania]] and [[New York]] are located to the south of Lake Erie; [[Michigan]] lies to the west, and the [[Canada|Canadian]] province of [[Ontario]] lies to the north. [[Point Pelee National Park]], the southernmost point of the Canadian mainland, is located on a peninsula extending into the lake. Several islands are found in the western end of the lake; these belong to Ohio except for [[Pelee Island]] and 8 neighboring islands, which are part of Ontario.

Likewise, there were three main forms of government, each supported by a social "principle": [[monarchy|monarchies]] (free governments headed by a hereditary figure, e.g. king, queen, emperor), which rely on the [[Honour|principle of honor]]; [[republic]]s (free governments headed by popularly elected leaders), which rely on the [[Virtue|principle of virtue]]; and [[despot|despotisms]] (enslaved governments headed by [[dictator]]s), which rely on [[fear]]. The free governments are dependent on fragile constitutional arrangements. Montesquieu devotes four chapters of ''The Spirit of the Laws'' to a discussion of England, a contemporary free government, where liberty was sustained by a balance of powers. Montesquieu worried that in France the intermediate powers (i.e., the nobility) which moderated the power of the prince were being eroded.

The cities of [[Buffalo, New York]]; [[Erie, Pennsylvania]]; [[Toledo, Ohio]]; [[Port Stanley, Ontario]]; [[Monroe, Michigan]]; and [[Cleveland, Ohio]] are located on the shores of Lake Erie. It was the last of the Great Lakes discovered by the [[France|French]] explorers, who had followed rivers out of Lake Ontario and portaged into Lake Huron.

Like many of his generation, Montesquieu held a number of views that might today be judged controversial. While he endorsed the idea that a woman could head a government, he held that she could not be effective as the head of a family. He firmly accepted the role of a hereditary aristocracy and the value of [[primogeniture]]. His views have also been abused by modern [[Revisionism|revisionists]]; for instance, even though Montesquieu was ahead of his time as an ardent opponent of [[slavery]], he has been quoted out of context in attempts to show he supported it.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

== History ==

{{seealso|1813|Battle of Lake Erie|Oliver Hazard Perry}}

{{Expand-section|date=January 2007}}

One of his more exotic ideas, outlined in ''[[The Spirit of the Laws]]'' and hinted at in ''Persian Letters'', is the [meteorological] climate theory, which holds that [[climate]] may substantially influence the nature of man and his society. He goes so far as to assert that certain climates are superior to others, the temperate climate of France being ideal. His view is that people living in very warm countries are "too hot-tempered," while those in northern countries are "icy" or "stiff." The climate of middle Europe is therefore optimal. On this point, Montesquieu may well have been influenced by similar statements in ''[[Germania (book)|Germania]]'' by [[Tacitus]], one of Montesquieu's favorite authors.

=== Native American ===

Before European contact, there were several tribes which lived along the shores of Lake Erie. The [[Erie tribe]] (from whom the lake takes its name) lived along the southern edge while the [[Neutrals]] (also known as Attawandaron) lived along the northern shore. Both tribes were conquered and exterminated during the [[Beaver Wars]] in 1655 by the [[Iroquois]] confederacy.

==Notes==

For many years after that war, the land around Lake Erie remained uninhabited and was used by the Iroquois as a hunting ground, until the waning of the their power around 1700. About that time, several other Native American tribes moved into the empty land, namely the Ottawa, Ojibwe, Wyandot, and Mingo tribes.

<references/>

==Further reading==

=== European Exploration and Settlement===

{{French literature (small)}}

In 1669, the Frenchman [[Louis Jolliet]] was the first documented European to sight Lake Erie, although there is speculation that [[Etienne Brule]] may have come across it in 1615. Lake Erie was the last of the Great Lakes to be explored by Europeans, since the [[Iroquois]] who occupied the Niagra river area were in conflict with the French, and they did not allow explorers or traders to pass through.

* Pangle, Thomas, ''Montesquieu’s Philosophy of Liberalism'' (Chicago: 1989 rpt.; 1973).

* Person, James Jr., ed. “Montesquieu” (excerpts from chap. 8) in ''Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800'', (Gale Publishing: 1988), vol. 7, pp. 350-52.

* Shackleton, Robert. ''Montesquieu; a Critical Biography''. (Oxford: 1961).

