Dulles International Airport and Montesquieu: Difference between pages

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'''Washington Dulles International Airport''' ([[IATA airport code]] '''IAD''', [[ICAO airport code]] '''KIAD''') serves the greater [[Washington, DC]] [[Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area|metropolitan area]]. It is named after [[John Foster Dulles]], [[United States Secretary of State]] under [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]. It serves as a hub for [[United Airlines]] and as the primary hub of [[Independence Air]].

[[Image:Charles Montesquieu.jpg|thumb|right|Montesquieu in 1728.]]

'''Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu''' ([[January 18]], [[1689]] in Bordeaux – [[February 10]], [[1755]]), more commonly known as '''Montesquieu''', was a [[France|French]] social commentator and political thinker who lived during the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]. He is famous for his articulation of the theory of [[separation of powers]], taken for granted in modern discussions of [[government]] and implemented in many [[constitution]]s throughout the world. He was largely responsible for the popularization of the terms [[feudalism]] and [[Byzantine Empire]].

== Biography ==

The inception of [[low-cost carrier]] [[Independence Air]] in [[2004]] propelled IAD from being the 24th busiest airport in the [[United States]] to 5th, and one of the top 10 [[world's busiest airports|busiest in the world]]. Also a major station for [[jetBlue]], it has become the largest low-cost hub in the [[United States]]. On a typical day, 1,800 to 2,000 flights are now handled at Dulles, up from 1000 to 1200 in [[2003]]. It remains the second busiest trans-Atlantic gateway on the [[Eastern Seaboard]].

After having studied at the Catholic [[College of Juilly]], he married Jeanne de Latrigue, a Protestant who brought him a substantial dowry when he was 26. The next year, he inherited a fortune upon the death of his uncle, as well as the title Baron de [[Montesquieu]] and [[Président à Mortier]] in the [[Parlement]] of Bordeaux. By that time, England had declared itself a constitutional monarchy in the wake of its [[Glorious Revolution]] (1688–89), and had joined with [[Scotland]] in the [[Union of 1707]] to form the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]]. And in 1715 the long-reigning [[King Louis XIV|Sun King]], Louis XIV died and was succeeded by the weaker and more feeble Louis XV. These national transformations impacted Montesquieu greatly; he would later refer to them repeatedly in his work.

The airport occupies approximately 11,000 acres (44.5 km²) of land 26 miles (41.8 km) west of downtown Washington, straddling the border of [[Fairfax County, Virginia|Fairfax County]] and [[Loudoun County, Virginia|Loudoun County]], [[Virginia]]. It is located partly in [[Chantilly, Virginia|Chantilly]] (the airport's official address) and partly in [[Dulles, Virginia|Dulles]], west of [[Herndon, Virginia|Herndon]] and southwest of [[Sterling, Virginia|Sterling]]. It is operated by the [[Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority]] (MWAA).

Soon afterwards he achieved literary success with the publication of his ''Lettres persanes'' (''[[Persian Letters]]'', 1721), a [[satire]] based on the imaginary correspondence of an [[Oriental]] visitor to [[Paris]], pointing out the absurdities of contemporary society. He next published ''Considérations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains et de leur décadence'' (''[[Considerations on the Causes of the Grandeur and Decadence of the Romans]]'', 1734), considered by some scholars a transition from ''The Persian Letters'' to his master work. ''De l'Esprit des Lois'' (''[[The Spirit of the Laws]]'') was originally published anonymously in [[1748]] and quickly rose to a position of enormous influence. In France, it met with an unfriendly reception from both supporters and opponents of the regime. The Roman Catholic Church banned ''l'Esprit'' – along with many of Montesquieu's other works – in 1751 and included it on the papacy's notorious [[Index Librorum Prohibitorum|Index]]. But from the rest of Europe, especially Britain, it received the highest praise.

