Manu Ginóbili and Montesquieu: Difference between pages

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[[Image:Charles Montesquieu.jpg|thumb|right|Montesquieu in 1728.]]

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'''Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu''' ([[January 18]], [[1689]] in Bordeaux – [[February 10]], [[1755]]), more commonly known as '''Montesquieu''', was a [[France|French]] social commentator and political thinker who lived during the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]. He is famous for his articulation of the theory of [[separation of powers]], taken for granted in modern discussions of [[government]] and implemented in many [[constitution]]s throughout the world. He was largely responsible for the popularization of the terms [[feudalism]] and [[Byzantine Empire]].

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{{infobox NBA Player

| image = Ginobili y Kirchner-1jul05-presidencia-govar.jpg

| caption = Manu Ginobili with President of Argentina [[Néstor Kirchner]]

| name = Manu Ginobili

| nickname =

| position = [[Shooting guard]]

| height_ft = 6 | height_in = 6

| weight_lbs = 205

| team = [[San Antonio Spurs]]

| nationality = Argentina

| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1977|7|28}}

| birth_place = [[Bahía Blanca]], Argentina

| college =

| draft = 2^nd round, 57^th overall

| draft_year = 1999

| draft_team = [[San Antonio Spurs]]

| career_start = 1995

| career_end =

| former_teams = Andino Sport Club (1995-96)<br>[[Estudiantes de Bahía Blanca]] (1996-98)<br>Viola Reggio Calabria (1998-2000)<br>[[Virtus Bologna|Kinder Bologna]] (2000-2002)

| awards = 2002-03 NBA All-Rookie Second Team <br> 2004-05 NBA All-Star

}}

== Biography ==

'''Emanuel David Ginobili''' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]: Ginóbili) (born [[July 28]], [[1977]] in [[Bahía Blanca]], [[Argentina]]), better known as '''Manu Ginobili''', is an Argentine [[basketball]] player of [[Italy|Italian]] descent. He is a member of the [[Argentine national basketball team]] and the [[San Antonio Spurs]] in the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]]. He is generally regarded as one of the best basketball players ever to come from [[Latin America]].

After having studied at the Catholic [[College of Juilly]], he married Jeanne de Latrigue, a Protestant who brought him a substantial dowry when he was 26. The next year, he inherited a fortune upon the death of his uncle, as well as the title Baron de [[Montesquieu]] and [[Président à Mortier]] in the [[Parlement]] of Bordeaux. By that time, England had declared itself a constitutional monarchy in the wake of its [[Glorious Revolution]] (1688–89), and had joined with [[Scotland]] in the [[Union of 1707]] to form the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]]. And in 1715 the long-reigning [[King Louis XIV|Sun King]], Louis XIV died and was succeeded by the weaker and more feeble Louis XV. These national transformations impacted Montesquieu greatly; he would later refer to them repeatedly in his work.

==Biography==

Ginobili comes from a basketball family. Older brothers Sebastián and Leandro have played professionally in Argentina and Spain respectively. Their father, Jorge, was a coach at a club in Bahía Blanca, where Ginobili learned to play. Like many Argentines, Ginobili is a descendant of [[Italy|Italian]] immigrants.

Soon afterwards he achieved literary success with the publication of his ''Lettres persanes'' (''[[Persian Letters]]'', 1721), a [[satire]] based on the imaginary correspondence of an [[Oriental]] visitor to [[Paris]], pointing out the absurdities of contemporary society. He next published ''Considérations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains et de leur décadence'' (''[[Considerations on the Causes of the Grandeur and Decadence of the Romans]]'', 1734), considered by some scholars a transition from ''The Persian Letters'' to his master work. ''De l'Esprit des Lois'' (''[[The Spirit of the Laws]]'') was originally published anonymously in [[1748]] and quickly rose to a position of enormous influence. In France, it met with an unfriendly reception from both supporters and opponents of the regime. The Roman Catholic Church banned ''l'Esprit'' – along with many of Montesquieu's other works – in 1751 and included it on the papacy's notorious [[Index Librorum Prohibitorum|Index]]. But from the rest of Europe, especially Britain, it received the highest praise.

Montesquieu was also highly regarded in the British colonies in America as a champion of British liberty (though not of American independence). Political scientist Donald Lutz found that Montesquieu was the most frequently quoted authority on government and politics in colonial pre-revolutionary British America.<ref>"The Relative Influence of European Writers on Late Eighteenth-Century American Political Thought," ''American Political Science Review'' 78,1(March, 1984), 189-197.</ref> And following the American secession, Montesquieu remained a powerful influence on many of the [[United States|American]] Founders, most notably [[James Madison]] of [[Virginia]], the "Father of the Constitution." Montesquieu's philosophy that "government should be set up so that no man need be afraid of another" reminded Madison and others that a free and stable foundation for their new national government required the inclusion of a clearly defined and balanced separation of powers.

