Scienza dei sistemi: differenze tra le versioni

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{{T|lingua=inglese|scienza|agosto 2016}}

[[File:Systems_thinking_about_the_society.svg|destra|miniatura|240x240px|Rappresentazione della società umana usando il pensiero sistemico. ]]

'''Scienza dei Sistemisistemi''' - sistemologia (greco. σύστημα - systema, λόγος - logoslògos) o [[teoria dei sistemi]] éè un campo di ricerca [[Interdisciplinarità|interdisciplinare]] che studia la natura dei [[sistemi]] (dal semplice al complesso) in [[natura]], negli ambiti sociali a nella scienza stessa. Questo campo di ricerca tende a sviluppare le fondazioni interdisciplinari che siano applicabili in varie aree, come l'ingegneria, la biologia, la medicina e le scienze sociali.<ref>Philip M'Pherson (1974, p. 229); as cited by: Hieronymi, A. (2013), Understanding Systems Science: A Visual and Integrative Approach. ''Syst. Res.''. {{doi|10.1002/sres.2215}}.</ref>

La Scienzascienza dei sistemi comprende [[scienzediscipline formali]] quali: [[scienza dei sistemi complessi]], [[cibernetica]], [[teoria della dinamica dei sistemi]], [[teoria dei sistemi]] e applicazioni nel campo delle scienze naturali e sociali ed nell'ingegneria, come: [[teoria del controllo]], [[ricerca operazionale]], [[teoria dei sistemi sociali]], [[biologia sistemica]], [[dinamica dei sistemi]], [[fattori umani]], [[ecologia sistemica]], [[ingegneria sistemica]] e [[psicologia sistemica]].<ref>According to Francis Heylighen in "What are Cybernetics and Systems Science?" on ''Principia Cybernetica Web'' (1999) systems science is an "academic ___domain, that touches virtually all traditional disciplines, from [[Matematica|mathematics]], [[Tecnologia|technology]] and [[Biologia|biology]] to [[Filosofia|philosophy]] and the [[Scienze sociali|social sciences]]."</ref> I temi normalmente evidenziati nella scienza sistemica sono (a) il punto di vista olistico, (b) l'interazione tra il sistema e l'ambiente in cui è inserito, e (c) i percorsi complessi (o indiretti) della dinamica del sistema che alcune volte sono stabili (e quindi che si rinforzano), mentre in diverse 'condizioni limite' possono diventare molto instabili (e quindi distruttivi). Interrogativi sulle dinamiche a livello planetario (Terrestre) della biosfera/geosfera sono un esempio dei tipi di problemi a cui la scienza dei sistemi cerca di dare significativi contributi.

== Teorie ==

Fin dalla nascita della [[Teoria dei sistemi|ricerca sui sistemi generici]] (general systems research) negli anni 50 del XX secolo,<ref>Robert L. Flood (1993) ''Dealing with Complexity: : An Introduction to the Theory and Application of Systems Science.'' p. 3</ref> il [[pensiero sistemico]] e la scienza dei sistemi si sono sviluppate in molti quadri [[Teoria|teorici]].

[[File:Henk_Bikker_1991.jpg|miniatura|240x240px|Note sui Sistemi di Henk Bikker, [[Università tecnica di Delft|TU Delft]], 1991]]

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; Analisi dei sistemi

;== Analisi dei sistemi ==

: Systems analysis is the branch of systems science that analyzes systems, the interactions within those systems, and/or interaction with its environment,<ref name="AD 1971">Anthony Debons. </ref> often prior to their automation as computer models. This field is closely related to [[Ricerca operativa|operations research]].

;== Design (Ideazione) dei sistemi

: Systems design is the process of "establishing and specifying the optimum system component configuration for achieving specific goal or objective."<ref name="AD 1971">Anthony Debons. </ref> For example in computing, systems design can define the [[hardware]] and systems architecture which includes many sub-architectures including [[software]] architecture, components, modules, interfaces, and [[Dato|data]], as well as security, information, and others, for a [[Computer|computer system]] to satisfy specified requirements.

