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:''The ''Westinghouse Electric Company'' is a present-day nuclear technology business. See [[Westinghouse]] for other uses, including its famous former owner's history prior to 1999 and recent licensing deals.''
<!-- This article is a part of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft]]. Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] for recommended layout. -->
{{Infobox Aircraft
|name= CF-105 Arrow
|type=[[Interceptor aircraft|Interceptor]]
|manufacturer=[[Avro Canada|Avro Aircraft Limited (Canada)]]
|image=Image:AvroArrow1.jpg
|caption=Photo from the Canadian [[Department of National Defence (Canada)|Department of National Defence]]
|designer=[[James C. Floyd]]
|first flight=[[25 March]] [[1958]]
|introduction=[[4 October]] [[1957]]
|retired=
|status=Cancelled [[20 February]] [[1959]]
|primary user=[[Royal Canadian Air Force]] (intended)
|more users=
|produced=1950s
|number built=Five; 29 in production
|unit cost=
|variants with their own articles=
}}
'''Westinghouse Electric Company''' is a [[nuclear reactor]] technology business company, providing nuclear services, [[nuclear power plant|power plants]], and [[nuclear fuel]] to utilities and governments in the [[United States]], [[Europe]], and [[Asia]]. [[Toshiba|Toshiba Group]] is its majority owner.
The '''Avro CF-105 Arrow''' was a [[delta-wing]] [[interceptor aircraft]], designed and built by [[Avro Canada|Avro Aircraft Limited (Canada)]] in [[Malton, Ontario]], [[Canada]], as the culmination of a design study that began in 1953. Following the start of its flight test program in 1958 (the first five examples were undergoing proving and service evaluation trials) the CF-105 Arrow, and its accompanying [[Orenda Iroquois]] jet engine program, were abruptly cancelled in 1959,<ref> Dow 1979, p. 127. Quote: "In February, Diefenbaker was urged by members of his cabinet to make an early decision on the Arrow." The actual project review was not due until [[31 March]] [[1959]]. </ref> sparking a long and bitter political debate. Despite never entering full production, the CF-105 Arrow is still the subject of controversy.
==OriginsHistory==
In the post-[[World War II|Second World War]] period, the [[Soviet Union]] began developing a fleet of long-range [[bombers]] capable of delivering [[nuclear weapons]] to [[North America]] and [[Europe]]. To counter this threat, Western countries developed interceptor aircraft that could engage and destroy these bombers before they reached their targets.
[[Avro Canada|A. V. Roe Canada Limited]] had been set up as a subsidiary of the [[Hawker Siddeley]] Group in 1945, initially handling repair and maintenance work for aircraft at Malton, Ontario Airport (today known as [[Pearson International Airport]], [[Toronto]]'s main airport). The next year, however, the company began the design of Canada's first jet fighter for the [[Royal Canadian Air Force]]. The [[Avro CF-100]] ''Canuck'' all-weather interceptor would become one of the finest aircraft in its class, and one of the most enduring, serving into the 1980s in a variety of roles.
* In 1995 [[Westinghouse Electric Corporation]] purchased [[CBS]] and started giving up its industrial and defense businesses.
Recognizing that the delays that impacted the development and deployment of the CF-100, could also impact its successor, and the fact that the Soviets were working on newer jet-powered bombers, the RCAF began looking for a supersonic, missile-armed replacement for the Canuck even before it had entered service. In March 1952, the RCAF's ''Final Report of the All-Weather Interceptor Requirements Team'' was submitted to Avro Canada.
* In 1996, the company sold its defense electronics business and purchased [[Infinity Broadcasting]].
* In 1997 the company was renamed '''CBS Corporation.'''
* In 1998 the company ''CBS Corporation'' sold its nuclear business to [[BNFL]] (British Nuclear Fuels) who started to operate it as [[Westinghouse Electric Company]]. The same year, ''CBS Corporation'' created a new subsidiary company called [[Westinghouse Electric Corporation (1998)|Westinghouse Electric Corporation]] to manage the Westinghouse [[brand]].
* In 2000 the [[ABB Group]]'s nuclear power business was purchased by [[BNFL]] and merged into Westinghouse Electric Company.
* In 2006 Westinghouse Electric Company was sold by BNFL to [[Toshiba]].
==Europe==
==Design and development==
The Avro engineering team first considered supersonic developments. German research during the Second World War had identified a number of solutions to the problems associated with supersonic flight. It was known that the onset of drag was greatly reduced by using thinner airfoils with much longer [[chord (aircraft)|chord]], but these airfoils were impractical because they left little internal room in the wing for weapons or fuel. Instead, aerodynamicists employed a [[swept-wing]] design to "trick" the airflow into behaving as though it were flowing over a long, thin wing. Almost every fighter project in the postwar era immediately applied the concept, which started appearing on production fighters in the late 1940s.
Westinghouse Electric Company has several fully owned subsidiaries in Europe such as the European Service Center (also called Westinghouse Electric Belgium) located in [[Nivelles]], [[Belgium]], where equipments are being prepared for interventions throughout Europe. After the take over of [[ABB Reaktor]] in Germany, Westinghouse transferred the radiological storage activities located in Ladenburg, Germany, to the existing site in Nivelles, Belgium, which was extended. Soon after that extension, another extension followed as the people working in the [[Brussels]]' office were transferred to Nivelles too. It is estimated that 150 people were working in Nivelles at the end of 2005.
Avro engineers had previously explored swept-wing and tail modification to the CF-100— the CF-103 (proceeding to wooden mock-up stage). Although the design theoretically provided transonic speeds, the small performance gain over the CF-100, and the fact that the CF-103 would use the same engines, its development was not considered worth the extra development costs. Thus engineers turned to the delta-wing design, which had many of the advantages of the swept wing in terms of transonic performance, but offered much more internal room and overall area. The disadvantages of the design were increased drag at lower speeds and altitudes, a cause for some debate in the industry at the time. For the interceptor role this was a minor concern, as the aircraft would be spending most of its time at high altitudes and speeds, mitigating the disadvantages.
