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'''Lack (manque)''' in [[Lacan]] is always related to desire. In his seminar ''Le transfert'' (1960-61) he states that lack is what causes desire to arise.
A number of overlapping '''heavy metal genres''' have developed since the emergence of [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]] in the late [[1960s]]. Even though metal genres at times are difficult to segregate, they usually show different characteristics in overall structures, instrumental and vocal styles, and tempo. Sometimes a trait of a genre is common in several more genres however, and metal genres are normally grouped by their combination of these traits.
However, '''lack''' first designated a lack of [[being]]: what is desired is being itself. "Desire is a relation to being to lack. The lack is the lack of being properly speaking. It is not the lack of this or that, but lack of being whereby the being exists." (Seminar ''The Ego in Freud's Theory'') In "The Direction of the Treatment and the aprinciples of Its Power" (Écrits) Lacan argues that desire is the [[metonymy]] of the lack of being (''manque à être''): the subject's lack of being is at the heart of the analytic experience and the very field in which the neurotic's passion is deployed. In "Guiding Remarks for a Convention on Feminine Sexuality" Lacan contrasts the lack of being, related to desire, with the lack of having (''manque à avoir'') which he relates to demand.
==Heavy metal subgenres==
===Black metal===
{{main|Black metal}}
Evolving from death metal, black metal is characterised by a dark, cold atmosphere replacing the head-on brutality of thrash metal. Though not as atonal as death metal, it is still considered to be on the more extreme subgenres of the metal. The vocals are usually shrieked, screamed, rasped or grunted, with the lyrical themes being often involving satanist, occult, or anti-Christian in nature. The production quality of the music is often very poor, most likely an established tradition of opposing the commercial record and music industry back in the subgenre's hayday, from the late 1980s to the early 1990s.
Starting in his seminar ''La relation d'objet'', Lacan distinguishes between three kinds of lack, according to the nature of the object which is lacking. The first one is Symbolic Castration and its object related is the '''Imaginary Phallus'''; the second one is Imaginary Frustration and its object related is the '''Real Breast'''; the third kind of lack is Real Privation and its object related is the '''Symbolic Phallus'''. The three corresponding agents are the Real Father, the Symbolic Mother, and the Imaginary Father. Of these three forms of lack, castration is the most important from the perspective of the cure.
Black metal's origins have been put to a few bands (the name "black metal" is usually accredited to [[Venom (band)|Venom]], who coined the term with their album entitled ''[[Black Metal (album)|Black Metal]]''), though the style itself is thought to have emerged from Norway and many of the members of the scene were involved in the church burnings that took place in Norway in the 1990s. Black metal is now found throughout the world, with each region seemingly attributing their culture differently to the Black metal sound.
It is in "La relation d'objet" that Lacan introduces the algebraic symbol for the barred Other, and lack comes to designate tha lack of the signifier in the Other. Then the relation of the subject to the lack of the signifier in the Other, designates the signifier of a lack in the Other. No matter how many signifiers one adds to the signifying chain, the chain is always incomplete, it always lack the signifier that could complete it. This missing signifier is then constitutive of the subject.
===Classic metal===
{{main|Classic metal}}
Classic metal is a sub-genre of [[heavy metal music]] characterised by thumping fast bass lines, fast, crisp and somewhat heavy and more melodic [[riff]]s, extended lead guitar solos, high pitched vocals and anthemic choruses, this era of metal bands boomed in the early to mid 1980s. Sometimes, this genre is viewed by some fans as a cross-genre reference especially since many bands of the genre later joined thrash metal and glam metal genres.
===Death metal=Sources==
{{main|Death metal}}
Death metal is a subsidiary of thrash metal pushed to more brutal extremes, with dissonant harmonies, exotic scales, erratic time signature changes and downtuned guitars. Double bass drums are universally implemented, as well as rapid snare drums, 'blast beats', and chaotic cymbal crashes. Vocals are usually growled, but also can be shrieked, yelled, or screamed. Current death metal bands often dabble in neo-classicism, Jazz-fusion, medieval music, or folk and symphonic endeavors. The lyrical content usually deals with the darker, nihilistic side of human imagination, dealing with blood, death, gore, and Satan (like the band Deicide). However, Death Metal is not limited to just blood, death, and gore. It can also range out to philosophy, Mythology (such as the band [[Nile (band)|Nile]]), and politics.