* Schaub, Diana J. ''Erotic Liberalism: Women and Revolution in Montesquieu's'' 'Persian Letters'. (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1995).

* Spurlin, Paul M. ''Montesquieu in America, 1760-1801'' (New York: Octagon Books, 1961).

== List of works ==

* ''Les causes de l'écho'' (''The Causes of an Echo'')

=== Recent History ===

* ''Les glandes rénales'' (''The Renal Glands'')

Lake Erie infamously became very [[pollution|polluted]] in the 1960s and 1970s. Urban legend has described it as a ''dead lake'', but both sport and commercial fishing have continued without interruption to the present day. Pollution in the lake did not get much attention until the great ''[[Cuyahoga River]] Fire'' in June of 1969. Pollution from [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]] and other [[Ohio]] cities had so contaminated this [[tributary]] of Lake Erie with [[petrochemical]]s that it actually caught on fire. The fire embarrassed state officials and prompted the U. S. Congress to pass the [[Clean Water Act]].

* ''La cause de la pesanteur des corps'' (''The Cause of Gravity of Bodies'')

* ''La damnation éternelle des païens'' (''The Eternal Damnation of the Pagans'', 1711)

==Ecology==

* ''Système des Idées'' (''System of Ideas'', 1716)

[[Image:Sour cherry 3428.JPG|left|thumb|Sour [[cherry]] [[orchard]] on Lake Erie shoreline<br/>Leamington, Ontario]]

* ''[[Lettres persanes]]'' (''Persian Letters'', 1721)

Like the other Great Lakes, Erie produces [[lake effect snow]] when the first cold winds of [[winter]] pass over the warm waters, leading to [[Buffalo, New York]] being the eleventh snowiest place in the entire [[United States]].<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/weather/resources/askjack/2003-10-01-snowiest-cities_x.htm Answers: 10 snowiest 'cities' aren't all in New York]. Chris Cappella, ''USATODAY.com.''</ref> The lake effect ends, however, when the lake freezes over. Being the shallowest of the Great Lakes, it is the most likely to freeze and frequently does.<ref name=Straight Dope">[http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mlakeeffectsnow.html What's the physics behind "lake effect snow"?]. ''the Straight Dope Science Advisory Board.''</ref>

* ''Le Temple de Gnide'' (''The Temple of Gnide'', a novel; 1724)

* ''Arsace et Isménie'' (''(The True History of) Arsace and Isménie'', a novel; 1730)

The lake is also responsible for [[microclimate]]s that are important to [[agriculture]]. Along its north shore is one of the richest areas of Canada's [[fruit]] and [[vegetable]] production, and along the southeastern shore in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York is an important [[grape]] growing region, as are the islands in the lake.

* ''Considérations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains et de leur décadence'' (''Considerations on the Causes of the Grandeur and Decadence of the Romans'', 1734)

* ''[[De l'esprit des lois]]'' (''(On) The Spirit of the Laws'', 1748)

During the 1960s and 1970s, Lake Erie experienced changes in water quality associated with increasing levels of the nutrient phosphorus in the water and bottom sediments. The result was [[eutrophication]] of the system which resulted in major changes in productivity and [[algal bloom]]s. The decomposition of algae led to extensive seasonal [[Anoxic sea water|anoxic]] areas in the lake (the so-called [[Dead zone (ecology)|dead zone]]), that were expanding rapidly in the early 1970s. The decomposing algal masses and associated fish kills fouled shorelines, contributing to the widespread impression of Lake Erie as a dead lake.

* ''La défense de «L'Esprit des lois»'' (''In Defence of "The Spirit of the Laws"'', 1748)

* ''Pensées suivies de Spicilège'' (''Thoughts after Spicilège'')

A 1972 agreement between Canada and the United States reduced the dumping and runoff of phosphorus into the lake significantly. A [[dead zone (ecology)|dead zone]] persists in the central Lake Erie basin during the late summer. The U.S. [[Environmental Protection Agency]] is currently studying this cyclic phenomenon.<ref>[http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/lakeerie/eriedeadzone.html Lake Erie 'Dead Zone']. ''US EPA Lake Erie 'Dead Zone'.'' URL accessed on [[December 15]], [[2005]].</ref>