==Sale to Toshiba==
In the words of designer [[James C. Floyd]], "At the time we laid down the design of the CF-105, there was a somewhat emotional controversy going on in the United States on the relative merits of the delta plan form versus the straight wing for supersonic aircraft… our choice of a tailless delta was based mainly on the compromise of attempting to achieve structural and aeroelastic efficiency, with a very thin wing, and yet, at the same time, achieving the large internal fuel capacity required for the specified range."<ref name=Floyd>Floyd, James, Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society, December 1958.</ref>
In July 2005 BNFL confirmed it planned to sell Westinghouse, then estimated to be worth $1.8bn (£1bn). However the bid attracted interest from several companies, including [[Toshiba]], [[General Electric]] and [[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries]] and when the ''[[Financial Times]]'' reported on January 23, 2006 that Toshiba had won the bid, it valued the company's offer at $5bn (£2.8bn). On February 6, 2006 Toshiba confirmed it was buying Westinghouse Electric Company for $5.4bn and announced it would sell a minority stake to investors.[http://biz.yahoo.com/bizj/060206/1224825.html?.v=2]
Further proposals resulted in two versions of the design known as the '''C104:''' the single engine '''C104/1,''' and twin-engined '''C104/2.''' The designs were otherwise similar, using a low-mounted delta-wing and powered by the new [[Orenda Engines|Orenda TR.9 engines]]. Armament featured a battery of [[Velvet Glove missile]]s, (a Canadair Aircraft product based on [[CARDE]] design work), stored in an internal bay. The mission would be crewed by a single pilot guided by a completely automatic weapons control system to track and attack the target, (similar to the system utilized in the [[F-86 Sabre|F-86D]]). The primary advantages of the twin-engine C104/2 version was that it was larger overall, with a much larger weapons bay and provided twin-engine reliability. The proposals were submitted to the RCAF in June 1952.
The sale surprised many industry experts who questioned the wisdom of BNFL selling one of the world's largest producers of nuclear reactors shortly before the market for [[nuclear power]] is expected to grow substantially; [[People's Republic of China|China]], the [[United States]] and the [[United Kingdom]] are all expected to invest heavily in nuclear power. <ref>BBC News (2006) [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4638960.stm "BNFL to sell U.S. power plant arm"] Retrieved Feb. 6 2006</ref> However ''[[The Economist]]'' gives several reasons in favor of a sale; the commercial risk of the company's business in [[Asia]] may be too high for taxpayers money, if Westinghouse won the bid for any new nuclear stations in the UK competition questions may be raised, if lost it may be seen as a lack of faith in its own [Westinghouse] technology' and finally the record of UK governments building nuclear plants is a commercial disaster. <ref>"Technology transfer" (Jan. 28, 2006) ''The Economist'' pp. 30—31</ref>
Intensive discussions between Avro and the RCAF examined a wide range of alternative sizes and configurations for a supersonic interceptor, culminating in RCAF ''Specification AIR 7-3'' in April 1953.
The acquisition of Westinghouse Electric Company for $5.4bn was completed on October 16, 2006, with Toshiba obtaining a 77% share, and partners [[The Shaw Group]] a 20% share, Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co. Ltd. a 1% share & [[GE]] a 2% share.
AIR 7-3 called specifically for:
* Crew of two (It was considered unlikely that even a fully automated system would reduce pilot workload enough to allow a lone pilot.)
* Twin-engines (since no single engine then available could lift the fuel load needed for the long-range missions the RCAF demanded)
* Range of 300 nautical miles (556 km) for a normal low-speed mission, and 200 nautical miles (370 km) for a high-speed interception mission
* Operation from a 6,000 ft runway
* [[Mach (speed)|Mach]] 1.5, cruise at an altitude of 50,000 feet (15,000 m)
* Maneuverability (to be able to pull 2 g in maneuvers with no loss of speed or altitude under those conditions.
* The time from a signal to start the engines to the aircraft's reaching 50,000 feet (15,000 m) and Mach 1.5, was to be less than five minutes. Turn-around time on the ground was to be less than ten minutes.
==Moving to Cranberry Township==
An RCAF team led by [[Ray Footit]] visited US aircraft producers and surveyed British and French manufacturers before concluding that no existing or planned aircraft could fulfill these requirements.
After a long waiting, Westinghouse finally decided to move its world headquarter from the Energy Center in Monroeville, PA, to Cranberry Woods in
[[Cranberry Township, Butler County, Pennsylvania|Cranberry Township]], Butler County, PA. A [http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/cityregion/s_498721.html memo] stated the main reason was due to rapid expansion in the global Nuclear industry. The move is expected to begin in early 2009 and complete by end-of-year 2010, with construction expected to begin in July 2007.
Avro submitted their modified '''C105''' design in May 1953, essentially a two-man version of the C104/2. A change to a "shoulder-mounted" wing allowed rapid access to the plane's internals, weapons bay, and engines. The new design also allowed the wing to be a single structure sitting on the upper fuselage, simplifying construction and providing strength. The wing design required a long main landing gear that still had to fit within the thin delta wing — an engineering challenge. Five different wing sizes were outlined in the report, from 1,000 to 1,400 ft² (93 to 130 m²). The 1,200 ft² (111 m²) version was eventually selected. Three engines were considered as well: the [[Rolls-Royce RB.106]], the [[Bristol Olympus|Bristol B.0L.4 ''Olympus'']], and the [[Curtiss-Wright J67]] (a license-built version of the Olympus). The RB-106 was selected, with the J67 as backup.
A community website [http://easywemove.info easywemove.info] was created to assist easy transitions to the north of Pittsburgh.
