2061: Odyssey Three and STS-80: Difference between pages

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{{infobox Book | <!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels]] or [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Books]] -->

'''STS-80''' ('''S'''pace '''T'''ransportation '''S'''ystem) was a [[Space Shuttle program]] mission implemented by [[NASA]]. The mission was the longest Shuttle mission to date, at 17 days, 15 hours, 53 minutes, and 18 seconds.

| name = 2061: Odyssey Three

| title_orig =

{{Infobox Space mission

| translator =

| mission_name = STS-80

| image = [[Image:2061 Odyssey Three (Harper Collins 1997).jpg|200px]]

| insignia = STS-80_patch.jpg

| image_caption =

| author shuttle = [[Arthur C. Clarke]]Columbia

| launch_pad = 39-B

| illustrator = [[Michael Whelan]]

| launch = [[November 19]], [[1996]], 2:55:47 p.m EST

| cover_artist =

| landing = [[December 7]], [[1996]], 6:49:05 a.m. EST, [[Kennedy Space Center|KSC]]

| country = [[United States]]

| duration = 17 days, 15 hours, 53 minutes, 18 seconds.

| language = [[English language|English]]

| seriesaltitude = 218 statute = [[The Spacemiles Odyssey(351 series]]km)

| inclination = 28.45 degrees

| genre = [[Science fiction novel]]

| distance = Over 7 million statute miles (11 million km)

| publisher = [[Del Rey]]

| crew_photo = STS-80_crew.jpg

| release_date = 1987

| crew_caption =

| english_release_date =

| previous = [[STS-79]]

| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover|Hardback]] & [[Paperback]])

| pagesnext = 256 pages[[STS-81]]

| isbn = ISBN 0-345-35173-8

| preceded_by = [[2010: Odyssey Two]]

| followed_by = [[3001: The Final Odyssey]]

}}

==Crew==

'''''2061: Odyssey Three''''' is a [[science fiction]] [[novel]] written by [[Arthur C. Clarke]] in [[1987]]. It is the third book in the ''[[The Space Odyssey series|Space Odyssey]]'' series.

* [[Kenneth D. Cockrell]] (3), Mission Commander

* [[Kent V. Rominger]] (2), Pilot

* [[Tamara E. Jernigan]] (4), Mission Specialist

* [[Thomas D. Jones]] (3), Mission Specialist

* [[F. Story Musgrave]] (6), Mission Specialist

==Mission parameters==

==Origins==

*'''[[Mass]]:''' 13,006 kg payload

Because the ''Odyssey'' series is closely concerned with [[Jupiter (planet)|Jupiter]] and its moons, Clarke had originally intended to delay writing a third book until the [[Galileo spacecraft|Galileo]] mission to the planet had returned its findings. However, the probe's launch was delayed in the aftermath of the [[STS-51-L|Space Shuttle ''Challenger'' disaster]] so that it would not arrive at Jupiter until [[1995]]. Deciding not to wait, Clarke instead took his inspiration from the approach of [[Comet Halley]] in [[1986]] and focused his sequel on the comet's future return, in [[2061]].

*'''[[Perigee]]:''' 318 km

*'''[[Apogee]]:''' 375 km

*'''[[Inclination]]:''' 28.5°

*'''[[Orbital period|Period]]:''' 91.5 min

==PlotMission summaryhighlights==

STS-80 marks the third flight of the WSF that flew on [[STS-60]] and [[STS-69]] and the third flight to use the [[Germany|German]]-built Orbiting and Retrievable Far and Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrograph-Shuttle Pallet Satellite II (ORFEUS-SPAS II). The ASTRO-SPAS program is a cooperative endeavor between [[NASA]] and the [[German Space Agency]], DARA. Both satellites will be deployed and retrieved during the mission. STS-80 is the seventh and last [[Space Shuttle]] mission of [[1996]], the 21st flight of the orbiter ''Columbia'' and the 80th flight overall in NASA's Space Shuttle program. ''Columbia'' last flew on mission [[STS-78]] in the summer of this year.

{{spoiler}}

In the previous novel, ''[[2010: Odyssey Two]]'', Jupiter was converted into a mini-[[sun]] which was dubbed "[[Lucifer]]" following the Soviet ship ''Leonov''’s mission to Jupiter to find out what happened to the ''Discovery''. A message was sent to Earth by Dave Bowman, through HAL: "ALL THESE WORLDS ARE YOURS, EXCEPT [[Europa (moon)|EUROPA]]. ATTEMPT NO LANDINGS THERE". (The movie version adds the words "USE THEM TOGETHER. USE THEM IN PEACE," as part of its heightened [[Cold War]] emphasis.) This is due to the discovery of alien life in Europa's ocean, which was frozen over at the surface until Lucifer melted the ice and caused an atmosphere to form.

