Anadyrsk: differenze tra le versioni

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Riga 1:

[[imageFile:Anadyrrivermap.png|thumb|Anadyrsk wassi ontrovava theapprossimativamente east-westnel partpunto ofdove theil fiume Anadyr River at the point where itcurva swingsverso northest]]

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'''Anadyrsk''' fu un importante [[Tipi di località abitate della Russia#Denominazioni_storiche|insediamento fortificato]] russo nell'[[Estremo Oriente russo|Estremo Oriente siberiano]], situato sul [[Anadyr' (fiume)|fiume Anadyr']], vicino a dove sorge oggi [[Markovo]].

'''Anadyrsk''' was an important Russian [[Ostrog (fortress)|ostrog]] (fortified settlement) in far northeastern Siberia from 1649 to 1764. It was on the [[Anadyr River]], near the head of small-boat navigation, about 300 miles upstream, near the present [[Markovo, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug|Markovo]]. In 1649 [[Semyon Dezhnyov]] built a zimov'ye (winter quarters) here after being wrecked on the Pacific coast the previous year. In 1650 [[Mikhail Stadukhin]] and Semyon Motora arrived overland from the [[Kolyma River]]. For the next 100 years Stadukhin's route was the main Russian route from the Arctic to the Pacific. In 1659 Kurbat Ivanov took over, build a proper stockade and made major improvements in administration. About 1697, Anadyrsk was the launching place for [[Vladimir Atlasov]]'s conquest of [[Kamchatka]]. The local [[Chukchi people|Chukchis]] and [[Koryaks]] were warlike and the post was attacked a number of times. Kennan reports its garrison through much of its service was 600 men and a battery of artillery. Its importance declined with the opening of the sea route through [[Okhotsk]] to Kamchatka in 1718. Subsequently, its importance was limited to interactions with the Chukchis. Concluding that attempts to collect tribute from the Chukchis were not a paying proposition, the Russian government of Catherine II ordered Anadyrsk abandoned in 1764.

== Storia ==

In 1866, when it was visited by [[George Kennan (explorer)]] (at that time only the second non-Russian or non-native in living memory to do so) Anadyrsk consisted of four villages: [[Markovo, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug|Markovo]] (the central one), Pokorukov, Psolkin and Krepost. There were about 200 inhabitants and a priest. Krepost was the site of the Anadyrsk fort (Krepost means fort), on a bank about 30 feet above the level of the river, and at that time consisted of a dozen log cabins with no trace of the old fortifications visible. Markovo was about 15 versts upriver (a verst of this period is roughly 1.06 km) and Pokorukov a further 20 versts. Kennan described it as the Ultima Thule of Russian civilization.

La data di fondazione di Anadyrsk risale al [[1649]], quando [[Semën Dežnëv]] costruì un ''zimov'ye'' (quartieri invernali) dopo aver fatto naufragio sulla costa pacifica l'anno precedente<ref>Lincoln, W. Bruce (2008) [http://books.google.com/books?id=a7JrTvgU4yMC&dq=W.+Bruce+Lincoln,+The+Conquest+of+a+Continent&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_navlinks_s ''The Conquest of a Continent: Siberia and the Russians''] Cornell University Press., p. 79</ref>. Un anno dopo [[Michail Staduchin]] e Semën Motora stabilirono il principale tracciato russo dall'[[Mar Glaciale Artico|Artico]] al [[Oceano Pacifico|Pacifico]] per i successivi anni. <br/>Nel [[1659]] [[Kurbat Ivanov]] prese il posto dei precedenti occupanti e costruì una [[palizzata]] difensiva, oltre ad introdurre considerevoli miglioramenti nell'amministrazione. Nel [[1697]], circa, Anadyrsk fu il punto di partenza della conquista del [[Kamčatka]] per mano di [[Vladimir Atlasov]]<ref name="Forsyth">Forsyth, James (1994) [http://books.google.com/books?id=nzhq85nPrdsC&dq=Forsyth+siberia&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_navlinks_s ''A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990'']. Cambridge University Press, p. 80</ref> ma con l'apertura della via marittima tramite [[Ochotsk (città)|Ochotsk]] (avvenuta nel [[1718]]) l'importanza dell'insediamento diminuì considerevolmente; questo, unito all'impossibilità di sottomettere definitivamente i [[čukči]] ed ai costi di gestione (data la bellicosità degli indigeni, Anadyrsk arrivò ad avere una guarnigione di 600 uomini ed una batteria di artiglieria<ref name="Kennan">Kennan, George (1870) {{gutenberg|no=12328|name=Tent Life in Siberia: Adventures Among the Koryaks and Other Tribes in Kamchatka and Northern Asia}}</ref>), portò il governo di [[Caterina II]] a decretarne l'abbandono nel [[1764]]<ref name="Forsyth" />. Quando nel [[1866]] venne visitato da [[George Kennan (esploratore)|George Kennan]] (in quel momento il secondo straniero a memoria d'uomo a farlo) il sito consisteva di quattro villaggi distanti tra loro anche diversi chilometri e con una popolazione totale di circa 200 abitanti<ref name="Kennan" />: ''Markovo'', ''Pokorukov'', ''Psolkin'' e ''Krepost''. Il centro di Anadyrsk, ''Krepost'' (che, come suggerisce il [[Tipi di località abitate della Russia#Denominazioni_storiche|nome stesso]], era il [[fortezza|forte]]) si trovava sulla riva a circa 9 metri sul livello del fiume, e consisteva di una dozzina di capanne di tronchi, senza nessuna traccia visibile delle vecchie [[Fortificazione|fortificazioni]].

== Note ==

<references/>

==See alsoAltri progetti ==

{{interprogetto}}

{{Portale|Russia}}

*[[Chukchi people]]

[[Categoria:Storia della Siberia]]

==References==

[[Categoria:Città della Russia scomparse]]

{{reflist}}

* Bush, Richard J. (1871) [http://books.google.com/books?id=4BC91uxaFIkC&vq=artillery&dq=Crepast&source=gbs_navlinks_s ''Reindeer, Dogs and Snowshoes: A Journal of Siberian Travel and Explorations''] Republished Kessinger Publishing, 2005 ISBN 0766193616, 9780766193611.

* Fisher, Raymond H. (ed) (1981) The Voyage of Semen Dezhnev in 1648: Bering's precursor, with selected documents. [[Hakluyt Society]], London.

* Forsyth, James (1994) [http://books.google.com/books?id=nzhq85nPrdsC&dq=Forsyth+siberia&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_navlinks_s ''A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990'']. Cambridge University Press, 1994 ISBN 0521477719.

* Kennan, George (1870) {{gutenberg|no=12328|name=Tent Life in Siberia: Adventures Among the Koryaks and Other Tribes in Kamchatka and Northern Asia}} reprint 1986 ISBN 0-87905-254-6 ; reprint 2007 ISBN 1602390452.

* Lincoln, W. Bruce (2008) [http://books.google.com/books?id=a7JrTvgU4yMC&dq=W.+Bruce+Lincoln,+The+Conquest+of+a+Continent&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_navlinks_s ''The Conquest of a Continent: Siberia and the Russians''] Cornell University Press. ISBN 0801489229, 9780801489228.

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