Dulles is accessible via the [[Dulles Toll Road]] (Virginia Route 267), [[U.S. Highway 50]], or [[Virginia State Highway 28]]. The [[Washington Metro]] currently offers only an express [[bus]] service, the 5A, but plans for a spur of the [[Orange Line (Washington_Metro)|Orange Line]], the [[DCRTP|Dulles Corridor Rapid Transit Project]], were approved in June [[2004]]. [[Greyhound Lines]] offers through service to several [[Northern Virginia]] towns.

Montesquieu was also highly regarded in the British colonies in America as a champion of British liberty (though not of American independence). Political scientist Donald Lutz found that Montesquieu was the most frequently quoted authority on government and politics in colonial pre-revolutionary British America.<ref>"The Relative Influence of European Writers on Late Eighteenth-Century American Political Thought," ''American Political Science Review'' 78,1(March, 1984), 189-197.</ref> And following the American secession, Montesquieu remained a powerful influence on many of the [[United States|American]] Founders, most notably [[James Madison]] of [[Virginia]], the "Father of the Constitution." Montesquieu's philosophy that "government should be set up so that no man need be afraid of another" reminded Madison and others that a free and stable foundation for their new national government required the inclusion of a clearly defined and balanced separation of powers.

==History and background==

At the end of [[World War II]], growth in aviation and in the Washington metropolitan area led [[Congress of the United States|Congress]] to pass the Washington Airport Act of [[1950]], providing federal backing for a second airport. The current site was selected by President [[Dwight Eisenhower]] in [[1958]].

Besides composing additional works on society and politics, Montesquieu traveled for a number of years through [[Europe]] including [[Austria]] and [[Hungary]], spending a year in [[Italy]] and eighteen months in [[England]] before resettling in [[France]]. He was troubled by poor eyesight, and was completely blind by the time he died from a high fever in [[1755]]. He was buried in L'église [[Saint-Sulpice]] in Paris, France.

== Political views ==

Civil engineering firm Ammann and Whitney was named lead contractor. The main buildings of the airport were designed by famed Finnish architect [[Eero Saarinen]]. The first new airport of the [[jet engine|jet]] age, many of its architectural features were experimental at the time.

Montesquieu's most radical work divided French society into three classes (or ''[[trias politica]]'', a term he coined): the monarchy, the aristocracy, and the commons. Montesquieu saw two types of governmental power existing: the sovereign and the administrative. The administrative powers were the [[legislative]], the [[executive (government)|executive]], and the [[judiciary]]. These should be separate from and dependent upon each other so that the influence of any one power would not be able to exceed that of the other two, either singly or in combination. This was radical because it completely eliminated the three ''Estates'' structure of the French Monarchy: the [[clergy]], the aristocracy, and the people at large represented by the [[Estates-General]], thereby erasing the last vestige of a [[feudalism|feudalistic]] structure.

Likewise, there were three main forms of government, each supported by a social "principle": [[monarchy|monarchies]] (free governments headed by a hereditary figure, e.g. king, queen, emperor), which rely on the [[Honour|principle of honor]]; [[republic]]s (free governments headed by popularly elected leaders), which rely on the [[Virtue|principle of virtue]]; and [[despot|despotisms]] (enslaved governments headed by [[dictator]]s), which rely on [[fear]]. The free governments are dependent on fragile constitutional arrangements. Montesquieu devotes four chapters of ''The Spirit of the Laws'' to a discussion of England, a contemporary free government, where liberty was sustained by a balance of powers. Montesquieu worried that in France the intermediate powers (i.e., the nobility) which moderated the power of the prince were being eroded.

The airport was dedicated by President [[John F. Kennedy]] on [[November 17]], [[1962]]. It was the first airport in the world specifically designed for [[jet aircraft]], but its first flight was an [[Eastern Airlines]] [[Super Electra]] [[turboprop]], arriving from [[Newark International Airport]] in [[New Jersey]].