Other experiments on STS-80 are the Space Experiment Module (SEM), The National Institutes of Health NIH-R4 Experiment, a series of bone cell experiments known as CCM-A (formerly called STL/NIH-C-6), the Biological Research in Canister (BRIC-09) Experiment, the Commercial MDA ITA Experiment (CMIX-5), the Visualization in an Experimental Water Capillary pumped Loop (VIEW-CPL) Experiment.

===2010-2061===

When the ''Leonov'' returned to Earth, Heywood Floyd (whose marriage had broken down while he was on the ''Leonov'') suffered an accident and had to be shipped up to the orbital space hospital ''Pasteur'' for care. His recovery took longer than expected and he became a permanent resident of the space station after finding that his body could no longer handle Earth-level gravity. At the time the novel takes place, Floyd is one of only two remaining survivors of the ''Leonov'' mission. His son Chris, who also worked in aeronautics, died a number of years previous in the ''Copernicus'' disaster, leaving behind his own son, also named Chris. Now an adult, Chris Floyd II works aboard the spacecraft ''Galaxy'', and has not seen his grandfather in years.

ORFEUS-SPAS II, a free-flying satellite, will be deployed and retrieved using the Space Shuttle Columbia's Remote Manipulator System (RMS). The goal of this astrophysics mission is to investigate the rarely explored far- and extreme-ultraviolet regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, and study the very hot and very cold matter in the universe.

Between 2010 and 2061, there have been several advancements, both technological and political. The [[USA]], [[USSR]] and [[China]] are now at peace with each other, all [[nuclear weapon]]s are now under international control, and there is now a [[President of Earth|Planetary President]] (a former monarch, Edward VIII &mdash; his country of origin is not specified). The black population of [[South Africa]] rebelled in the 2030s and formed the United States of Southern Africa (USSA). The white population of South Africa had seen this coming and mostly fled to Europe, taking most of the country's wealth with them and leaving the black population to rebuild the economy, which they did in a matter of weeks by use of diamonds (it is worth noting that this book was written in 1987, at which time South Africa was still federated and [[apartheid]] was still in force). [[Space travel]] has undergone many startling advancements, with the largest such corporation being Tsung Spacelines run by Hong Kong billionaire Sir Lawrence Tsung (the manufacturers of the crafts ''Cosmos'', ''Galaxy'' and—most recently—''Universe'').

ORFEUS-SPAS II will be attempting a large number of observing programs. Among the many areas in which scientists hope to gain new insights during this mission are the evolution of stars, the structure of galaxies, and the nature of the interstellar medium, and others. Many of the objects they are planning to look at have never before been observed in the far-ultraviolet.

Strangest of all, there has been a startling development on Europa: an enormous mountain has sprung up out of nowhere. No one is sure of the origin of "Mount Zeus"; being asymmetrical, it cannot be a volcano.

ASTRO-SPAS is a carrier designed for launch, deployment and retrieval by the Space Shuttle. Once deployed from the Shuttle's RMS, ASTRO-SPAS will operate quasi-autonomously for 14 days in the vicinity of the Shuttle. The carrier's inclination will be 28.4 degrees with an altitude of 218 statute miles (351 km). After completion of the free flight phase, the satellite will be retrieved by the RMS, returned to the Shuttle cargo bay and returned to Earth.

===2061===

In 2061, at the age of 103, Floyd is chosen as one of several "celebrity guests" to come aboard the ''Universe'' for the first-ever human landing on the surface of [[Halley's Comet]], which will shortly be making its periodic pass through the solar system. Other celebrities on the voyage include septuagenarian actress Yva Merlin (most famous for her roles as Josephine Bonaparte in ''Napoleon'' and as Scarlett O'Hara in a remake of ''Gone With the Wind''), writer Margaret M'Bala (known for her book on Greek mythology ''The Passions of the Gods'' - sometimes derisively called "Olympic Lusts"), astronaut Clifford Greenburg (the first man to land on [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]]), symphony conductor and composer Dimitri Mihailovich, and celebrity "pop-scientist" Victor Willis. The captain of the ''Universe'' is Captain Smith.