Since the 1970s [[environmental regulation]] has led to a great increase in water quality and the return of economically important [[fish]] species such as [[walleye]] and other [[biology|biological]] life.<ref>[http://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,1607,7-153-10369_36152-145852--,00.html Recovery of Lake Erie Walleye a Success Story]. ''Michigan Department of Natural Resources.''</ref>

However, the lake ecosystem is much changed from its original state, with a long list of [[invasive species]] well established. Common fish species such as [[rainbow smelt]], [[alewife]], [[white perch]] and [[common carp]] have all been introduced from outside the Great Lakes. Non-native sportfish such as [[rainbow trout]] and [[brown trout]] continue to be stocked for anglers to catch. Attempts to stock the lake with [[Coho Salmon]] were made, but failed, and that species is once again nearly absent from the lake. Recent invaders, [[zebra mussel|zebra]] and [[Quagga mussel|quagga]] [[mussel]]s have populated the entire Lake Erie [[ecosystem]], altering energy flow through the food web away from the [[pelagic]] zone and into the [[benthic zone]].

Other invasive species, such as the [[Round Goby|goby]] (recently arrived) and the [[grass carp]] (on the doorstep), have increased public debate about the risks of non-native invaders to Great Lakes ecosystems.

Lake Erie is home to one of the world's largest freshwater commercial fisheries. Once a mainstay of communities around the lake, [[commercial fishing]] is now predominantly based in Canadian communities, with a much smaller fishery, largely restricted to yellow perch, in Ohio. The Ontario fishery is one of the most intensively managed in the world. It was one of the first fisheries in the world managed on individual transferable quotas (ITQs) and features mandatory daily catch reporting and intensive auditing of the catch reporting system. Still, the commercial fishery is the target of critics who would like to see the lake managed for the exclusive benefit of [[sport fishing]] and the various industries serving the sport fishery.

Commercial landings are dominated by [[yellow perch]] and [[walleye]], with substantial quantities of rainbow smelt and [[white bass]] also taken. Anglers target walleye and yellow perch, with some effort directed on rainbow trout. A variety of other species are taken in smaller quantities by both commercial and sport fleets.

Although management of the fishery is by consensus of all management agencies with an interest in the resource (the states of [[New York]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Ohio]] and [[Michigan]] and the province of [[Ontario]]) under the mandate of the Great Lakes Fishery Commission, and driven by comprehensive fisheries assessment programs and sophisticated mathematical modeling systems, it remains the source of considerable recrimination, primarily from United States based angler and charter fishing groups with an historical antipathy to the commercial fishery. This conflict is complex, dating from the 1960s and changes in U.S. fisheries management that led to elimination of commercial fishing in most U.S. Great Lakes states. The process began in the state of Michigan, and its evolution is well documented in Szylvian (2004)<ref>[http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/eh/9.1/szylvian.html Szylvian,K.M. 2004.] ''Transforming Lake Michigan into the 'World's Greatest Fishing Hole': The Environmental Politics of Michigan's Great Lakes Sport Fishing, 1965–1985.''

</ref>, using Lake Michigan as a case study. The underlying issues are universal, wherever sport and commercial fishing coexist, but their persistence in the Lake Erie context, one of the most intensively scrutinized and managed fisheries anywhere, suggests that these conflicts are cultural, not scientific, and therefore not resolvable by reference to ecological data. These debates are largely driven by social, political and economic issues, not ecology<ref>Berkes, F. 1984. Competition between commercial and sport fishermen: an ecological analysis. Human Ecology 12: 413-429.</ref>.

==Geology==

Lake Erie has a [[lake retention time]] of 2.6 years, which is the shortest of all the [[Great Lakes]].<ref name="EPA Basic">[http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/basicinfo.html#erie Great Lakes; Basic Information: Lake Erie]. ''U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.''</ref>

Lake Erie's shallowness makes it particularly prone to [[seiche]]s, especially during storms, when the lake water tends to pile up at one end of the lake. This can lead to huge [[storm surge]]s, potentially causing damage onshore. During one storm in November 2003, the water level at Buffalo rose by 7 feet (2.1 m) with waves of 10-15 feet (3-4.5 m) on top of that, for a cumulative rise of as much as 22 feet (6.7 m). Meanwhile, [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]] at the western end of the lake will measure similar drops in water level. After the storm event, the water will slowly slosh back and forth, similar to the effect in a bath tub, until equilibrium is re-established.