Like many of his generation, Montesquieu held a number of views that might today be judged controversial. While he endorsed the idea that a woman could head a government, he held that she could not be effective as the head of a family. He firmly accepted the role of a hereditary aristocracy and the value of [[primogeniture]]. His views have also been abused by modern [[Revisionism|revisionists]]; for instance, even though Montesquieu was ahead of his time as an ardent opponent of [[slavery]], he has been quoted out of context in attempts to show he supported it.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

While initially considered a [[white elephant]] due to its distance from downtown Washington, Dulles has steadily grown. Restrictions placed on the type of aircraft at and distance of routes from [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport]] have meant most long-distance flights to the area must fly to Dulles or [[Baltimore-Washington International Airport]] in Maryland.

One of his more exotic ideas, outlined in ''[[The Spirit of the Laws]]'' and hinted at in ''Persian Letters'', is the [meteorological] climate theory, which holds that [[climate]] may substantially influence the nature of man and his society. He goes so far as to assert that certain climates are superior to others, the temperate climate of France being ideal. His view is that people living in very warm countries are "too hot-tempered," while those in northern countries are "icy" or "stiff." The climate of middle Europe is therefore optimal. On this point, Montesquieu may well have been influenced by similar statements in ''[[Germania (book)|Germania]]'' by [[Tacitus]], one of Montesquieu's favorite authors.

As the airport expanded in the [[1980s]] and [[1990s]], operations outgrew the main terminal, and new mid-field concourses were constructed.

==Notes==

A flight from Dulles, [[American Airlines]] Flight 77, was crashed into the Pentagon on [[September 11]], [[2001]].

<references/>

==Further reading==

In December [[2003]], the [[National Air and Space Museum]] opened the [[Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center]] at Dulles. The museum annex houses a [[Concorde]], the ''[[Enola Gay]]'' B-29, the [[Space Shuttle Enterprise]], and other famous aerospace artifacts, particularly those too large for the main building on the [[National Mall]].

{{French literature (small)}}

* Pangle, Thomas, ''Montesquieu’s Philosophy of Liberalism'' (Chicago: 1989 rpt.; 1973).

* Person, James Jr., ed. “Montesquieu” (excerpts from chap. 8) in ''Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800'', (Gale Publishing: 1988), vol. 7, pp. 350-52.

* Shackleton, Robert. ''Montesquieu; a Critical Biography''. (Oxford: 1961).

* Schaub, Diana J. ''Erotic Liberalism: Women and Revolution in Montesquieu's'' 'Persian Letters'. (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1995).

* Spurlin, Paul M. ''Montesquieu in America, 1760-1801'' (New York: Octagon Books, 1961).

==Terminals List of works ==

* ''Les causes de l'écho'' (''The Causes of an Echo'')

The signature Dulles main terminal houses ticketing, baggage claim, and other support facilities. While it houses a number of gates, most passengers embark or disembark from the midfield terminals.

* ''Les glandes rénales'' (''The Renal Glands'')

* ''La cause de la pesanteur des corps'' (''The Cause of Gravity of Bodies'')

* ''La damnation éternelle des païens'' (''The Eternal Damnation of the Pagans'', 1711)

* ''Système des Idées'' (''System of Ideas'', 1716)

* ''[[Lettres persanes]]'' (''Persian Letters'', 1721)

* ''Le Temple de Gnide'' (''The Temple of Gnide'', a novel; 1724)

* ''Arsace et Isménie'' (''(The True History of) Arsace and Isménie'', a novel; 1730)

* ''Considérations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains et de leur décadence'' (''Considerations on the Causes of the Grandeur and Decadence of the Romans'', 1734)

* ''[[De l'esprit des lois]]'' (''(On) The Spirit of the Laws'', 1748)

* ''La défense de «L'Esprit des lois»'' (''In Defence of "The Spirit of the Laws"'', 1748)

* ''Pensées suivies de Spicilège'' (''Thoughts after Spicilège'')

===Mobile lounges=See also ==

{{portalpar|Philosophy|Socrates.png}}

Dulles is the one of the only airports in the world that uses the ''mobile lounge'' system. The "lounge" consists of a 54-by-16-foot carriage mounted on a scissor truck, capable of carrying 102 passengers. They were designed by the [[Chrysler]] Corporation in association with the [[Budd Company]]. The conveyances are sometimes [[nickname]]d "moon buggies" for the similar appearance of their tires with those of the [[Lunar Rover]].

