Yellow Submarine (film) and Montesquieu: Difference between pages

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{{Infobox Film

[[Image:Charles Montesquieu.jpg|thumb|right|Montesquieu in 1728.]]

| name = Yellow Submarine

'''Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu''' ([[January 18]], [[1689]] in Bordeaux – [[February 10]], [[1755]]), more commonly known as '''Montesquieu''', was a [[France|French]] social commentator and political thinker who lived during the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]. He is famous for his articulation of the theory of [[separation of powers]], taken for granted in modern discussions of [[government]] and implemented in many [[constitution]]s throughout the world. He was largely responsible for the popularization of the terms [[feudalism]] and [[Byzantine Empire]].

| image = Yellowsubmarineposter.jpg

| caption = original poster

| director = [[George Dunning]]<br>[[Dick Emery]]<br>[[Dennis Abey]]<br>(live action sequence)

| producer = [[George Dunning]]

| writer = [[The Beatles]] (title song)<br>[[Lee Minoff]] (short story)<br>[[Al Brodax]] (screenplay)<br>[[Jack Mendelsohn]]<br>[[Erich Segal]]

| starring = [[The Beatles]] (epilogue)<br>[[Paul Angelis]], [[John Clive]], [[Dick Emery]], [[Geoffrey Hughes]], [[Lance Percival]], [[Peter Batten]] (voices)

| music = [[The Beatles]]<br>[[George Harrison]]<br>[[John Lennon]]<br>[[George Martin]]

| cinematography = [[John Williams]]

| editing = '''Animators:'''<br>[[John Challis]]<br>[[Jim Hiltz]]<br>[[Dick Horn]]<br>[[Diane Jackson]]<br>[[Jack Stokes]]

| distributor = [[United Artists]]

| released = [[June 6]], [[1968 in film|1968]]

| runtime = 85 min. (USA)

| country = [[U.K.]]

| awards = [[National Board of Review]]<br>Best Picture 1968

| language = [[English language|English]]

| budget = n/a

| preceded_by =

| followed_by =

| amg_id = 1:55749

| imdb_id = 0063823

}}

:''For the song, see [[Yellow Submarine (song)]]. For the soundtrack, see [[Yellow Submarine (album)]].''

'''''Yellow Submarine''''' is a [[1968]] [[animation|animated]] [[feature film]] based on the music of the [[Beatles]]. It is also the title for the [[soundtrack]] [[album]] to the [[feature film]], released as part of the Beatles' music catalogue. The film was directed by Canadian-born animation producer [[George Dunning]], and produced by [[United Artists]] and [[King Features Syndicate]]. The Beatles themselves appear only in the closing scene of the film.

==Plot Biography ==

{{spoiler}}

Pepperland is a cheerful music-loving [[paradise]] located "80,000 leagues under the sea", and is named after and protected by Sergeant Pepper of ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]'' fame. It is attacked by the music-hating Blue Meanies who seal the Band inside a musicproof sphere, then turn the Pepperlanders into statues and drain the country itself of colour.

After having studied at the Catholic [[College of Juilly]], he married Jeanne de Latrigue, a Protestant who brought him a substantial dowry when he was 26. The next year, he inherited a fortune upon the death of his uncle, as well as the title Baron de [[Montesquieu]] and [[Président à Mortier]] in the [[Parlement]] of Bordeaux. By that time, England had declared itself a constitutional monarchy in the wake of its [[Glorious Revolution]] (1688–89), and had joined with [[Scotland]] in the [[Union of 1707]] to form the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]]. And in 1715 the long-reigning [[King Louis XIV|Sun King]], Louis XIV died and was succeeded by the weaker and more feeble Louis XV. These national transformations impacted Montesquieu greatly; he would later refer to them repeatedly in his work.

Pepperland's Lord Mayor sends Old Fred (called "Young Fred" by the even older Mayor) off in a yellow submarine in order to get help.