;=== Dinamica dei sistemi ===

: [[Dinamica dei sistemi|System dynamics]] is an approach to understanding the behavior of [[Sistema complesso|complex systems]] over time. It offers "simulation technique for modeling business and social systems,"<ref>Center for Complex Adaptive Agent Systems Simulation Argonne National Laboratory (2007) ''Managing Business Complexity : Discovering Strategic Solutions with Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation: Discovering Strategic Solutions with Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation.'' </ref> which deals with internal feedback loops and time delays that affect the behavior of the entire system. What makes using system dynamics different from other approaches to studying complex systems is the use of [[Retroazione|feedback]] loops and [[Stock e flussi|stocks and flows]].

;=== Ingegneria dei sistemi ===

: [[Ingegneria dei sistemi|Systems engineering]] (SE) is an interdisciplinary field of [[Ingegneria|engineering]], that focuses on the development and organization of complex [[Sistema|systems]]. It is the "art and science of creating whole solutions to complex problems,"<ref>Derek K. Hitchins (2008) ''Systems Engineering: A 21st Century Systems Methodology.'' p. 100</ref> for example: [[Teoria dei segnali|signal processing]] systems, control systems and communication system, or other forms of high-level modelling and design in specific fields of engineering.

;=== Metodologie sistemiche ===

: There are several types of Systems Methodologies, that is, disciplines for analysis of systems. For example:

:* Soft systems methodology (SSM) : in the field of organizational studies is an approach to organisational process modelling, and it can be used both for general [[Problem solving|problem]] solving and in the management of change. It was developed in [[Inghilterra|England]] by academics at the [[Università di Lancaster|University of Lancaster]] Systems Department through a ten-year Action Research programme.

:* [[Ciclo di vita del software|System development methodology]] (SDM) in the field of IT development is a general term applied to a variety of structured, organized processes for developing information technology and embedded software systems.

:* Viable systems approach (vSa) is a methodology useful for the understanding and governance of complex phenomena; it has been successfully proposed in the field of management, decision making, marketing and service.

;=== Teoria dei sistemi ===

: [[Teoria dei sistemi|Systems theory]] is an interdisciplinary field that studies [[Sistema complesso|complex systems]] in [[Natura|nature]], [[Società (sociologia)|society]], and [[Scienza|science]]. More specifically, it is a conceptual framework by which one can analyze and/or describe any group of objects that work in concert to produce some result.

;=== Scienze sistemiche ===

: Systems sciences are scientific disciplines partly based on systems thinking such as [[Teoria del caos|chaos theory]], [[Sistema complesso|complex systems]], [[Controllo automatico|control theory]], [[Cibernetica|cybernetics]], sociotechnical systems theory, [[Biologia dei sistemi|systems biology]], systems ecology, [[Psicologia sistemica|systems psychology]] and the already mentioned systems dynamics, systems engineering, and systems theory.

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The best known research institute in the field is the Santa Fe Institute (SFI) located in Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States, dedicated to the study of [[Sistema complesso|complex systems]]. This institute was founded in 1984 by George Cowan, David Pines, Stirling Colgate, [[Murray Gell-Mann]], [[Nicholas Constantine Metropolis|Nick Metropolis]], Herb Anderson, Peter A. Carruthers, and Richard Slansky. All but Pines and Gell-Mann were scientists with [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]]. SFI's original mission was to disseminate the notion of a separate [[Interdisciplinarità|interdisciplinary]] research area, complexity theory referred to at SFI as [[Sistema complesso|complexity science]].

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== Temi correlati ==

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== RiferimentiNote ==

<references />

{{Reflist|2}}

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== Testi specificiBibliografia ==

* B. A. Bayraktar, ''Education in Systems Science'', 1979, 369 pp.

* Kenneth D. Bailey, "Fifty Years of Systems Science:Further Reflections", ''Systems Research and Behavioral Science'', 22, 2005, pp.&nbsp;355–361. {{Doi|10.1002/sres.711}}

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* John N. Warfield, "A proposal for Systems Science", ''Systems Research and Behavioral Science'', 20, 2003, pp.&nbsp;507–520. {{Doi|10.1002/sres.528}}

== SitiAltri esterniprogetti ==

{{interprogetto}}

== Collegamenti esterni ==

* [http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ Principia Cybernetica Web]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120302074858/http://isss.org/world/ International Society for the System Sciences]

* [http://www.ukss.org.uk UK Systems Society]

[[Categoria:Scienze formali]]

[[Categoria:Teoria dei sistemi]]

[[Categoria:Scienze formali]]