* [[Liberalism]]

* [[Contributions to liberal theory]]

* [[French Government]]

* [[Napoleon]]

== External links ==

The "Plane Mate" is an evolutionary variation on the concept. They are similar in appearance to mobile lounges, but can raise themselves on screws to "mate" directly with an aircraft. This allows passengers to deplane directly aboard and be carried to the main terminal.

{{wikiquote}}

{{wikisource author|Montesquieu}}

* [http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/search?author=Montesquieu&amode=words Free full-text works online]

* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10536a.htm Montesquieu] in The Catholic Encyclopedia.

* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/montesquieu/ Montesquieu] in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

* [http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/philosophers/montesquieu.html Timeline of Montesquieu's Life]

<br clear=all>

By [[shuttle|shuttling]] from the main terminal directly to a midfield jet ramp, passengers could avoid long walking distances amidst weather, noise, and fumes on the [[tarmac]]. But the advent of the [[Jetway]] and construction of the midfield concourses diluted the system's advantages.

{{start box}}{{succession box|

title= [[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 2|Seat 2]]<br>[[Académie française]] | years=1728&ndash;1755 |

before= [[Louis de Sacy]] |

after= [[Jean-Baptiste de Vivien de Châteaubrun]]

}}

{{Template:Enlightenment}}

Today, the airport uses 19 mobile lounges transfer passengers between the midfield concourses and to and from the main terminal building, as well as 30 plane mates. The MWAA plans to retire the mobile lounge system altogether in favor of an underground [[people mover]] and pedestrian walkway system, as part of a major engineering program that will also add a concourse to the main terminal and give the airport a fourth runway.

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===Main Terminal===

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The main terminal is regarded as one of the great buildings of the world; its roof is a suspended [[catenary]] providing a wide enclosed area unimpeded by columns. It was recognized by the [[American Institute of Architects]] in [[1966]]. It houses ticketing, baggage claim, and information facilities, as well as the International Arrivals Building for passenger processing.

[[ar:مونتيسكيو]]

There are two sets of gates in the main terminal. They are waiting areas for airlines which lack permanent physical gates and therefore use Plane Mates. The "T" Gates, formerly used by [[United Express]], are closed for renovations.

[[bg:Шарл дьо Монтескьо]]

[[ca:Montesquieu]]

===="H" Gates====

[[cs:Charles Louis Montesquieu]]

*[[Alitalia]] (Milan)

[[da:Charles-Louis de Secondat Montesquieu]]

*[[Ethiopian Airlines]] (Addis Ababa via Abidjan)

[[de:Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu]]

*[[TACA]] (Guatemala City, San Salvador)

[[et:Charles de Montesquieu]]

[[el:Μοντεσκιέ]]

===="M" Gates====

[[es:Montesquieu]]

*[[Saudi Arabian Airlines]] (Riyadh via Jeddah)

[[eo:Charles Montesquieu]]

[[fa:شارل دو مونتسکیو]]

[[fr:Montesquieu]]

===Midfield Terminals===

[[gl:Charles de Montesquieu]]

There are three midfield terminal buildings: One contains the A and B Midfield Concourses, another the C and D Midfield Concourses, and the last the G Midfield Concourse. The C and D Concourses, completed in [[1983]], were designed to be temporary. Their replacements are under development. The A and B Concourses are the first of the permanent Midfield Concourses. The G Concourse is also permanent, its name reflective of the long-term plan for concourse development.