The weapons bay design was larger than the original C104/2 design, situated in a large thin box on the bottom fuselage, running from a point adjacent to the front of the wing to the middle of the fuselage. The weapon system originally selected was the [[Hughes Aircraft|Hughes]] MX-1179, which was a pairing of the existing MA-1 fire-control system with the [[AIM-4 Falcon]] [[missile]] of both radar-guided and [[heat seeking]] variants. This system was already under development for proposed use in the USAF's WS-201 ''1954 Interceptor'' (dating from 1949, which would lead to the [[F-102 Delta Dagger]]). The [[Velvet Glove]] radar-guided missile had been under development with the RCAF for some time, but was considered unsuitable for supersonic launch, and further work on that project was eventually cancelled in 1956.
In July 1953, the proposal was accepted and Avro was given the go-ahead to start a full design study. In December, $27 million was provided to start flight modeling. At first, the project was limited in scope, but the introduction of the Soviet [[Myasishchev M-4]] ''Bison'' jet [[bomber]] and the Soviet Union's testing of a [[hydrogen bomb]] dramatically changed [[Cold War]] priorities. In March 1955, the contract was upgraded to a $260 million contract for five '''Arrow Mark 1''' flight-test aircraft, to be followed by 35 '''Arrow Mark 2'''s with production engines and [[fire-control system]]s.
==Production==
Where most aircraft designs undergo a slow and expensive process starting with the construction of a small number of hand-built prototypes, that are test flown and modified, if required, before being committed to a set of ''jigs'' for production construction, the "Arrow" program, adopted the [[Cook-Craigie plan]]. Developed in the 1940s, Cook-Craigie eliminated the prototype phase, with the first test airframes constructed on production jigs. Any changes would be incorporated into the jigs while testing continued, with full production starting when the test program was complete. As James C. "Jim" Floyd noted at the time, this was a risky approach, but together with the RCAF, “…it was decided to take the technical risks involved to save time on the programme... I will not pretend that this philosophy of production type build from the outset did not cause us a lot of problems in Engineering. However, it did achieve its objective... ”<ref name=Floyd/>
In order to mitigate risks, a massive testing program was started. By mid-1954, the first production drawings were issued and wind tunnel work began. In a related program, nine instrumented free-flight models were mounted on solid fuel Nike rocket boosters and launched over Lake Ontario while two additional models were launched from Wallops Island, USA, over the Atlantic Ocean. These models were for aerodynamic drag and stability testing, flown to a maximum speed of Mach 1.7+ before intentionally crashing into the water. Ongoing efforts have been made to search for the models in Lake Ontario, and, to date, two have reputedly been found, along with a Nike booster and a booster for a Velvet Glove.
Experiments showed the need for only a small number of design changes, mainly involving the wing profile and positioning. In order to improve [[angle of attack|high-alpha]] performance, the leading edge of the wing was drooped, especially on outer sections, a dog-tooth was introduced to control spanwise flow, and the entire wing given a slight negative camber which helped control trim drag and pitch-up.
The [[area rule]] principle was also applied to the design. This resulted in several changes including the addition of a tailcone, sharpening the radar nose profile, thinning the intake lips, and reducing the cross-sectional area of the fuselage below the canopy.<ref name=Floyd/>
The aircraft used a large measure of [[magnesium]] and [[titanium]] in the fuselage, the latter limited largely to the area around the engines and to fasteners. Titanium was still expensive and not widely used because it was difficult to machine. The construction of the airframe itself was fairly conventional, however, with a semi-[[monocoque]] frame and multi-spar wing.
The Arrow's thin wing required aviation's first 4000 lb/in² (28 MPa) hydraulic system that could supply enough power while using small actuators and piping. Use of a rudimentary fly-by-wire system resulted in the problem of the lack of control "feel" for the pilot, and to solve this, the control stick input was "disconnected" from the hydraulic system. The pilot's input was sensed by a series of force transducers in the stick, and their signal was sent to an electronic control servo that operated the valves on the hydraulic system to move the various flight controls. In addition, the same box fed pressure back into actuators in the stick itself, making it move. This happened quickly enough that it appeared as if the pilot were moving the stick directly. An advanced stability augmentation system was added as well, recognizing that long, "thin" aircraft have a number of [[coupling modes]] that can lead to departure from controlled flight if not damped out quickly. Since the centre of lift moved with speed, the flight control system also assisted stability and manoeuvre.
In 1954, the RB.106 program was cancelled, necessitating the use the backup J67 instead. In 1955, this engine was also cancelled, leaving the design with no engine. At this point, the [[Pratt & Whitney J75]] was selected for the initial test-flight models, while the new TR 13 (soon [[Orenda Iroquois|PS-13 ''Iroquois'']]) engine was developed at [[Orenda]] for the production Mk 2s. Ultimately, only the rejected [[Bristol Olympus]] engine would actually go into production.
In 1956, the RCAF demanded additional changes, selecting the advanced RCA-Victor ''Astra'' fire-control system firing the equally advanced [[US Navy]] [[AIM-7 Sparrow#Sparrow II|Sparrow II]] in place of the MX-1179 and Falcon combination. Avro objected on the grounds that neither of these were even in testing at that point, whereas, both the MX-1179 and Falcon were almost ready for production. The RCAF planners felt that the greatly improved performance of the Sparrow was worth the gamble.
The Astra proved to be problematic as the system ran into a lengthy period of delays and when the [[United States Navy]] cancelled the Sparrow II in 1956, [[Canadair]] was quickly brought in to continue the Sparrow program in Canada, although they expressed grave concerns about the project as well.
A rushed study looked at alternatives, including resurrecting the Velvet Glove for use with Astra, or the use of the original MX-1179 system with its Falcons. Even the MX-1179 had run into difficulties, and the F-102 eventually settled on the older MG-1 system originally used in the F-86D. Work was continuing on the MX, however, as it was planned to be used in the upgraded F-102B (later renamed the [[F-106 Delta Dart]]), so this system was selected for the Arrow, as well.