==Professional career==

Besides composing additional works on society and politics, Montesquieu traveled for a number of years through [[Europe]] including [[Austria]] and [[Hungary]], spending a year in [[Italy]] and eighteen months in [[England]] before resettling in [[France]]. He was troubled by poor eyesight, and was completely blind by the time he died from a high fever in [[1755]]. He was buried in L'église [[Saint-Sulpice]] in Paris, France.

== Political views ==

===Argentine and Italian years===

Montesquieu's most radical work divided French society into three classes (or ''[[trias politica]]'', a term he coined): the monarchy, the aristocracy, and the commons. Montesquieu saw two types of governmental power existing: the sovereign and the administrative. The administrative powers were the [[legislative]], the [[executive (government)|executive]], and the [[judiciary]]. These should be separate from and dependent upon each other so that the influence of any one power would not be able to exceed that of the other two, either singly or in combination. This was radical because it completely eliminated the three ''Estates'' structure of the French Monarchy: the [[clergy]], the aristocracy, and the people at large represented by the [[Estates-General]], thereby erasing the last vestige of a [[feudalism|feudalistic]] structure.

Ginobili made his professional debut in the [[Liga Nacional de Básquetbol|Argentine basketball league]] for the ''[[Andino Sport Club]]''[http://www.andinosportclub.com.ar/] team of [[La Rioja, Argentina|La Rioja]] from [[1995]]&ndash;[[1996]], and was traded to ''[[Estudiantes de Bahía Blanca]]'' the next year. He played with his hometown team until the [[Italy|Italian]] league attracted him, and in [[1998]] he moved to [[Europe]], playing in the 1998-[[1999]] and 1999-[[2000]] seasons with ''Basket Viola Reggio Calabria'', after which he was traded to ''[[Virtus Bologna|Kinder Bologna]]'', which he helped win the [[2001]] ''Italian Championship'', 2001 and [[2002]] ''Italian Cups'', and the 2001 [[Euroleague]], where he was named ''MVP''. Team's coach [[Ettore Messina]] helped him improve his shooting, defense and leadership. He also made the Italian league's All-Star game three times during this period.

Likewise, there were three main forms of government, each supported by a social "principle": [[monarchy|monarchies]] (free governments headed by a hereditary figure, e.g. king, queen, emperor), which rely on the [[Honour|principle of honor]]; [[republic]]s (free governments headed by popularly elected leaders), which rely on the [[Virtue|principle of virtue]]; and [[despot|despotisms]] (enslaved governments headed by [[dictator]]s), which rely on [[fear]]. The free governments are dependent on fragile constitutional arrangements. Montesquieu devotes four chapters of ''The Spirit of the Laws'' to a discussion of England, a contemporary free government, where liberty was sustained by a balance of powers. Montesquieu worried that in France the intermediate powers (i.e., the nobility) which moderated the power of the prince were being eroded.

===San Antonio Spurs===

In the [[1999 NBA Draft]], the Spurs selected Ginobili late in the second round with the 57th overall pick, the penultimate choice in the entire draft. However, he did not sign with the Spurs until after the [[2002]] [[FIBA World Championship]] in [[Indianapolis, Indiana|Indianapolis]], where he made the all-tournament team alongside future NBA star [[Yao Ming]] and established NBA stars [[Dirk Nowitzki]] and [[Peja Stojakovic]]. Ginobili helped lead Argentina to a second-place finish. In the years since, some commentators have deemed him the greatest draft day steal in modern NBA history, and perhaps all-time.