*[http://www.lacan.com/seminars1a.htm The Seminars of Jacques Lacan]
===Doom metal===
*[http://www.amazon.com/Introductory-Dictionary-Lacanian-Psychoanalysis/dp/0415135222/ref=pd_bbs_sr_3/002-0164117-6827215?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1175370123&sr=1-3 An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis - Dylan Evans]
{{main|Doom metal}}
The subgenre of doom metal (who's name is derived from the Candlemass album "Epicus Doomicus Metallicus,") differs from others in many ways. Instead of fast paces, pure doom metal uses only mid or slow tempos; the atmosphere emphasizes meloncholy feelings. Some bands, such as My Dying Bride and Bethlehem, mix death metal or black metal with doom metal using the vocals from death or black and the tempos of doom. Doom also maintains heavy influence from the originators of heavy metal such as Black Sabbath and Deep Purple.
===FolkExternal metal=links==
{{main|Folk metal}}
Folk metal embraces metal bands that are influenced by folklore from varying cultures and origins. Originally started as a mixture of [[folk rock]], [[power metal]] and [[black metal]], the term has progressed to encompass many folk-themed metal bands, that use folk based lyrical themes and composition, including instrumentation. Some prominent bands of this genre are [[Finntroll]] and [[Skyclad (band)|Skyclad]].
*[http://www.lacan.com/rolleyes.htm Chronology of Jacques Lacan]
===Glam metal===
*[http://www.lacan.com/lacan1.htm.htm Lacan Dot Com]
{{main|Glam metal}}
Glam metal was one of the most popular styles of metal during the 1980s, often referred to by detractors as “Hair metal“. The sound; as the name suggests lies somewhere between the Heavy Metal sound of [[Black Sabbath]], [[Deep Purple]] and the [[Glam rock]] sound of [[Sweet (band)|the Sweet]] and the [[New York Dolls]]. The bands were famous for their use of [[guitar solo]]s, energetic frontmen and drummers that did not only have technical ability, but the ability to put on an entertaining show; as per [[Tommy Lee]]. Many of the bands donned make-up to achieve an androgynous look, similar to that of 1970s Glam rock bands such as [[KISS (band)|KISS]] and [[Alice Cooper]].
[[Mötley Crüe]] and [[Poison (band)|Poison]] are good references for this kind of music.
[[Category:Jacques Lacan]]
===Gothic metal===
[[Category:Psychoanalytic theory|Lacan, Jacques]]
{{main|Gothic metal}}
[[Category:Poststructuralism|Lacan, Jacques]]
Gothic Metal is a genre that synthesizes the guitaring styles of [[doom metal]], [[black metal]] and [[death metal]] with its own unique use of heavy keyboard atmospherics, romantic and story like lyrics and dual vocalists. Bands such as [[The Sisters Of Mercy]], [[The Cult (band)|The Cult]] and [[The Mission (band)|The Mission]] were some of the first to add metal to gothic sound.
[[Category:Structuralism|Lacan, Jacques]]
[[Category:Philosophy of sexuality|Lacan, Jacques]]
===Grindcore===
[[Category:Postmodern theory|Lacan, Jacques]]
{{main|Grindcore}}
Grindcore is influenced by [[thrash metal]], and also [[Hardcore punk|hardcore]] and [[punk rock|punk]], taking its name from the "grinding" sound made by the [[atonal]] [[riff]]s 'grinding' into one another. The style is characterised by a vocal style similar to [[death metal]], rapid fire "blast beats" from double-kick drums and short songs. There are grindcore bands that are more hardcore than metal, but most bands today are heavily influenced by death metal.
===Groove metal===
{{main|Groove metal}}
Also known as neo-thrash, post-thrash, and half-thrash, it consists of slow or mid-paced and down tuned thrash riffs, blusey guitar solos, greatly emphasized drum work and harsh vocals.
===Industrial metal===
{{main|Industrial metal}}
Industrial metal (also called noise metal and cyber metal) fuses elements of [[industrial music]] and other [[List of electronic music genres|electronic genres]] such as [[Synthesizers]] and [[drum machine]]s with the guitaring and lyrical styles of [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]].
===Metalcore===
{{main|Metalcore}}
Metalcore is defined usually by bands whose music combines both the raw vocals and beat of American [[hardcore punk|hardcore]] (generally within the Northeast US) with the guitars more often used in European thrash metal and melodic death metal.
===Neo-classical metal===
{{main|Neo-classical metal}}
Neo-classical metal incorporates elements from [[European classical music|classical music]], into the normal heavy metal sound, including tempos, instrument usage, and even melodies. [[Yngwie J. Malmsteen]] is a known proponent of this branch of metal.