Soon afterwards he achieved literary success with the publication of his ''Lettres persanes'' (''[[Persian Letters]]'', 1721), a [[satire]] based on the imaginary correspondence of an [[Oriental]] visitor to [[Paris]], pointing out the absurdities of contemporary society. He next published ''Considérations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains et de leur décadence'' (''[[Considerations on the Causes of the Grandeur and Decadence of the Romans]]'', 1734), considered by some scholars a transition from ''The Persian Letters'' to his master work. ''De l'Esprit des Lois'' (''[[The Spirit of the Laws]]'') was originally published anonymously in [[1748]] and quickly rose to a position of enormous influence. In France, it met with an unfriendly reception from both supporters and opponents of the regime. The Roman Catholic Church banned ''l'Esprit'' – along with many of Montesquieu's other works – in 1751 and included it on the papacy's notorious [[Index Librorum Prohibitorum|Index]]. But from the rest of Europe, especially Britain, it received the highest praise.

Travelling to [[Liverpool]], Fred begs for help from the depressed and aimless [[Ringo Starr|Ringo]], who agrees and rounds up his three mates: [[Paul McCartney|Paul]], [[John Lennon|John]] and [[George Harrison|George]]. The five of them journey back to Pepperland in the submarine, passing through:

*the [[Sea Of Time]] - where they go forward and backward in time and sing "[[When I'm 64]]",

*the [[Sea Of Science]] - where they sing "[[Only a Northern Song]]",

*the [[Sea Of Monsters]] - where the dreaded "vacuum flask" beast sucks up the entire landscape and then itself,

*the [[Sea of Nothing]] - where they pick up a rather helpful "[[Nowhere Man (song)|nowhere man]]" named [[Jeremy Hilary Boob]], Ph.D. and sing the song of the same name,

*the foothills of the "Headlands" or [[Sea of Heads]] - where they get separated from the submarine and John sings "[[Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds]]",

*and finally the [[Sea of Holes]] - where Jeremy is kidnapped by the Blue Meanies. When Ringo jumps on to a green hole (which turns into the [[Sea of Green]]), they arrive in Pepperland.

Montesquieu was also highly regarded in the British colonies in America as a champion of British liberty (though not of American independence). Political scientist Donald Lutz found that Montesquieu was the most frequently quoted authority on government and politics in colonial pre-revolutionary British America.<ref>"The Relative Influence of European Writers on Late Eighteenth-Century American Political Thought," ''American Political Science Review'' 78,1(March, 1984), 189-197.</ref> And following the American secession, Montesquieu remained a powerful influence on many of the [[United States|American]] Founders, most notably [[James Madison]] of [[Virginia]], the "Father of the Constitution." Montesquieu's philosophy that "government should be set up so that no man need be afraid of another" reminded Madison and others that a free and stable foundation for their new national government required the inclusion of a clearly defined and balanced separation of powers.

Reunited with Old Fred and the submarine, they imitate Sgt. Pepper's band, and "rally the land to rebellion". Jeremy is rescued, colour and flowers rebloom, the original Sgt. Pepper's band is released, and Pepperland is restored. In the end, the heroes make peace with the Meanies, and everyone lives happily ever after.

Besides composing additional works on society and politics, Montesquieu traveled for a number of years through [[Europe]] including [[Austria]] and [[Hungary]], spending a year in [[Italy]] and eighteen months in [[England]] before resettling in [[France]]. He was troubled by poor eyesight, and was completely blind by the time he died from a high fever in [[1755]]. He was buried in L'église [[Saint-Sulpice]] in Paris, France.

== Political views ==

Afterward, the real Beatles, who have returned home, playfully show off their souvenirs. However, John spots more Meanies near the theatre and cheerfully suggests that the band sing to escape. The quartet obliges with a reprise of "All Together Now" which ends with various translations of the song's title appearing in sequence on the screen.

Montesquieu's most radical work divided French society into three classes (or ''[[trias politica]]'', a term he coined): the monarchy, the aristocracy, and the commons. Montesquieu saw two types of governmental power existing: the sovereign and the administrative. The administrative powers were the [[legislative]], the [[executive (government)|executive]], and the [[judiciary]]. These should be separate from and dependent upon each other so that the influence of any one power would not be able to exceed that of the other two, either singly or in combination. This was radical because it completely eliminated the three ''Estates'' structure of the French Monarchy: the [[clergy]], the aristocracy, and the people at large represented by the [[Estates-General]], thereby erasing the last vestige of a [[feudalism|feudalistic]] structure.

