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:''Neo-Orthodoxy can also refer to a form of [[Orthodox Judaism]] following the philosophy of "[[Torah im Derech Eretz]]", and can additionally refer to the ideas of late 20th century [[Eastern Orthodox]] theology, e.g. by Christos Giannaras''
'''Neo-orthodoxy''' is an approach to [[theology]] that was developed in the aftermath of the [[First World War]] (1914-1918). It is primarily associated with the Swiss [[Protestant]] [[Karl Barth]] (1886-1968) and theologian [[Emil Brunner]] (1899-1966). Some theologians believe that [[Reinhold Niebuhr]] (1892-1971) and [[H. Richard Niebuhr]] did more to introduce neo-orthodoxy to America than anyone else
===Origins and Reasons===
In the UK, the neo-orthodoxy movement is represented by the United Synagogue and the Federation of Synagogues. Neo-orthodoxy focuses on the idea of "''Torah im Derech Eretz'' and believe that modern life and study is not incompatible with Judaism.
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They believe in a complete adherence to Mitzvot and believe that the Torah came from Mount Sinai.
===Revelation===
There is a strong emphasis on the [[revelation]] of [[God]] by God as the source of Christian [[doctrine]]. [[Natural theology]] states that knowledge of God can be gained through a combination of observation of nature and human [[reason]]. Barth totally rejected natural theology. Brunner believed that natural theology still had an important role and this led to a sharp disagreement between the two men.
===Transcendence of God===
There is a stress on the [[transcendence (religion)|transcendence]] of God. Barth believed that the emphasis on the [[immanence]] of God had led human beings to imagine God to be ourselves writ large. He stressed the infinite qualitative distinction between the human and the divine.
===Existentialism===
The neo-orthodox theologians made use of [[existentialism]] and in particular [[Christian existentialism]]. Barth was strongly influenced by the writings of the 19th century Danish philosopher [[Søren Kierkegaard]]. Kierkegaard was a critic of the liberal [[Modernist Christianity|Christian modernist]] effort to rationalise Christianity. Instead, under pseudonymous names such as Johannes Climacus, he maintained that Christianity is absurd (transcends human understanding) and presents the individual with paradoxical choices. The decision to become a Christian is not a rational decision but a leap of [[faith]]. This was the foundation of Barth's theology of crisis.
== Relation to Other Theologies ==
Neo-orthodoxy is distinct from both [[Liberal Christianity|liberal Protestantism]] and [[Fundamentalist Christianity|fundamentalism]]. This can be seen in Barth's understanding of the Bible. He rejected the fundamentalist claim that the [[bible|Christian scriptures]] are inerrant. He rejected the [[modernism|modernist]] liberal Christian claim of that time, that God could be known through human scholarship. He believed that the Bible was the key place where the Word of God can be revealed to human beings, and that an existential leap of faith is required by the individual to hear what God has to say.
== See also ==
* [[Christian existentialism]]
* [[Paleo-orthodoxy]]
[[Category:Christian philosophy]]
[[Category:Theology]]
[[Category:Christian theology]]
[[Category:Calvinism]]
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