===Nu metal===
{{main|Nu metal}}
Nu metal is a style that combines elements of heavy metal, [[hip hop music|hip hop]] and [[alternative rock]] music, with a downtuned guitar technique. There is some contention between metal fans, particularly those of [[extreme metal]] genres, that, given nu metal's alternative rock ties, calling it a metal genre is a [[misnomer]].{{fact}} [[KoЯn]], [[Coal Chamber]] and [[Deftones]] are seen as some of the first bands in the genre.
===Power metal===
{{main|Power metal}}
Power metal is more upbeat than most metal genres, taking heavy influence from thrash metal and heavy metal, with more progression replacing the electro-blues style, more virtuosity in the guitar leads and solos, and stressing, jaunty tempos. Power Metal often emphasizes clean, melodic, high-pitched vocals and fast pacing that is mostly driven by double kick drumming and melodic lead guitar. The rhythm guitar is defined by straight power chord progressions. Power metal leans toward the positive, happy side of life, seeking to empower the listener and inspire joy and courage. Power metal usually carries [[fantasy]] or [[science fiction]] themes. Most power metal bands are continental European, though a small number (e.g., [[Jag Panzer]] , [[Kamelot]] and [[Manowar (band)|Manowar]]) hail from North America.
===Progressive metal===
{{main|Progressive metal}}
Progressive metal is a fusion between [[progressive rock]] and [[Heavy Metal music|heavy metal]]. It's the [[Heavy Metal music|heavy metal's]] most complex genre (along with [[technical metal]]), due to its use of unusual and dynamic [[time signature]]s, long compositions, complex compositional structures, and [[Virtuoso|virtuosic]] instrumental playing, where instrumental solos are detailed and extended. Vocals, if present, are melodic and lyrics are often [[Philosophy|philosophical]], [[spiritual]], and/or [[Politics|political]]. The most notable bands incude [[Dream Theater]], [[Fates Warning]], [[Evergrey]] and [[Queensrÿche]].
===Speed metal===
{{main|Speed metal}}
Speed metal is a sub-genre of heavy metal that uses traditional heavy metal song structures and riffing but with faster tempos and driving rhythms. It is usually just as melodic as traditional heavy metal. Speed metal emerged when traditional heavy metal bands started writing an occasional fast song. It kicked off as an established genre when bands wrote the majority of their songs in this style.
===Symphonic metal===
{{main|Symphonic metal}}
Symphonic metal varies in form. It most commonly refers to bands that use orchestral elements in their music. These elements include full orchestras, opera themes, vocals or keyboarding akin to that of opera or symphony music, and a softer and more upbeat nature than other metal genres. The Band Nightwish falls under this sub-genre.
===Thrash metal===
{{main|Thrash metal}}
Thrash metal originated, and remains, [[NWOBHM]][http://www.allmusicguide.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=77:655][http://heavymetal.about.com/od/heavymetal101/a/101_history_2.htm][http://www.hardradio.com/shockwaves/hirax3.php3] with tempos influenced more predominantly by [[hardcore punk]]. Thrash metal songs are usually fairly complex, and frequently contain constant time and tempo changes. Thrash metal replaces melody with brutality and speed, with the use of ample distortion. Thrash was the first subgenre to widely use double bass drums in metal. Vocals in thrash metal are usually yelled, screamed, or snarled, though, at the same time, melodic.
As is true for many of the terms in this list, the moniker "thrash metal" was not always embraced by its supposed representatives; early on, [[Metallica]] referred to themselves as "power metal" (conflicting with the above definition of this term). Conversely, many bands, like [[Kreator]], came up with equally obscure classifications for themselves, such as hate metal.
==Cross-genre references==
Many terms are used to group bands from across genres that share a common trait. These terms are used loosely when used, and in some places may or not be used at all. They normally group bands of several genres together into a group due to a shared trait that is not normally a feature of any of the genres of metal the individual bands are part of.
===Alternative metal===
[[Alternative metal]] is a cross-genre term used to describe metal bands and metal influenced bands, which some fans consider to be unique or experimental, as well as bands of the nu metal genre that lack hip hop influence.
===Avant garde metal===
[[Avant garde metal]] (sometimes called experimental metal), is a cross-genre grouping which contains bands from multiple genres of metal that exhibit experimentation through non-standard sounds, instruments, and song structures akin to the genre of metal they are rooted in.
===Celtic metal===
[[Celtic metal]] is a cross-genre grouping which contains bands from multiple genres of metal that contain strong connections to Celtic music and imagery.
===Christian metal===
[[Christian metal]] is another cross-genre grouping which contains metal bands that introduce christian themes into their lyrics. Often the Christian themes are melded with the subjects of the genre the band is rooted in, often giving a supposedly Christian take on the subject matter.