[[Image:Avro Arrow rollout.jpg|thumb|left| Avro CF-105 rollout, 4 October 1957, DND photograph]]
==Variants and design stages==
===Mark 1===
Go-ahead on the production was given in 1955, with series production taking place in Assembly Bay One. The rollout of the first CF-105, marked as RL-201, took place [[4 October]][[1957]]. The company had planned to capitalize on the event, inviting more than 13,000 guests to the formal occasion.<ref> Gainor 2001, p.15.</ref> Unfortunately, the media and public attention for the Arrow rollout was dwarfed by the launch of [[Sputnik]] that same day.<ref> Gainor 2001, p. 18.</ref>
The J75 engine was slightly heavier than the PS-13, and therefore required ballast to be placed in the nose to return the [[centre of gravity]] to the correct position. In addition, the Astra fire-control system was not ready, and it too, was replaced by ballast. The otherwise unused weapons bay was loaded with test equipment.
RL-201 first flew on [[25 March]] [[1958]] with Chief Development Test Pilot S/L [[Janusz Żurakowski]] at the controls. Four more J75-powered Mk 1s were delivered in the next 18 months. The test flights went surprisingly well; the aircraft demonstrated excellent handling throughout the flight envelope. Much of this was due to the natural qualities of the delta-wing, but an equal amount can be attributed to the Arrow's stability augmentation system. The aircraft flew supersonically on only its third flight and, on its seventh flight, achieved a speed of over 1,000 miles per hour at 50,000 feet, while climbing and still accelerating. A top speed of Mach 1.98 would eventually be reached at three quarters throttle with these underpowered engines.
No major problems were encountered during the testing phase, however some minor issues found with the landing gear, flight control system, and the stability augmentation system needed considerable tuning.
The former problem was partly due to the tandem main landing gear (two wheels and tires: one in front of and one behind the gear leg) being very narrow, in order to fit into the wings. The leg shortened in length and rotated as it was stowed. During one landing incident, the chain mechanism used in the Mark 1 gear jammed, resulting in incomplete rotation of the gear. In a second incident with Arrow 202 on [[11 November]] [[1958]], the flight control system commanded elevons full down at landing, resulting in substantial weight placed on the main landing gear, ultimately resulting in brake lockup and gear collapse. A photograph taken of the incident proved that inadvertent flight control activation had caused the accident.<ref> http://www.avromuseum.ca/index.php?q=node/45</ref>
The stability augmentation system was a matter of tuning, tuning and more tuning. Although the CF-105 was not the first aircraft to use such a system – the Arrow used this system for all three axes, other aircraft did not – the system was one of the first of its kind, consequently, the concept had not yet developed into the science it is today. By February 1959, the five aircraft had completed the majority of the company test program and were progressing to the RCAF acceptance trials.
===Mark 2===
The Mk 2 version was to be fitted with the Iroquois engine. The Astra/Sparrow fire control system had been terminated by the government in September 1958 with all aircraft to employ the Hughes/Falcon duo. At the time of cancellation of the entire program, the first Arrow Mk 2, RL-206, was nearly complete. It was expected to break the world speed record but never had the chance.
Top speed would have been limited by frictional heating but as Jim Floyd has said, “The aluminum alloy structure which we favoured was good for speeds greater than a Mach number of 2…<ref> Floyd 1958</ref>”
===Other designs===
Avro Canada had a wide range of Arrow derivatives under development at the time of project cancellation. Frequent mention is made of an Arrow that could have been capable of Mach 3, similar to the [[Mikoyan-Gurevich]] [[MiG-25]]. This was not the production version, but one of the design studies, and would have been a greatly modified version of the Arrow Mk 2, featuring revised engine inlets and extensive use of [[stainless steel]] or [[titanium]] to withstand airframe heating.
==Political issues==
Until 1955, the Arrow project had been cost effective. Only $27 million had been earmarked for the studies, with $260 million for initial production. However, in September 1955, Avro informed the Canadian Cabinet that an additional $59 million was required to keep the program on schedule. In December 1955, Cabinet limited Avro to 11 aircraft and put a spending cap on the overall program of $170 million over three years. In February 1957, Cabinet ordered the spending cap increased to $216 million. There is some evidence that the Liberals were losing faith in the project although no formal reviews were carried out.
In June 1957, the Liberals lost the election, and a Progressive Conservative government under [[John Diefenbaker]] took power. Diefenbaker, from the Canadian west, had campaigned on a platform of reining in what they claimed was "rampant Liberal spending". Much of this was posed as an east/west divide, with eastern Canada using money from across the country to fund their "industrial welfare" projects. The Arrow was not the only major industrial project targeted during the campaign, others such as the "million dollar monster" postal sorting computer from [[Ferranti Canada]] were singled out for additional scorn.
In August 1957, Diefenbaker signed the [[NORAD]] (''North American Air Defence'') agreement with the United States, which required the subordination of the RCAF Air Defence Command to American command and control. The USAF was in the process of completely automating their air defence system with the [[Semi Automatic Ground Environment|SAGE]] project, and insisted that the RCAF had to use it as well. One aspect of the SAGE system was the [[BOMARC]] nuclear-tipped anti-aircraft missile, which when intercepting bombers over [[Ontario]] and [[Quebec]] would be exploding over major Canadian cities. This led to studies on basing BOMARCs in Canada in order to push the line further north, away from the cities.