[[Image:ORFEUS-SPAS-2.jpg|thumb|200px|left|ORFEUS-SPAS-2 photographed during approach by the [[Space Shuttle Columbia|''Columbia'']] for retrieval]]

Meanwhile, there is a team of scientists on [[Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]] who are working on [[terraforming]] the former moon. Scientist Rolf van der Berg, a second-generation [[Afrikaner]] refugee, studies pictures of Mount Zeus and determines that it is in fact one enormous diamond. He communicates his discovery to his uncle Paul Kreuger, speaking in [[Afrikaans]] as a security measure because it is now an endangered language, and decide that van der Berg will get aboard the ''Galaxy'' on their flyby of Europa in order to try and see if he is correct. However, their exchange is discovered both by SHAKA (a secret militant organisation for the USSA, named for [[Shaka]]) and ASTROPOL (similar to [[Interpol]]). SHAKA sends an operative called Rose McCullen onto ''Galaxy'' undercover as a stewardess, and an unknown organization&mdash;presumably ASTROPOL&mdash;approaches Chris Floyd II on Ganymede and tells him to "keep his eyes open".

The one-meter diameter ORFEUS-Telescope with the Far Ultraviolet (FUV) Spectrograph and the Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) Spectrograph comprises the main payload. A secondary, but highly complementary, payload is the Interstellar Medium Absorption Profile Spectrograph (IMAPS). In addition to the astronomy payloads, ORFEUS-SPAS II carries the Surface Effects Sample Monitor (SESAM), the ATV Rendezvous Pre-Development Project (ARP), and the Student Experiment on ASTRO-SPAS (SEAS).

The free-flying [[Wake Shield Facility]] (WSF-3) will be making its third flight into orbit. The Facility is a 12 foot (3.7 m) diameter, free-flying stainless steel disk designed to generate an "ultra-vacuum" environment in space in which to grow semiconductor thin films for use in advanced electronics. The STS-80 astronaut crew will deploy and retrieve the WSF during the 16 day mission using Columbia's "robot arm," or Remote Manipulator System. Wake Shield is sponsored by the Space Processing Division in NASA's Office of Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications. Wake Shield was designed, built and is operated by the [[Space Vacuum Epitaxy Center]] at the [[University of Houston]]--a NASA Commercial Space Center--in conjunction with its industrial partner, Space Industries, Inc., also in Houston.

As ''Galaxy'' nears Europa, Rose McCullen hijacks the ship, sealing the cockpit and ordering the pilot at gunpoint to pilot ''Galaxy'' down to the moon's surface, where, after a failed landing attempt, it splashes down into Europa's ocean, the Sea of Galilee. Having accomplished her mission, McCullen then shoots herself.

[[Wake Shield]] has flown twice before. The first flight on [[STS-60]], in [[1994]], although experiencing a hardware problem that resulted in the vehicle remaining attached to the robot arm, proved the vacuum wake concept, and realized the space epitaxy concept by growing the first-ever crystalline semiconductor thin films in the vacuum of space.

''Universe'' receives the news that ''Galaxy'' is marooned on Europa, and that they need to undertake a rescue mission. After fueling itself from a geyser on Halley's Comet, ''Universe'' heads for Europa.

Astronauts [[Tammy Jernigan]] and [[Tom Jones]] will perform two six- hour spacewalks during STS-80, one on Flight Day 10 and another on Day 12, to evaluate equipment and procedures that will be used during construction and maintenance of the [[International Space Station]].

Meanwhile, ''Galaxy''’s Captain Laplace steps down for the acting captain Lee, who is a professional sailor. Lee pilots ''Galaxy'' through the water to come to the shore of a small—and rather dismal—island named Haven. Captain Laplace takes command again, and is suggested to that Rolf van der Berg and Chris Floyd II take the shuttle ''William Tsung'' or ''Bill Tee'' (named after Sir Lawence Tsung's son William) to study Mount Zeus, the wreck of the Chinese spacecraft ''Tsien'' and the enormous monolith lying on its side at the border between the dayside and nightside, dubbed the Great Wall. Captain Laplace authorizes it, and so van der Berg and Chris take the ''Bill Tee'' to Mount Zeus. Up close, van der Berg relays a message to his uncle Paul through Ganymede stating "LUCY IS HERE", verifying that Mount Zeus is indeed one large diamond. The code word "Lucy" was chosen both in reference to the mini-sun Lucifer and to an [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v292/n5822/abs/292435a0.html article] in the journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' in 1981 hypothesising that the cores of Uranus and Neptune were in fact diamonds the size of Earth (caused by the compression of carbon), with the hypothesis making a logical extension to Jupiter. The article was subtitled "Diamonds in the Sky?" in reference to the [[Beatles]] song "[[Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds]]". Mount Zeus is a fragment of Jupiter's core which survived the creation of Lucifer and later impacted on Europa.

The spacewalks are the fifth in a continuing series of Extravehicular Activities (EVAs) called the EVA Development Flight Tests (EDFT). This flight test series of spacewalks is designed to evaluate equipment and procedures planned for the station and to build spacewalking experience in preparation for assembly of the station. Jernigan is designated Extravehicular Crewmember 1 (EV- 1) and will be distinguished by red bands worn on the legs of her spacesuit. Jones is designated EV-2. Astronaut Story Musgrave will serve as the Intravehicular (IV) crewmember, assisting Jernigan and Jones from inside Columbia's crew cabin. STS-80 Pilot [[Kent Rominger]] also will assist with the spacewalks, controlling the robotic arm from inside the cabin.