Likewise, there were three main forms of government, each supported by a social "principle": [[monarchy|monarchies]] (free governments headed by a hereditary figure, e.g. king, queen, emperor), which rely on the [[Honour|principle of honor]]; [[republic]]s (free governments headed by popularly elected leaders), which rely on the [[Virtue|principle of virtue]]; and [[despot|despotisms]] (enslaved governments headed by [[dictator]]s), which rely on [[fear]]. The free governments are dependent on fragile constitutional arrangements. Montesquieu devotes four chapters of ''The Spirit of the Laws'' to a discussion of England, a contemporary free government, where liberty was sustained by a balance of powers. Montesquieu worried that in France the intermediate powers (i.e., the nobility) which moderated the power of the prince were being eroded.

==Production==

Released at the height of the [[psychedelic]] pop culture period of the [[1960s]], the movie ''Yellow Submarine'' was a box-office hit, drawing in crowds both for its lush, wildly creative images, and its soundtrack of Beatles songs. The original story was written by [[Lee Minoff]], based on the song by [[John Lennon]] and [[Paul McCartney]], and the screenplay penned by four collaborators including [[Erich Segal]].

Like many of his generation, Montesquieu held a number of views that might today be judged controversial. While he endorsed the idea that a woman could head a government, he held that she could not be effective as the head of a family. He firmly accepted the role of a hereditary aristocracy and the value of [[primogeniture]]. His views have also been abused by modern [[Revisionism|revisionists]]; for instance, even though Montesquieu was ahead of his time as an ardent opponent of [[slavery]], he has been quoted out of context in attempts to show he supported it.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

As with most motion picture [[Musical film|musical]]s, the music takes precedence over the actual plot, and most of the story is a series of set-pieces designed to present Beatles music set to various images, in a form reminiscent of [[Walt Disney]]'s ''[[Fantasia (movie)|Fantasia]]'' (and foreshadowing the rise of [[music video]]s and [[MTV]] fifteen years later). Nonetheless, the movie still presents an entertaining modern-day [[fairy tale]] that caters to the ideals of the "love generation".

One of his more exotic ideas, outlined in ''[[The Spirit of the Laws]]'' and hinted at in ''Persian Letters'', is the [meteorological] climate theory, which holds that [[climate]] may substantially influence the nature of man and his society. He goes so far as to assert that certain climates are superior to others, the temperate climate of France being ideal. His view is that people living in very warm countries are "too hot-tempered," while those in northern countries are "icy" or "stiff." The climate of middle Europe is therefore optimal. On this point, Montesquieu may well have been influenced by similar statements in ''[[Germania (book)|Germania]]'' by [[Tacitus]], one of Montesquieu's favorite authors.

The dialogue is littered with [[pun]]s, [[double entendre]]s, and Beatles in-jokes, many scripted by [[Roger McGough]]. "Blue Meanies" is sometimes used as a [[slang]] term for the police, although many viewers will have missed this (see [[List of slang terms for police officers]]). The term "Blue Meanies" is actually a [[metaphor]] for bad people in government and corporate, who force their wills on good people (Pepperlanders), and carelessly deplete and ruin the natural environment, resources, colour and landscape{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. They are carefree about their destructive ways and will do whatever necessary to crush those (The Beatles) who oppose them.

==Notes==

(In the DVD commentary track, Production Supervisor John Coates adds an additional perspective, stating that "blue" was a pun on "Jew," reflecting not on any anti-Semitism on the part of the filmmakers but rather a commentary on what had been typical casting of Jews as villains. There is also a scene where a Blue Meanie questions some disguised Beatles, asking, "Are you Bluish? You don't look Bluish...") Additionally, the Beatles' appearance in the film was actually based on their music video "[[Strawberry Fields Forever]]", with the exception of Paul being without his mustache. The film also includes several references to songs not included in the soundtrack, including "[[A Day in the Life]]" where the lyrics are referenced in the 'Sea of Holes' scene, as well as the orchestral breaks earlier in the movie, also from "A Day in the Life".