===Dark metal===
[[Dark metal]] concerns bands across genres that use what is considered to be a darker atmosphere than is normal for the genre they are in. Bands of this type are normally [[symphonic metal]], [[gothic metal]], [[doom metal]] and [[black metal]] bands.
===Epic metal===
Epic metal is a cross-genre name given to bands with fantasy-inspired lyrics and a symphonic feel. Bands of this grouping often belong to [[gothic metal]], [[power metal]] and [[symphonic metal]] genres.
===Extreme metal===
Extreme metal is a cross-genre reference to some heavier and aggressive styles of metal including [[black metal]], [[death metal]], [[grindcore]] and [[thrash metal]].
===Hardcore===
''Main Article:'' [[Hardcore Punk]]
Is a newer type of metal. It is a mix of punk and metal. It usually played very fast and hard more like punk but it had screaming vocals like the newer metal bands. Probably the most popular form of newer metal. Sometimes it is consider one of the bigger genres of metal that itself includes different subgenres; such as [[metalcore]] and [[post hardcore]], and sometimes [[emo]] and [[screamo]]. But many fans who consider themselves hardcore fans they are usually fans of [[metalcore]] or [[post hardcore]] parts of this genre. A good examples would be [[Avenged Sevenfold]] or [[Atreyu (band)]].
===NWOBHM===
The '[[New Wave of British Heavy Metal]]' (often abbreviated as '''NWOBHM''') is a term used to describe British heavy metal artists that emerged in the late 1970s/early 1980s in the wake of the 'original wave' of British [[traditional metal]] artists, and as a reaction against pop and punk. NWOBHM was hugely popular and has been influential to most metal genres since.
===Post-metal===
{{main|Post-metal}}
This movement is largely American, but also includes some Japanese bands. Instrumental bands like Mono, Pelican, and Explosions In The Sky write lengthy, frequently changing songs (typically five or six per album) that can range from post-emo guitar rock to full-on black metal. Other related bands like Isis, Sunn O))) and Earth are in some ways closer to doom metal but share the same fanbase.
===Rapcore===
[[Rapcore]] (sometimes called '''Rap metal''') is a cross-genre reference to metal bands that institute the vocal and lyrical form of rap. It is normally used in association with the term 'alternative metal' to differentiate between nu metal bands that contain hip-hop influence, and those that do not. It is also used occasionally to refer to bands that have worked alongside hip-hop artists on tracks before.
===Stoner metal===
[[Stoner metal]] refers to bands who use low, bassy riffs and elements of heavy metal, doom metal and psychedelica. The Black Sabbath song "Sweet Leaf" is often regarded as the template for stoner metal. While not all fans are marijuana users, the tag "stoner" has stuck.
===Troll metal===
[[Troll metal]] deals with elements of [[Norse mythology]], particularly trolls, goblins and the like, in a way similar to [[Viking metal]] (but with the focus on the villains, rather than the heroes, of Norse mythology). Some troll metal bands, such as [[Finntroll]], use elements of folk music, which leads some to classify them as [[folk metal]]. Troll metal sometimes contains some anti-Christian themes, similar to Black or Pagan metal, although it is not always as serious- for example, the Finntroll album [[Midnattens_Widunder#Storyline|Midnattens Widunder]].
===Viking metal===
[[Viking metal]] is a cross-genre reference to metal bands with [[Norsemen|Norse]]-themed lyrics, usually about Viking tradition, culture, beliefs and other Viking related topics. As well, many people believe that there must be [[Scandinavian]] influences in the music itself to be classified as Viking metal.
==Related genres==
The genres listed here are sometimes mistaken as metal genres, or have association with metal genres through influencing, or being influenced by them.
===Blues rock===
[[Blues rock]] is a genre which many early heavy metal performers were rooted solidly in.
===Hard rock===
[[Hard rock]] is a progression from [[blues rock]] and early [[psychedelia]], and a precursor to heavy metal. (Heavy metal evolved from the style during the 1970s) It was pioneered in the mid to late 1960s. It is hard to distinguish hard rock from early heavy metal due to some artists such as [[Deep Purple]], [[Thin Lizzy]], and [[AC/DC]] fitting into the description of both genres.
{{Music genres}}
[[Category:Metal subgenres]]
[[Category:Musical movements]]
[[Category:Lists of music genres|Heavy metal]]
[[fr:Liste des genres de metal]]
[[nl:Lijst van metalgenres]]
[[pl:Lista gatunków muzycznych wywodzących się z heavy metalu]]
[[pt:Lista de subgêneros do heavy metal]]
[[sk:Zoznam štýlov heavy metalu]]
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