''Storms of Controversy'' revealed a top secret brief prepared for [[George Pearkes]], then Minister of National Defence, for his July 1958 meeting with US officials. The brief states, <blockquote>"The introduction of SAGE in Canada will cost in the neighborhood of $107 million. Further improvements are required in the radar… NORAD has also recommended the introduction of the BOMARC missile… will be a further commitment of $164 million… All these commitments coming at this particular time… will tend to increase our defence budget by as much as 25 to 30%…"
</blockquote>
Pearkes was also concerned about funding defence against ballistic missiles. The onset of Sputnik had also raised the spectre of attack from space, and, as the year progressed, word of a "missile gap" began spreading. An American brief of the meeting with Pearkes reported Pearkes "stated that the problem of developing a defence against missiles while at the same time completing and rounding out defence measures against manned bombers posed a serious problem for Canada from the point of view of expense…"<ref>Eisenhower Library, File: DDE Trip to Canada, Memcons, 8 -11, July 1958, Canada-U.S. Defence Problems.</ref> In a document written after the cancellation, Pearkes noted, "We did not cancel the CF-105 because there was no bomber threat, but because there was a lesser threat and we got the Bomarc in lieu of more airplanes to look after this."<ref>Department of National Defence, Directorate of History, File 79/469 Folder 19.</ref> It is also said Canada could afford the Arrow or Bomarc/SAGE, but not both.<ref>Campagna 1988, p. 88. Quote: "Could Canada afford both SAGE and the Arrow? Was the system even needed for defence? As it turned out, the answer to both questions was no."</ref>
In a later interview in the 1990s, Pearkes discussed these problems and revealed he was advised by an American official, while ''en route'' to Colorado, Canada did not need to build aircraft because the US had plenty and could make them available at any time. Pearkes states this is when he made his decision to cancel the Arrow. His dilemma was how to fill in the defence gap from cancellation of the Arrow to the time when Bomarc bases would be operational. He revealed he struck a deal to allow American training in Goose Bay (Labrador) and Cold Lake (Alberta) in exchange for protection.
By [[11 August]] [[1958]], Pearkes requested cancellation of the Arrow, but the Cabinet Defence Committee refused. He tabled it again in September, and recommended installation of the Bomarc missile system. The latter was accepted but, again, the CDC refused to cancel the entire Arrow program. The CDC wanted to wait until a major review in [[31 March]] [[1959]], to better examine world conditions. They did, however, cancel the Sparrow/Astra system in September 1958. Efforts to "save" the program through cost-sharing with other countries were then explored.
The Arrow was far from the only heavy high-speed interceptor design canceled at that time; both the [[Republic Aircraft]] [[Republic XF-103|XF-103]] and [[North American Aviation]] [[XF-108 Rapier]], both of which were far more advanced than the Arrow, were cancelled at approximately the same time. Even the [[Convair]] [[F-106 Delta Dart]] was very nearly terminated. In the [[United Kingdom|UK]], the ramifications of the [[1957 Defence White Paper]] led to the cancellation of almost all manned fighter aircraft development.
==Foreign interest==
Canada tried to sell the Arrow aircraft to the US and Britain, but had no takers. The aircraft industry, then as now, is considered a national interest, and buying foreign designs, no matter how worthy, remains rare.<ref> Peden 1987, p. 72.</ref>
From 1955 onwards, the UK had shown considerable interest in the Arrow; in April 1956, the UK's Air Council recommended a purchase of 144 Arrows for the RAF to serve alongside the [[Saunders-Roe SR.177]]s, instead of the "thin-wing" [[Gloster Javelin]] then under study. The CF-105 would serve as a stopgap until the UK's [[Operational Requirement F.155|F.155]] project came to fruition. However with the F.155 due in 1963 and the Arrow not likely to reach the RAF before 1962, there was little point in proceeding, even if the costs of acquisition had not been so high. The infamous [[1957 Defence White Paper]], prompted by a general lack of funds, foretold an end to manned fighters and completely curtailed any likelihood of a purchase. In January 1959, the UK's final answer was no – with an offer to sell Canada the English Electric P.1 (the aircraft that would become the [[English Electric Lightning]]). The French government was prepared to buy some 200 Iroquois engines, but cancelled their order in 1958, being advised by persons unknown that the Arrow was going to be cancelled.
The [[US Air Force]] had already developed three aircraft with performance intended to be broadly similar to the Arrow, originally as part of their [[1954 Interceptor]] project -- The [[F-101 Voodoo|F-101B Voodoo]], [[F-102 Delta Dagger]] and [[F-106 Delta Dart|F-102B, later known as the F-106]]. Additionally, two more advanced interceptors (the [[Republic XF-103]] and [[XF-108 Rapier]]) were under development, although both would ultimately be cancelled while in the early design and mock-up phases prior to production.<ref> Whitcomb 2002, p. 80, 181-182.</ref> Nevertheless it appears that the USAF was concerned about the effect the cancellation would have on Canada's defence industry. In 1958, Avro Aircraft Limited President and General Manager Fred Smye, had elicited a promise from the USAF to "supply, free, the fire control system and missiles and if they would allow the free use of their flight test center at Muroc Lake in California (now known as Edwards AFB)."<ref> Smye 1985, p. 87</ref>
==Cancellation: "Black Friday"==
On [[20 February]] [[1959]], known as "Black Friday" at the Avro plants, Diefenbaker announced to the [[Canadian House of Commons]] that the Arrow and Iroquois programs were to be cancelled immediately; subsequently, telegrams sent to Avro stated that all work should stop on reception. Due to contract obligations with the unions at Avro, the Avro management had no choice but to immediately lay off some 14,000 workers at Avro and Orenda plants. Avro engineer [[John Hodge (engineer)|John Hodge]] later recalled that in his plant the announcement about the lay-offs was made over the public address system.<ref>''Hodge, John D.'' "NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project". [http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/HodgeJD/JDH_4-18-99.pdf]. [[10 April]] [[1999]]. Access date:31 October 2006. Note: Although most people recalled it was Crawford Gordon Jr making the announcement, it was actually John L. Plant, President and General Manager of Avro Aircraft.</ref> In total, an estimated 30,000 employees or more were laid off due to cancellations of contracts with various subcontractors.