Like many of his generation, Montesquieu held a number of views that might today be judged controversial. While he endorsed the idea that a woman could head a government, he held that she could not be effective as the head of a family. He firmly accepted the role of a hereditary aristocracy and the value of [[primogeniture]]. His views have also been abused by modern [[Revisionism|revisionists]]; for instance, even though Montesquieu was ahead of his time as an ardent opponent of [[slavery]], he has been quoted out of context in attempts to show he supported it.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

In his first season in the NBA, Ginobili came off the bench to help the Spurs climb to the NBA championship in [[2003]], when San Antonio beat the [[New Jersey Nets]] in six games. After some issues with San Antonio over his contract, with agent [[Herb Rudoy]], Ginobili re-signed and he became a starter for the Spurs in [[2005]]. On [[February 8]] of the following year, Ginobili was selected (by a vote of NBA coaches) to the [[2005]] Western Conference [[All-Star]] team as a reserve, his first time making it to the elite midseason showcase. On [[June 23]], Ginobili won his second title with the Spurs playing as starter on a very defensive 7-game series against the [[Detroit Pistons]], with a game seven score of 81-74. In the [[NBA Finals MVP Award]] voting, Manu was edged out (6 votes to 4) by teammate [[Tim Duncan]]. He was the second leading scorer of that team, finishing a memorable 2004-2005 season for him.

One of his more exotic ideas, outlined in ''[[The Spirit of the Laws]]'' and hinted at in ''Persian Letters'', is the [meteorological] climate theory, which holds that [[climate]] may substantially influence the nature of man and his society. He goes so far as to assert that certain climates are superior to others, the temperate climate of France being ideal. His view is that people living in very warm countries are "too hot-tempered," while those in northern countries are "icy" or "stiff." The climate of middle Europe is therefore optimal. On this point, Montesquieu may well have been influenced by similar statements in ''[[Germania (book)|Germania]]'' by [[Tacitus]], one of Montesquieu's favorite authors.

The 2005-2006 started with troubles for Ginobili, who suffered different foot and ankle injuries that hindered his ability.

==Notes==

On the [[February 21]], [[2007]], Manu set a [[San Antonio Spurs|Spurs]] franchise record 24 straight points against the [[Atlanta Hawks]]. He scored 40 points to lead his team to a 103-96 victory.

<references/>

==Further reading==

===Olympic gold medal 2004===

{{French literature (small)}}

On [[August 15]] [[2004]], Ginobili led the Argentine team to the gold medal. Ginobili was named the [[Most Valuable Player|MVP]] of the Olympic tournament, sporting heroics like in the 83-82 win over [[Serbia and Montenegro]] with a shot he made while falling to the floor with less than a second to go, in Argentina's basketball opener at the [[Basketball at the 2004 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] in [[Athens, Greece|Athens]]. Ginobili lead the team in both scoring (16.7 ppg) and assists (3.3 apg).

* Pangle, Thomas, ''Montesquieu’s Philosophy of Liberalism'' (Chicago: 1989 rpt.; 1973).

* Person, James Jr., ed. “Montesquieu” (excerpts from chap. 8) in ''Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800'', (Gale Publishing: 1988), vol. 7, pp. 350-52.

* Shackleton, Robert. ''Montesquieu; a Critical Biography''. (Oxford: 1961).

* Schaub, Diana J. ''Erotic Liberalism: Women and Revolution in Montesquieu's'' 'Persian Letters'. (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1995).

* Spurlin, Paul M. ''Montesquieu in America, 1760-1801'' (New York: Octagon Books, 1961).

== List of works ==

==Player profile==

* ''Les causes de l'écho'' (''The Causes of an Echo'')

Ginobili is a 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m), 205 lb (93 kg) [[shooting guard]]. His NBA career averages are 13.4 points, 3.8 rebounds, 3.3 assists and 1.6 steals per game. He is a relative latebloomer, entering the NBA at age 25 in a period where [[prep-to-pro|entering the NBA as a teenager]] was very popular.

* ''Les glandes rénales'' (''The Renal Glands'')

* ''La cause de la pesanteur des corps'' (''The Cause of Gravity of Bodies'')

* ''La damnation éternelle des païens'' (''The Eternal Damnation of the Pagans'', 1711)

* ''Système des Idées'' (''System of Ideas'', 1716)

* ''[[Lettres persanes]]'' (''Persian Letters'', 1721)

* ''Le Temple de Gnide'' (''The Temple of Gnide'', a novel; 1724)

* ''Arsace et Isménie'' (''(The True History of) Arsace and Isménie'', a novel; 1730)

* ''Considérations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains et de leur décadence'' (''Considerations on the Causes of the Grandeur and Decadence of the Romans'', 1734)

* ''[[De l'esprit des lois]]'' (''(On) The Spirit of the Laws'', 1748)

* ''La défense de «L'Esprit des lois»'' (''In Defence of "The Spirit of the Laws"'', 1748)

* ''Pensées suivies de Spicilège'' (''Thoughts after Spicilège'')

== See also ==

Initially a sixth man, Ginobili soon established himself as a starter. He is known for his up-tempo style of play, behind-the-back moves when attacking the basket and for his dunking skills. Ginobili is also known for his clutch play, documented by his numerous European league MVP awards, becoming 2004 Olympic tournament MVP, and proven by his strong play in the Spurs' 2004-05 championship-winning campaign, where he narrowly lost the Finals MVP vote to team mate [[Tim Duncan]] by 2 votes.