On the ''Universe'', the celebrity guests discuss the mystery surrounding Dave Bowman and the monoliths, and whether they would be allowed to land on Europa to rescue ''Galaxy''’s crew. Floyd follows Yva Merlin's suggestion that he simply try to call Bowman on the radio, and that night has a strange dream in which he sees the monolith floating at the foot of his bed.

The astronauts also will evaluate a variety of work aids and tools designed for use during station operations, including a Body Restraint Tether (BRT), a type of "third hand" stabilizing bar for spacewalkers; a Multi-Use Tether (MUT), a type of stabilizing tether similar to the BRT that can be anchored to either round U.S. handrails or square Russian handrails; and a power tool designed for the station.

The ''Bill Tee'' flies by ''Tsien'', which has been completely stripped of its metals, and on to the Great Wall. In the shadow of the Great Wall they find a deserted Europan village made up of [[igloo]]-like structures. An image of Heywood Floyd appears to Chris in the same way that Dave Bowman appeared to Floyd in 2010, telling him that the ''Universe'' was coming and that the Europans had left until "the wind blows the poison away". Van der Berg thinks that Chris is crazy until he realizes that the heat of the engine cracked the steam exhaust of the ''Bill Tee'' into hydrogen and oxygen, oxygen being poisonous to Europans. The shuttle's fuel is expended so they wait there until the ''Universe'' arrives.

Space Experiment Module (SEM) is a NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Shuttle Small Payloads Project education initiative that provides increased educational access to space. The program targets kindergarten through university level participants. SEM stimulates and encourages direct student participation in the creation, development, and flight of zero-gravity and microgravity experiments on the Space Shuttle.

Chris contacts ''Universe'' and finds that his grandfather is not dead at all, but alive and well. The crew are rescued and brought to Ganymede, where they watch via satellite as Mount Zeus, which has been steadily sinking, finally disappears beneath the Europan surface. Soon thereafter, Paul Kreuger writes a follow-up article for ''Nature'' (80 years after the original article's publication), stating that Mount Zeus was a mere fragment of Jupiter's core and it is almost certain that much more such large pieces of diamond are currently in orbit around Lucifer, and proposing that a program be initiated immediately to collect these enormous quantities of diamond and put them to use.

The SEM system provides reusable modules for experiments within a 5 cubic foot (142 L) [[Getaway Special]] Canister. The system uses a Goddard-provided internal support structure, battery, power distribution system, data sampling and storage device and harness. Experiments may be active (requiring power to run mechanisms) or passive (having no mechanisms or requiring no power). Customized data sampling schemes are programmed before flight for each experiment, and data reduction and processing are completed after flight.

Floyd and Chris II become close again, and both become friends with van der Berg. They talk about how Floyd called Bowman on the radio, and Chris asks "Did you ever get a reply?" Floyd almost tells his grandson about the monolith in his cabin, but does not after rationalizing that it was probably a dream.

==See also==

===The conversation inside the Great Wall===

* [[Space science]]

As it turns out, it was not a dream. The monolith duplicated Floyd's consciousness: there are now two Heywood Floyds—one is a normal human who has just found a new lease on life, and the other is an immortal being who resides with Dave Bowman and HAL inside the Great Wall. The three immortal beings converse, and Floyd finds out that the impact of Mount Zeus set Europa's life back by years and caused the extinction of many promising species. HAL and Dave are also worried that the collision might have damaged the monolith; the impact knocked the monolith over. Dave tells him of how the Jovians had to be exterminated in the creation of Lucifer so that the Europans might survive, and tells Floyd that they have less than a millennium to work in.

* [[Space shuttle]]

* [[List of space shuttle missions]]

In the epilogue, the star Lucifer extinguishes in 3001… and "the monolith awakes".

* [[List of human spaceflights chronologically]]

==Film version?==

Shortly after the novel was released, [[Tom Hanks]] expressed extreme interest in producing a film adaptation, with himself cast in the role of Floyd, and [[Keir Dullea]] and [[Douglas Rain]] reprising their roles as [[David Bowman]] and [[HAL 9000]]. These plans never went beyond the initial announcement.

==External links==

* [http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-80/mission-sts-80.html NASA mission summary]

* [http://arthur-clarke-fansite.blogspot.com/2007/04/novel-review-2061-odyssey-three-1987-by.html Review at Arthur Clarke Fansite]

* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e0jpUPLqLhA Video of NASA STS-80 mission]

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