Declassified records show Avro management was caught unprepared by the suddenness of the announcement by the government. While executives were aware that the program was in jeopardy, they expected it to continue at least until the March review. It was widely believed that during this lead-up to the review, the first Arrow Mk 2, RL-206, would be prepared for an attempt at both World Speed and Altitude records.
An attempt was made to provide the completed Arrows to the [[National Research Council of Canada]] as high-speed test aircraft. The NRC refused, noting that without sufficient spare parts and maintenance, as well as qualified pilots, the NRC could make no use of them. A similar project initiated by the [[Royal Aircraft Establishment]] (Boscombe Down) had resulted in Avro Vice-President (Engineering) Jim Floyd, preparing a transatlantic ferry operation. This proposal, like others from the United States, were never realized.
[[Image:AvroCF105ArrowRL206Serial25206.jpg|left|thumb|250px|'''Avro CF-105 Arrow''' nose section on display at the [[Canada Aviation Museum]]]]
===Aftermath===
Within two months, all aircraft, engines, production tooling and technical data were ordered scrapped. This was partly in response to [[RCMP]] fears that a Soviet "mole" had infiltrated Avro, later confirmed to some degree in the [[Vasili Mitrokhin|Mitrokhin archives]]. Officially, the reason given for the destruction order from Cabinet and the Chiefs of Staff was to destroy classified and "secret" materials utilized in the Arrow/Iroquois programs.<ref>Stewart 1998, p. 274-276.</ref>
Along with the five flying test models and production aircraft, blueprints and other materials were destroyed leading to the creation of a piece of Canadian mythology. The rushed destruction incited a number of conspiracy theories alleging American culpability for the Arrow's demise. There remains an enduring but fanciful legend that one of the prototypes was spirited away after the cancellation and remains intact, but there is no evidence to support this.
Following the Canadian government's cancellation of the Avro Arrow project in 1959, CF-105 Chief Aerodynamicist [[Jim Chamberlin]] led a team of 25 engineers to NASA's [[Space Task Group]] to become lead engineers, program managers, and heads of engineering in [[NASA]]'s manned space programs—Projects [[Project Mercury|Mercury]], [[Project Gemini|Gemini]] and [[Project Apollo|Apollo]]. This team would eventually grow to 32 Avro engineers and technicians, and become emblematic of what many Canadians viewed as a "[[brain drain]]" to the US. Many other engineers, including Jim Floyd (whose design studies at [[Hawker Siddeley]] (Avro Aircraft's UK parent) on the HSA.1000 SST design studies were ultimately influential in the design of the [[Concorde]]<ref> Whitcomb 1999, p. 251-259. Note: An entire chapter, ''The SST Saga: Canadian Contributions Exposed'' is devoted to the work of Floyd in the UK. His role in SST development is fully detailed.</ref>) found work abroad in either the UK or the United States.
In 1961, the RCAF obtained 66 [[CF-101 Voodoo]] aircraft, one of the American designs the RCAF originally rejected,<ref> Page et al 1980, p. 13. Note: Although the source indicates it was the F-101 that was evaluated, it was the XF-88 Voodoo that was flying at the time while the F-101 was a revised and upgraded variant that was only in the development stage in 1953.</ref> to serve in the role originally intended for the Avro Arrow. The controversy surrounding this acquisition, and Canada's acquiring nuclear weapons for the Voodoos and Bomarcs eventually contributed to the collapse of the Diefenbaker government in 1963.
Although nearly everything connected to the CF-105 and Orenda Iroquois programs was destroyed, the cockpit and nose gear of RL-206, the first Mk 2 Arrow, and two outer panels of RL-203's wings were saved and are on display at the [[Canada Aviation Museum]] in Ottawa, alongside an Iroquois engine.
===CBC Docu-drama===
In 1997, the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]] broadcast the two-part mini-series, ''[[The Arrow]]'' about the Arrow program, which remains one of the most-watched CBC English-language television programs. [http://www.ggower.com/dief/text/sun1.shtml] The production used a combination of archival film, remote-control flying models and computer animation for the flying and sequences. The flying models were built by [[Doug Hyslip]] of Calgary, but a full-scale replica of the Arrow was used in ground scenes. Due to the mini-series' blatant lack of historical accuracy, critics forced the CBC to reclassify it as a "docu-drama," [http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-75-275-1410/science_technology/avro_arrow/clip12]''[[The Arrow]]'' was subsequently advertised as entertainment rather than literal history.
===Avro Arrow replicas===
[[Allan Jackson]] of [[Wetaskiwin, Alberta]] was the original designer of the replica used in the CBC docu-drama. As a hobby, he began building a full-scale replica of the Arrow in 1989. Years later, in 1996, when the producers of the Arrow miniseries learned of Jackson's replica, then about 70% complete, an offer was made to complete the construction if the replica could be used for the production. After use on the mini-series, and several public appearances at air shows, the Jackson replica was donated to the [[Reynolds-Alberta Museum]] in Wetaskiwin. While on display in a temporary outdoor collection, the replica was damaged in a wind storm. It is presently being stored after a recent repair, and readied for future display.
The Avro Museum of Calgary began a [http://www.avromuseum.ca/taxonomy/term/46 Replica Arrow Project]. Theirs is a 0.6-scale piloted replica aircraft being built for public flight demonstration — construction started in September 2005 following eight years of research. Built of modern-day [[composite material]]s under Canadian Recreational Aircraft Legislation, construction is expected to take five years of volunteer labour and cost a half-million dollars in materials and parts.