[[zh-classical:孟德斯鳩]]

[[ko:샤를 루이 드 세콩다 몽테스키외]]

====Midfield Concourse A====

[[hr:Charles-Louis de Secondat Montesquieu]]

*[[Independence Air]] &mdash; Albany, Atlanta, Boston, Buffalo, Burlington, Charleston SC, Charleston WV, Charlotte, Chicago O'Hare, Cleveland, Columbia, Columbus, Dayton, Detroit, Greensboro, Greenville/Spartanburg, Hartford, Huntsville, Indianapolis, Jacksonville, Knoxville, Lansing, Louisville, Manchester NH, Nashville, Newburgh, New York ([[John F. Kennedy International Airport]]), Norfolk, Orlando, Pittsburgh, Portland ME, Providence, Raleigh/Durham, Rochester, Savannah, Syracuse, Tampa, White Plains

[[io:Charles de Montesquieu]]

[[id:Montesquieu]]

====Midfield Concourse B====

[[it:Montesquieu]]

*[[Aeroflot]] &mdash; Moscow ([[Sheremetyevo International Airport]])

[[he:מונטסקייה]]

*[[AirTran]] &mdash; Atlanta

[[la:Carolus Montesquieu]]

*[[Air France]] &mdash; Paris ([[Charles de Gaulle International Airport]])

[[lt:Šarlis Monteskjė]]

*[[All Nippon Airways]] &mdash; Tokyo ([[Narita International Airport]])

[[hu:Montesquieu]]

*[[Continental Airlines]] &mdash; Cleveland, Houston ([[George Bush Intercontinental Airport]])

[[nl:Charles Montesquieu]]

*[[Continental Express]] &mdash; Cleveland, Houston (Bush), Newark

[[ja:シャルル・ド・モンテスキュー]]

*[[Delta Air Lines]] &mdash; Atlanta, Cincinnati, Salt Lake City

[[no:Charles Montesquieu]]

*[[Delta Connection]] ([[Atlantic Southeast Airlines|ASA]]/[[Comair]]) &mdash; Cincinnati, [[Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport|Dallas/Fort Worth]]

[[nn:Charles Montesquieu]]

*[[Frontier Airlines]] &mdash; Denver

[[pl:Monteskiusz]]

*[[Independence Air]] &mdash; Orlando, Tampa (as of November 2004), Boston (as of December 2004)

[[pt:Charles de Montesquieu]]

*[[JetBlue]] &mdash; Fort Lauderdale, Long Beach, Oakland, Sacramento

[[ro:Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu]]

*[[KLM]] &mdash; Amsterdam ([[Schiphol Airport]])

[[ru:Монтескьё, Шарль Луи]]

*[[Korean Air]] &mdash; Seoul ([[Incheon International Airport]])

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*[[Northwest Airlines]] &mdash; Detroit ([[Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport]]), Minneapolis/St. Paul

[[sk:Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu]]

*[[Northwest Airlink]] ([[Pinnacle Airlines]]) &mdash; Lansing, Memphis

[[fi:Charles-Louis de Secondat de Montesquieu]]

*[[Scandinavian Airlines System]] &mdash; Copenhagen

[[sv:Charles-Louis de Secondat Montesquieu]]

*[[US Airways]] &mdash; Charlotte

[[vi:Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu]]

*[[US Airways Express]] ([[Colgan Air]]) &mdash; Beckley, Bluefield, Charlotte, Lewisburg, Nashville, Pittsburgh

[[tr:Montesquieu]]

*[[Virgin Atlantic]] &mdash; London ([[Heathrow International Airport]])

[[uk:Монтеск'є Шарль]]

[[yi:מאנטעסקיע]]

====Midfield Concourse C====

[[zh:孟德斯鳩]]

*[[Air Canada]] &mdash; Montreal ([[Montreal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport|Trudeau/Dorval]]), Ottawa