{{portalpar|Philosophy|Socrates.png}}

* [[Liberalism]]

* [[Contributions to liberal theory]]

* [[French Government]]

* [[Napoleon]]

== External links ==

Ginobili's ''[[modus operandi]]'' is the source of much consternation for opponents (for example, lowering his head while driving toward the basket, and willingness to draw charges on defense), among the most vocal of whom have been coach [[George Karl]] of the [[Denver Nuggets]]. These critics frequently accuse Ginobili of "[[Flop (basketball)|flopping]]," or exaggerating the amount of contact that occurs when he is playing defense.

{{wikiquote}}

{{wikisource author|Montesquieu}}

* [http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/search?author=Montesquieu&amode=words Free full-text works online]

* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10536a.htm Montesquieu] in The Catholic Encyclopedia.

* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/montesquieu/ Montesquieu] in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

* [http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/philosophers/montesquieu.html Timeline of Montesquieu's Life]

<br clear=all>

Ginobili also deserves mention for being one of the few players who are successful under both the physical, one-on-one play of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] and the more technical, jumpshooting rule set of the [[FIBA]]. He is the only player in basketball history to win the [[Euroleague]], an [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] gold medal, and an [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] Championship ring. He is also the only non-U.S. player ever to win both the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] Championship ring and the [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] gold medal, and the only second Latin American to be selected to play in an NBA All-star game (after [[Panama]]'s [[Rolando Blackman]]).

{{start box}}{{succession box|

title= [[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 2|Seat 2]]<br>[[Académie française]] | years=1728&ndash;1755 |

Ginobili's career high in points is 48, which he scored vs. the Phoenix Suns during an overtime game in January 2005.

before= [[Louis de Sacy]] |

after= [[Jean-Baptiste de Vivien de Châteaubrun]]

==In the media==

}}

* During the 2005 Playoffs, Ginobili and teammate [[Tony Parker]] starred in an NBA-produced advertisement promoting the Finals where NBA players phoned in to the "Love Doctor" (portrayed by NBA legend [[Julius Erving]]) to get advice and to give their opinions about how much they loved the trophy.

* Manu Ginobili speaks three languages fluently: Spanish, Italian and English.

==Titles==

*2001 Italian League Championship (Kinder Bologna)

*2001 Italian Cup (Kinder Bologna)

*2001 Euroleague (Kinder Bologna)

*2001 Americas Championship (Argentina)

*2002 Italian Cup (Kinder Bologna)

*2003 NBA Championship (San Antonio Spurs)

*2004 Summer Olympic Games Gold Medal (Argentina)

*2005 NBA Championship (San Antonio Spurs)

==Awards==

*1999 Italian League All-Star

*2000 Italian League All-Star

*2000 Italian League Most Improved Player

*2001 Italian League All-Star

*2001 Italian League Most Valuable Player

*2001 Euroleague Most Valuable Player

*2002 Italian Cup Most Valuable Player

*2002 Italian League Most Valuable Player

*2002 All-Tournament Team, [[2002 FIBA World Championship|FIBA World Championship]]

*2004 Ideal Olympics Team

*2004 Summer Olympic Games Most Valuable Player

*2005 NBA All-Star

*2005 [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] Baller Of The Year (fan poll)

*2006 All-Tournament Team, [[2006 FIBA World Championship|FIBA World Championship]]

{{Template:Enlightenment}}

==External links==

*[http://usa.manuginobili.com Official site in English]

*{{es icon}} [http://argentina.manuginobili.com Web Oficial en español]

*[http://www.nba.com/playerfile/emanuel_ginobili/?nav=page NBA.com Profile - Manu Ginobili]

*{{espn nba|id=3380|name=Manu Ginobili}}

*[http://www.interbasket.net/players/ginobili.htm Manu Ginobili Player Profile (InterBasket)]

*[http://bballcentral.com//index.php?showtopic=2866 Bballcentral.com - Argentinian Force: Manu Ginobili]

*[http://www.hoopsworld.com/global/article_19464.shtml Manu Ginobili article on Hoopsworld.com]

*[http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2004/magazine/specials/sportsman/2004/11/11/ginobili/index.html Sports Illustrated's Chris Ballard on Manu Ginobili]

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