[[Image:Avro Arrow replica.jpg|thumb|right||Avro Arrow replica at TAM Arrow Rollout, 8 October 2006]]
[[Image:Arrow-model_001.jpg|thumb|left||Avro Arrow replica at TAM Arrow Rollout, 8 October 2006]]
The [http://torontoaerospacemuseum.com Toronto Aerospace Museum], located at the former [[CFB Downsview]] features a full-size replica Arrow built by volunteers with assistance from local aerospace firms. With a metal structure, the replica features many authentic-looking components including landing gear constructed by Dowty-Messier (the original Arrow sub-contractor). Painted in the colours of Arrow 25203, the Arrow replica was rolled out for a media event on [[28 September]] [[2006]] and was on [http://torontoaerospacemuseum.com/arrowrollout/PublicViewing.html public display] on 8-[[9 October]] [[2006]] to commemorate the original aircraft's rollout in 1957. It will be permanently displayed beside an [[Avro Lancaster]] bomber (currently under restoration) built at the same Malton plant that produced the Arrow. The museum ultimately hopes to acquire an Avro CF-100 and obtain the first Avro VZ-9-AV Avrocar (the company's last aviation project) on a long-term loan from the [[National Air and Space Museum]], in Washington, D.C., to be exhibited alongside the Arrow replica and Avro Lancaster.
==Specifications (Arrow Mk 1)==
{{aircraft specifications
<!-- please answer the following questions -->
|plane or copter?=plane
|jet or prop?=jet
<!-- Now, fill out the specs. Please include units where appropriate (main comes first, alt in parentheses).
If an item doesn't apply, like capacity, leave it blank. For instructions on using |more general=, |more performance=, |power original=, and |thrust original= see [[Template talk:Airtemp]]. -->
|ref=The Great Book of Fighters<ref>Green, William and Swanborough, Gordon. ''The Great Book of Fighters''. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing, 2001. ISBN 0-7603-1194-3.</ref>
|crew=2
|capacity=
|length main=77 ft 9 in
|length alt=23.71 m
|span main=50 ft 0 in
|span alt=15.24 m
|height main=20 ft 6 in
|height alt=6.25 m
|area main=1,225 ft²
|area alt=113.8 m²
|airfoil=[[NACA airfoil|NACA 0003.5 mod]] root, NACA 0003.8 tip
|empty weight main=49,040 lb
|empty weight alt=22,245 kg
|loaded weight main=56,920 lb
|loaded weight alt=25,820 kg
|max takeoff weight main=68,605 lb
|max takeoff weight alt=31,120 kg
|engine (jet)=[[Pratt & Whitney J75]]-P-3
|type of jet=[[turbojet]]s
|number of jets=2
|thrust main=12,500 lbf
|thrust alt=55.6 kN
|afterburning thrust main=23,500 lbf
|afterburning thrust alt=104.53 kN
|max speed main=Mach 2
|max speed alt=1,307 mph, 2,104 km/h
|max speed more=at 50,000 ft (15,000 m) (
|cruise speed main=Mach 0.91
|cruise speed alt=607 mph, 977 km/h
|cruise speed more=at 36,000 ft (11,000 m)
|stall speed main=
|stall speed alt=
|never exceed speed main=
|never exceed speed alt=
|range main=360 nm
|range alt=410 mi, 660 km
|ceiling main=53,000 ft
|ceiling alt=16,150 m
|climb rate main=<!-- ft/min-->
|climb rate alt=<!-- m/s-->
|loading main=46.5 lb/ft²
|loading alt=226.9 kg/m²
|thrust/weight=0.439
|afterburning thrust/weight=0.650
|avionics=
* Hughes MX-1179 fire control system
|armament header=Armament (projected)
|missiles=8× [[AIM-4 Falcon]], [[Canadair]] [[Velvet Glove]] (cancelled 1956), 2 [[AIM-7 Sparrow]] II 2D active guidance missiles (cancelled)
|rockets=1-4× [[AIR-2 Genie]] unguided nuclear rockets
}}
==References==
<references />
{{reflist}}
* Campagna, Palmiro. ''Storms of Controversy: The Secret Avro Arrow Files Revealed, Third Paperback Edition.'' Toronto: Stoddart, 1998. ISBN 0-7737-5990-5.
* Campagna, Palmiro. ''Requiem for a Giant: A.V. Roe Canada and the Avro Arrow.'' Toronto: Dundurn Press, 2003. ISBN 1-55002-438-8.
* Dow, James. ''The Arrow.'' Toronto: James Lorimer and Company Publishers, 1979. ISBN 0-88862-282-1.
* Floyd, James. "The Canadian Approach to All-Weather Interceptor Development." ''The Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society, December 1958.''
* Gainor, Chris. ''Arrows to the Moon: Avro's Engineers and the Space Race.'' Burlington, Ontario: Apogee, 2001. ISBN 1-896522-83-1.
* Page, Ron, Organ, Richard, Watson, Don and Wilkinson, Les. ''Avro Arrow: The Story of the Avro Arrow from its Evolution to its Extinction.'' Erin, Ontario: Boston Mills Press, 1979, reprinted Stoddart, 2004. ISBN 1-55046-047-1.
* Peden, Murray. ''Fall of an Arrow.'' Toronto: Stoddart Publishing, 1987. ISBN 0-7737-5105-X.
* Shaw, E.K. ''There Never was an Arrow.''Toronto: Steel Rail Educational Publishing, 1979.
* Smye, Fred. ''Canadian Aviation and the Avro Arrow''. Oakville, Ontario: Randy Smye, 1985.(Limited publication)
* Stewart, Greig. ''Arrow Through the Heart: The Life and Times of Crawford Gordon and the Avro Arrow.'' Toronto: McGraw-Hill-Ryerson, 1998. ISBN 0-07-560102-8.
* Stewart, Greig. ''Shutting Down the National Dream: A.V. Roe and the Tragedy of the Avro Arrow.'' Toronto: McGraw-Hill-Ryerson, 1991. ISBN 0-07-551119-3.