*[[British Midland]] &mdash; Manchester

*[[Lufthansa]] &mdash; Frankfurt

*[[Ted]] &mdash; Fort Lauderdale, Orlando

*[[United Airlines]] &mdash; Amsterdam, Boston, Brussels, Buenos Aires, Cancun, Chicago ([[O'Hare International Airport]]), Denver, Frankfurt, Hartford, London (Heathrow), Los Angeles, Mexico City, Miami, Oakland, Paris (de Gaulle), Phoenix, Portland OR, Sacramento, San Diego, San Francisco, San Jose CA, San Jose CR, Sao Paulo, Seattle/Tacoma, Zurich

*[[United Express]]

====Midfield Concourse D====

*[[Alaska Airlines]] &mdash; Anchorage and Fairbanks via Seattle/Tacoma

*[[America West]] &mdash; Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Phoenix

*[[American Airlines]] &mdash; Dallas/Fort Worth, Los Angeles, Miami, San Juan

*[[American Connection]] ([[Chautauqua Airlines|Chautauqua]]) &mdash; St. Louis

*[[American Eagle Airlines|American Eagle]] &mdash; Chicago (O'Hare)

*[[Austrian Airlines]] &mdash; Vienna

*[[British Airways]] &mdash; London (Heathrow)

*[[BWIA West Indies]] &mdash; Barbados, Port of Spain, Tobago

*[[United Airlines]]

*[[United Express]]

====Midfield Concourse G====

*[[United Express]] ([[Air Wisconsin]]/[[Chautauqua Airlines|Chautauqua]]/[[Mesa Airlines|Mesa]]/[[Shuttle America]]/[[Trans States Airlines|Trans States]]) &mdash; Albany, Allentown, Atlanta, Austin, Beckley, Binghamton, Bluefield, Boston, Buffalo, Burlington, Charleston SC, Charleston WV, Charlotte, Charlottesville, Cleveland, Columbia, Columbus, Dayton, Detroit (Metropolitan), Fort Lauderdale, Greensboro, Greenville/Spartanburg, Harrisburg, Hartford, Houston (Bush), Indianapolis, Jacksonville, Kansas City, Knoxville, Manchester NH, Memphis, Milwaukee, Minneapolis/St. Paul, Montreal (Dorval/Trudeau), Nashville, New Orleans, Newark, New York ([[John F. Kennedy International Airport]]), New York ([[LaGuardia Airport]]), Norfolk, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Portland ME, Providence, Raleigh/Durham, Richmond, Roanoke, Rochester, St. Louis, Savannah, State College, Syracuse, Toronto, White Plains, Wilkes-Barre/Scranton

==Dulles in fiction==

The movie ''[[Die Hard 2: Die Harder]]'' is set primarily at Dulles Airport. The plot of the film involves the takeover of the airport's tower and communication systems by terrorists, who subsequently use the equipment to fool a flight of the fictional British airline, Windsor Airways to crash into the runway. All flights into Dulles are due to crash, unless John Maclain, played by [[Bruce Willis]] can stop them.

Portions of all three sequels to the [[disaster movie]] ''[[Airport (movie)|Airport]]'' were filmed at Dulles.

==External links==

* MWAA: [http://www.metwashairports.com/Dulles/ Dulles Airport] homepage

* ''The [[Washington Post]]'': [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A60742-2004Sep29.html Independence Air brings traffic spike to Dulles]

* [http://www.virtualtravelog.net/entries/000024.html The Mobile Lounges at Dulles International Airport]

* [[Internet Archive]]: [http://www.archive.org/audio/audio-details-db.php?collectionid=dedulles&collection=opensource_audio Dwight D. Eisenhower dedicates Dulles Airport - 1962] (audio)

[[Category:Airports of Virginia]]

[[Category:Airports of Washington, DC]]

[[de:Washington Dulles International Airport]]