<references/>

==AnimationFurther reading==

{{French literature (small)}}

The movie's style contrasts greatly with the efforts of [[Disney Feature Animation]] and other animated films previously released by [[Hollywood]] up until the time. The film uses a style of [[limited animation]] that deliberately defies reality and paints a landscape that could never exist in the real world; something that appealed greatly to the escapists of the 1960s (see also ''[[Fantastic Planet]]'').

* Pangle, Thomas, ''Montesquieu’s Philosophy of Liberalism'' (Chicago: 1989 rpt.; 1973).

* Person, James Jr., ed. “Montesquieu” (excerpts from chap. 8) in ''Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800'', (Gale Publishing: 1988), vol. 7, pp. 350-52.

* Shackleton, Robert. ''Montesquieu; a Critical Biography''. (Oxford: 1961).

* Schaub, Diana J. ''Erotic Liberalism: Women and Revolution in Montesquieu's'' 'Persian Letters'. (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1995).

* Spurlin, Paul M. ''Montesquieu in America, 1760-1801'' (New York: Octagon Books, 1961).

== List of works ==

[[George Dunning]], who also worked on the Beatles cartoon series, was the overall director for the film, supervising over 200 artists for 11 months. He took personal charge of the 'Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds' sequence.

* ''Les causes de l'écho'' (''The Causes of an Echo'')

* ''Les glandes rénales'' (''The Renal Glands'')

* ''La cause de la pesanteur des corps'' (''The Cause of Gravity of Bodies'')

* ''La damnation éternelle des païens'' (''The Eternal Damnation of the Pagans'', 1711)

* ''Système des Idées'' (''System of Ideas'', 1716)

* ''[[Lettres persanes]]'' (''Persian Letters'', 1721)

* ''Le Temple de Gnide'' (''The Temple of Gnide'', a novel; 1724)

* ''Arsace et Isménie'' (''(The True History of) Arsace and Isménie'', a novel; 1730)

* ''Considérations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains et de leur décadence'' (''Considerations on the Causes of the Grandeur and Decadence of the Romans'', 1734)

* ''[[De l'esprit des lois]]'' (''(On) The Spirit of the Laws'', 1748)

* ''La défense de «L'Esprit des lois»'' (''In Defence of "The Spirit of the Laws"'', 1748)

* ''Pensées suivies de Spicilège'' (''Thoughts after Spicilège'')

== See also ==

The animation of ''Yellow Submarine'' has sometimes falsely been attributed to the famous psychedelic [[pop art]] artist of the era [[Peter Max]]; the film's art director was in fact [[Heinz Edelmann]]. Edelmann, along with his contemporary [[Milton Glaser]], pioneered the psychedelic style for which Max would later become famous, but according to Edelmann and producer Al Brodax, as quoted in the book ''Inside the Yellow Submarine'' by Robert Hieronimus and Laura Cortner (2002) (ISBN 0-87349-360-5), Max had nothing to do with the production of ''Yellow Submarine''.

{{portalpar|Philosophy|Socrates.png}}

* [[Liberalism]]

* [[Contributions to liberal theory]]

* [[French Government]]

* [[Napoleon]]

== External links ==

Notable animators who worked on the film included [[Paul Driessen (animator)|Paul Driessen]].

{{wikiquote}}

{{wikisource author|Montesquieu}}

* [http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/search?author=Montesquieu&amode=words Free full-text works online]

* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10536a.htm Montesquieu] in The Catholic Encyclopedia.

* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/montesquieu/ Montesquieu] in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

* [http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/philosophers/montesquieu.html Timeline of Montesquieu's Life]

<br clear=all>

[[Image:Yellow_submarine.jpg|thumb|left|A Yellow Submarine Toy]]

{{start box}}{{succession box|

title= [[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 2|Seat 2]]<br>[[Académie française]] | years=1728&ndash;1755 |

==Music==

before= [[Louis de Sacy]] |

In addition to the existing title song "[[Yellow Submarine (Song)|Yellow Submarine]]," five new songs were commissioned for the movie: "[[All Together Now (The Beatles song)|All Together Now]]", (a [[Football (soccer)|football]]-crowd favorite); "[[It's All Too Much]]", (a [[George Harrison]] composition); "[[Baby You're a Rich Man]]", a song that made its public debut as the "[[All You Need Is Love]]" single B-side; "[[Only a Northern Song]]", a Harrison song originally recorded during sessions for ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]'' (the partial inspiration for this film); and "[[Hey Bulldog]]", a [[John Lennon]] piano romp echoing of "[[Lady Madonna]]", which was recorded at the same time (this song was originally included only in the European theatrical release, but restored for the US theatrical reissue in 1999).

after= [[Jean-Baptiste de Vivien de Châteaubrun]]

}}

The film's instrumental music was an orchestral score composed and arranged by [[George Martin]]. One of the film's cues, heard after the main title credits, was originally recorded as the introduction to "[[Don't Pass Me By]]", Ringo's composition for [[The Beatles (album)|''The Beatles'' (a.k.a. ''The White Album'')]]; it was later released as "A Beginning" on the ''[[Anthology 3]]'' album.

==The Beatles' participation==

The Beatles themselves were not enthusiastic in participating in a motion picture at the time. They had not enjoyed the production of their second feature film ''[[Help! (film)|Help!]]'', and had just produced and starred in the disastrous TV special ''[[Magical Mystery Tour (film)|Magical Mystery Tour]].'' They did, however, see an animated film as a favorable way to complete their commitment to United Artists for a third film. Voice actors were hired to imitate the Fab Four's voices in the film. However, the Beatles were impressed after seeing a rough cut of the film, and agreed to make a live-action cameo appearance in the final scene. The cameo was originally intended to feature a post-production psychedelic background, but due to time and budget constraints a blank background remained in the final film.

== Voices ==

* [[John Clive]] - John

* [[Geoffrey Hughes]] - Paul

* [[Peter Batten]] - George (actor Peter Batten was arrested during voice recording because he had deserted the British army, so Paul Angelis finished recording his part.)

* [[Paul Angelis]] - Ringo, [[Chief Blue Meanie]], George

* [[Dick Emery]] - Lord Mayor, Nowhere Man (Jeremy Hillary Boob, Phud (Ph.D.)), Max

* [[Lance Percival]] - Old/Young Fred (Lance Percival also provided voices for the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] TV Beatles cartoon.)

* [[John Lennon]] - John (singing voice)

* [[Paul McCartney]] - Paul (singing voice)

* [[George Harrison]] - George (singing voice)

* [[Ringo Starr]] - Ringo (singing voice)

== Songs in ''Yellow Submarine'' ==

The original soundtrack album consisted of Beatles tracks and some orchestral pieces by [[George Martin]] on the second side:

*"[[Yellow Submarine (song)|Yellow Submarine]]"[[Image:TheBeatlesYellowSubmarinealbumcover.jpg|right|150px|thumb|1969 album cover]]

*"[[Only a Northern Song]]"

*"[[All Together Now (The Beatles)|All Together Now]]"

*"[[Hey Bulldog]]"

*"[[It's All Too Much]]"

*"[[All You Need Is Love]]"

* "Pepperland" (George Martin)

* "Sea of Time" (George Martin)

* "Sea of Holes" (George Martin)

* "Sea of Monsters" (George Martin)

* "March of the Meanies" (George Martin)

* "Pepperland Laid Waste" (George Martin)

* "Yellow Submarine in Pepperland" (George Martin)

The album was later re-worked and by 1999 consisted of:

*"[[Yellow Submarine (song)|Yellow Submarine]]"

*"[[Hey Bulldog]]"

*"[[Eleanor Rigby]]"

*"[[Love You To]]"

*"[[All Together Now (The Beatles)|All Together Now]]"

*"[[Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds]]"

*"[[Think for Yourself]]"

*"[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (song)|Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]"

*"[[With a Little Help from My Friends]]"

*"[[Baby You're a Rich Man]]"

*"[[Only a Northern Song]]"

*"[[All You Need Is Love]]"

*"[[When I'm Sixty-Four]]"

*"[[Nowhere Man]]"

*"[[It's All Too Much]]"

The orchestral pieces were also used in the short [[NASA]] [[Apollo 9]] mission film, which they made for every mission.