* ''Supersonic Sentinel.'' Rare Avro Arrow film footage. Available from [http://www.avroarrow.org Arrow Digital Archives] (ARC); also includes extra footage of the Arrow in flight and some footage of the [[Avro Jetliner]] (1950).
* ''There Never Was an Arrow'' broadcast on the CBC in March 1980 (Available as an extra on the Arrow Docu-Drama DVD). [Clips from the program can be seen at [http://archives.cbc.ca/500f.asp?id=1-75-275-1416&wm6=1].)
* Whitcomb, Randall.''Avro Aircraft and Cold War Aviation.'' St. Catharine's, Ontario: Vanwell, 2002. ISBN 1-55125-082-9.
* Zuk, Bill. ''The Avro Arrow Story: The Impossible Dream.'' Calgary: Altitude Publishing, 2006. ISBN 1-55439-703-0.
* Zuk, Bill. ''The Avro Arrow Story: The Revolutionary Airplane and its Courageous Test Pilots.'' Calgary: Altitude Publishing, 2005. ISBN 1-55153-978-0.
* Zuk, Bill. ''Avrocar: Canada's Flying Saucer... '' Erin, Ontario: Boston Mills Press, 2001. ISBN 1-55046-359-4.
* Zuk, Bill. ''Janusz Zurakowski: Legends in the Sky''. St. Catharine's, Ontario: Vanwell, 2004. ISBN 1-55125-083-7.
* Zuuring, Peter. ''Arrow Countdown.'' Kingston, Ontario: Arrow Alliance Press, 2001. ISBN 1-55056-866-3.
* Zuuring, Peter. ''Arrow First Flight.'' Kingston, Ontario: Arrow Alliance Press, 2002. ISBN 1-55056-903-1.
* Zuuring, Peter. ''Arrow Rollout.'' Kingston, Ontario: Arrow Alliance Press, 2002. ISBN 1-55056-902-3.
* Zuuring, Peter. ''The Arrow Scrapbook.'' Kingston, Ontario: Arrow Alliance Press, 1999. ISBN 1-55056-690-3.
* Zuuring, Peter. ''Iroquois Rollout.'' Kingston, Ontario: Arrow Alliance Press, 2002. ISBN 1-55056-906-6.
==Additional resource==
* Library and Archives Canada - this is the official repository of all government documents relating to the Avro CF-105 Arrow projects. Not all Avro Arrow documents have been declassified, only some and it is expected that all documents held on the Arrow will not become public until 2067.
==External links==
* [http://www.avromuseum.ca Avro Museum's Replica Arrow Project]
* [http://www.avro-arrow.org Homage to the Avro Arrow - the longest running Arrow website]
* [http://www.avroarrow.org The Largest Archive of Factual Arrow Information]
* [http://www.exn.ca/flightdeck/arrow/images.cfm Avro Arrow pictures on Discovery Channel Canada site]
* [http://www.maverick2.com/ArrowPics.htm Avro Arrow pictures on maverick2.com]
* [http://www.avroland.ca A site dedicated to the people and projects of Avro Canada and Orenda Engines Limited]
* [http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/equip/historical/arrowlst_e.asp Avro CF-105 Arrow Mk.1] ([[Department of National Defence]], [[Government of Canada]])
*[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-75-275/science_technology/avro_arrow/ CBC Digital Archives - The Avro Arrow: Canada's Broken Dream]
* [http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10220 Historica Minutes TV Commercial Canadian Heritage]
* [http://aa.domaindlx.com/ModelPaperEngine/AVRO%20ARROW.html Mechanical Paper Machines A Paper Model]
* [http://scaa.usask.ca/gallery/arrow/thesis/thesis3.htm The Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow Programme: Decisions and Determinants]
==Related content==
{{aircontent
|related=
|similar aircraft=
* [[F-106 Delta Dart|Convair F-106 Delta Dart]]
* [[English Electric Lightning]]
* [[F-101 Voodoo|McDonnell F-101B Voodoo]]
* [[XF-108 Rapier|North American XF-108 Rapier]]
* [[Operational Requirement F.155|F.155 Project (UK)]]
* [[Republic XF-103]]
* [[Saunders-Roe SR.177]]
|sequence1=
* [[Avro CF-100|CF-100]] - [[CF-101 Voodoo|CF-101]] - [[Canadair CF-104|CF-104]] - '''CF-105''' - [[Canadair CL-44|CC-106]] - [[Canadair CL-28|CP-107]] - [[De Havilland Canada DHC-4 Caribou|CC-108]]
|sequence2= [[Avro Jetliner|Avro C102 Jetliner]] - [[Avro CF-100|CF-100 Canuck]] - '''Avro CF-105 Arrow'''
|lists=
* [[List of aircraft of the Canadian Air Force]]
* [[List of fighter aircraft]]
|see also
* [[Avro Canada|Avro Aircraft Ltd. (Canada)]]
* [[Jim Chanmberlin]]
* [[John Diefenbaker]]
* [[James C. Floyd]]
* [[Crawford Gordon|Crawford Gordon Jr.]]
* [[Hawker Siddeley Group]]
* [[C.D. Howe]]
* [[Orenda Aerospace]]
* [[George Pearkes]]
* [[Janusz Żurakowski]]
[[Category:Engineering companies of the United States]]
}}
[[Category:Nuclear technology]]
[[Category:Nuclear power companies]]
[[sv:Westinghouse Electric Company]]
[[Category:Canadian fighter aircraft 1950-1959]]
[[Category:Delta-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Military history of Canada]]
[[Category:Goods manufactured in Canada]]
[[Category:Multiple engine aircraft]]
[[Category:Jet aircraft]]
[[Category:Canadian inventions]]
[[fr:Avro CF-105 Arrow]]
[[ja:CF-105 (航空機)]]
[[no:Avro CF-105 Arrow]]
[[pt:Avro CF-105 Arrow]]
[[tr:CF-105 Arrow]]
| 