===Islands===

[[Image:Bass Islands map.png|thumb|300px|right|Partial map of the Lake Erie islands]]

[[Image:LakeErieIslands.JPG|thumb|300px|Some of the Lake Erie islands]]

*[[Big Chicken Island]]

*[[Chick Island]]

*[[East Sister Island]]

*[[Gibraltar Island]]

*[[Green Island (Ohio)|Green Island]]

*[[Gull Island (Lake Erie)|Gull Island]]

*[[Hen Island]]

*[[Johnson's Island]]

*[[Kelleys Island, Ohio|Kelleys Island]]

*[[Little Chicken Island]]

*[[Lost Ballast Island]]

*[[Middle Island (Ontario)|Middle Island]]

*[[Middle Bass Island]]

*[[Middle Sister Island]]

*[[Mouse Island]]

*[[North Bass Island]]

*[[North Harbour Island]]

*[[Pelee, Ontario|Pelee Island]]

*[[Rattlesnake Island (Lake Erie)|Rattlesnake Island]]

*[[South Bass Island]]

*[[Starve Island]]

*[[Sugar Island (Ohio)|Sugar Island]]

*[[Turtle Island (Lake Erie)|Turtle Island]]

*[[West Sister Island]]

== See also ==

{{portalpar|Philosophy|Socrates.png}}

*[[List of world's largest lakes]]

* [[Cedar PointLiberalism]]

* [[Contributions to liberal theory]]

*[[Bass Islands]]

* [[ErieFrench CanalGovernment]]

* [[Welland CanalNapoleon]]

*[[Maumee Bay]]

*[[Bessie (lake monster)|Bessie]] the Lake Erie sea monster

==References External links ==

{{wikiquote}}

<div class="references-small">

{{wikisource author|Montesquieu}}

<references/>

* [http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/search?author=Montesquieu&amode=words Free full-text works online]

</div>

* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10536a.htm Montesquieu] in The Catholic Encyclopedia.

* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/montesquieu/ Montesquieu] in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

* [http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/philosophers/montesquieu.html Timeline of Montesquieu's Life]

<br clear=all>

== Images ==

{{start box}}{{succession box|

<gallery>

title= [[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 2|Seat 2]]<br>[[Académie française]] | years=1728&ndash;1755 |

Image:1430-19.Jpg|Howard Farms Beach and Cooley Canal on Lake Erie near Toledo, Ohio

before= [[Louis de Sacy]] |

Image:pbalson_20060527_IMG_3822.JPG|Sunset over Lake Erie near [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]]

after= [[Jean-Baptiste de Vivien de Châteaubrun]]

Image:pbalson_20060527_IMG_3835.JPG|Sunset over Lake Erie near [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]]

}}

Image:Lake Erie sunglint.JPG|Lake Erie from space, looking from the west

</gallery>

== External links ==

{{commonscat|Lake Erie}}

{{wiktionary|Erie}}

* [http://www.lakeerieislands.us Lake Erie Islands Directory]

* [http://www.middlebass2.org/IslandsInLakeErie.PDF How many Islands are there in Lake Erie?]

* [http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/atlas/index.html EPA's Great Lakes Atlas]

{{Template:Enlightenment}}

{{greatlakes}}

<!--Categories-->

[[Category:Lakes of Ontario]]

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[[Category:Great18th Lakescentury philosophers|ErieMontesquieu, LakeCharles de Secondat, baron de]]

[[Category:LakesEarly ofmodern Ohiophilosophers|ErieMontesquieu, LakeCharles de Secondat, baron de]]

[[Category:Enlightenment philosophers|Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, baron de]]

[[Category:Saint Lawrence Seaway]]

[[Category:RegionsFrench ofnobility|Montesquieu, OhioCharles de Secondat, baron de]]

[[Category:French philosophers|Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, baron de]]

[[Category:Liberalism|Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, baron de]]

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[[fi:Charles-Louis de Secondat de Montesquieu]]

[[sv:Charles-Louis de Secondat Montesquieu]]

[[vi:Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu]]

[[tr:Montesquieu]]

[[uk:Монтеск'є Шарль]]

[[yi:מאנטעסקיע]]

[[zh:孟德斯鳩]]