==Release history==

[[Image:VHS yellow submarine.jpg|thumb|VHS cover]]

{{section-stub}}

===Original theatrical release===

The movie was originally distributed worldwide by [[United Artists]] in two versions. The version shown in Europe included an extra musical number, "Hey, Bulldog!", heard in the final third of the movie. For the U.S. version, the number was replaced with alternate animation due to time constraints in preparing the film for domestic distribution. Of all the Beatles films released by UA, this is the only one UA retained the rights to, leading up to its purchase in 1981 by [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] (which by that time had merged with UA). In 2005, [[Sony Pictures Entertainment]] led a consortium that purchased MGM and UA, and thus SPE now handles theatrical distribution for MGM, while [[20th Century Fox Home Entertainment]] is responsible for home video distribution, although the most recent home video release is now out of print.

===Initial home video releases===

With the dawn of the home video era came an opportunity to release ''Yellow Submarine'' on VHS and LaserDisc. However, it was held up for some years due to music rights issues that UA had to clear in order for the film to be issued on video by what was then MGM/UA Home Video in 1986. This was presented in its U.S. theatrical release (sans the "Hey, Bulldog!" number), with a simulated stereo mix of the film's original mono soundtrack. After a couple of years, the video was pulled from release, and for many years mint copies of the initial home video pressing were considered collector's items.

===The 1999 film and soundtrack re-release===

In [[1999]], [[United Artists]] and [[Apple Records]] digitally restored the audio of the film for theatrical and home video re-release. Though the visuals were not digitally restored, a new transfer was done after cleaning the original film negative and rejuvenating the color. A [[Yellow Submarine Songtrack|soundtrack album for this version]] was also released, which featured the first extensive digital stereo remixes of Beatles material.

The film was also re-edited to its original European theatrical release version, with the "Hey, Bulldog!" number restored, whereas the U.S. version deleted this song and replaced it with alternate animation.

The DVD that was released also featured a "soundtrack only" version, in which the dialogue is removed, leaving only the music and the songs. As already mentioned, it is currently out of print (it is up to UA and Fox to decide when it will be released again, pending new licensing fee issues). Used copies are being sold for a premium on the Internet and new copies, although hard to find, are available through collectors.

== Trivia ==

* When Old Fred frantically presses various buttons to deploy some defense against the boxing beast in the Sea of Monsters, assorted paraphernalia appears from the Yellow Submarine, including a banner reading "[[The Rolling Stones|THE ROLLING STONES]]"

*Many of the Blue Meanies wear [[Mickey Mouse]] ears throughout the film.

* The Beatles mockumentary [[The Rutles]] spoofs the movie in the sequence "Cheese and Onions". The film's title is given as ''Yellow Submarine Sandwich''.

* Other than screaming, there are no female speaking roles whatsoever.

* As the submarine leaves Liverpool, the first [[crescendo]] from ''[[A Day in the Life]]'' is heard.

* The book released in conjunction with the film (by author Max Wilk) includes a "sea" not featured in the film: the [[Sea Of Consumer Products]]

* On the Anthology DVDs, Ringo Starr said that each of The Beatles was happy with the other three actors´ voices but were not happy with their own. He also said that he has often been asked by children from all over the world why he "pushed the button?" (Before he was ejected from the submarine.)

==See also==

*[[List of animated feature-length films]]

*[[List of fictional submarines]]

{{Template:Enlightenment}}

==External links==

{{Wikiquotepar|Yellow Submarine}}

* {{imdb title|id=0063823|title=Yellow Submarine}}

* [http://www.stevesbeatles.com/cds/yellow_submarine_1999.asp Album Lyrics]

* [http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/%2F19990905%2FREVIEWS08%2F909050301%2F1023 Review of ''Yellow Submarine''] by [[Roger Ebert]]

* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/brunel/A295562 h2g2 Yellow Submarine - the Film Edited Guide Entry]

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[[Category:1689 births|Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, baron de]]

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