|
* Add citations to applicable (or all) sentences.
{{Indo-European}}
* Move content from "Classification schemes" section to "[[Classification of mental illness]]" article and replace section with a summary of the [[Classification of mental illness]] article.
'''Celtic languages''' are the languages spoken by the ancient [[Celts]] and their modern descendants, the [[Gaels]], [[Welsh people|Welsh]], [[Cornish_people|Cornish]] and [[Bretons]]. They are a branch of the [[Indo-European]] language family. They were spoken across western [[Europe]] during the [[1st millennium BC]], but are now limited to a few enclaves in the [[British Isles]] and on the peninsula of [[Brittany]] in [[France]].
* Rewrite/reformat "Categories/dimensions of disorder" for better flow.
* Move content from "Causes and Links" section to "[[Causes of mental illness]]" article and replace section with a summary of the [[Causes of mental illness]] article.
There are four main groups of Celtic languages, of which the first two are now long extinct:
* Expand "Diagnosis" section.
*[[Gaulish language|Gaulish]] and its close relatives, [[Lepontic]], [[Noric language|Noric]], and [[Galatian language|Galatian]]. These languages were once spoken in a wide arc from France to Turkey and from the Netherlands to northern Italy.
* <s>Wikify and </s>expand the [[Treatment of mental illness]] article.
*[[Celtiberian Language|Celtiberian]], anciently spoken in [[Aragon]] and elsewhere in [[Spain]].
* Expand, add sources to, and help the "Prognosis" section to represent a worldwide view.
*[[Goidelic]], including [[Irish language|Irish]], [[Scottish Gaelic language|Scottish Gaelic]], and [[Manx language|Manx]].
* Expand, add sources to, and help the "Mental illness and society" section to represent a worldwide view.
*[[Brythonic]], including [[Welsh language|Welsh]], [[Breton language|Breton]], [[Cornish language|Cornish]], [[Cumbric language|Cumbric]], the hypothetical [[Ivernic]], and possibly [[Pictish language|Pictish]]
* Cleanup external links in "External links" section.
* <s>Organize and reduce articles in "See also" section.</s>
Note that the [[Breton language|Breton]] is not Gaulish, but closely related to [[Cornish language|Cornish]] and is thus a member of Insular Celtic. Brittany is known to have been settled from [[Britain]] in historical times.
The separation of these groups probably occurred around [[1000 BC]]. The early Celts are commonly associated with the archaeological [[Urnfield culture]].
==Classification==
There are two competing schemata of categorization. The traditional scheme
links Gaulish with Brythonic in a '''P-Celtic''' node, leaving Goidelic as '''Q-Celtic'''. The differences between P and Q languages are most easily seen in the word for son, ''mac'' in Q (hard K sound) and ''map'' in P languages.
With the discovery of the [[Botorrita tablet]]s in the [[1970s]], it became clear that the Celtiberian language, about which virtually nothing was known previously, is also Q-Celtic. This gave rise to the alternative schema linking Goidelic and Brythonic together as an '''Insular''' Celtic branch, and Gaulish and Celtiberian as '''Continental''' Celtic. According to this system, the development from Q to P might have occurred independently or areally. The proponents of the Insular Celtic hypothesis point to other shared innovations among Insular Celtic languages, including inflected prepositions, VSO word order, and the lenition of intervocalic {{IPA|[m]}} to {{IPA|[β̃]}}, a [[nasalization|nasalized]] [[voiced bilabial fricative]] (an extremely rare sound). There is, however, no assumption that the Continental Celtic languages descend from a common "Proto-Continental Celtic" ancestor. Rather, Celtiberian is usually considered the first branch to split from Proto-Celtic, and the remaining group would later have split into Gaulish and Insular Celtic.
There are legitimate scholarly arguments in favour of both the Insular Celtic hypothesis and the P-Celtic hypothesis. Proponents of each schema dispute the accuracy and usefulness of the other's categories. Since the realization that [[Celtiberian]] is Q-Celtic in the [[1970s]], the division into Insular and Continental Celtic is the more widespread opinion.
It should, however, be remembered that this dispute is purely academic in that they concern the relationship between modern-day groups of languages and groups that are now extinct. No serious authority disputes that the Celtic languages spoken at present divide into Goidelic and Brythonic clusters. When referring only to the modern Celtic languages, 'Q-Celtic' and 'P-Celtic' may be taken as synonymous with Goidelic and Brythonic, respectively (although this terminology usually implies acceptance of the overall P-Celtic hypothesis).
Within the [[Indo-European]] family, the Celtic languages have sometimes been placed with the [[Italic languages]] in a common "Italo-Celtic" subfamily, a hypothesis that is now largely obsolete.
==Characteristics of Celtic Languages==
Although there are many differences between the individual Celtic languages, they do show many family resemblances. While none of these characteristics is necessarily unique to the Celtic languages, there are few if any other languages which possess them all. They include:
<ul>
<li>[[Consonant_mutation|Initial consonant mutation]].</li>
<li>Inflected [[preposition]]s.</li>
<li>[[Verb_Subject_Object|VSO]] word order as standard.</li>
<li>Two [[grammatical gender]]s.</li>
<li>Definite but no indefinite article.</li>
<li>[[Genitive]] construction by [[apposition]].</li>
<li>Counting by twenties.</li>
</ul>
Examples:<br>
''Ná bac le mac an bhacaigh is ní bhacfaidh mac an bhacaigh leat.'' (Irish example)<br>
(Literal translation) Don't bother with son the beggar's and not will-bother son the beggar's with-you.<br>
*''bhacaigh'' is the genitive of ''bacach''. The ''i'' is the genitive inflection; the ''bh'' is a mutation.
*''leat'' is the second person form of the preposition ''le''.
*The order is VSO in the second half.
''pedwar ar bymtheg a phedwar ugain'' (Welsh example)<br>
four on fifteen and four twenties
*''bymtheg'' is a mutated form of ''pymtheg'', which is ''pump'' five plus ''deg'' ten. Likewise, ''phedwar'' is mutated from ''pedwar''.
*The multiples of ten are ''deg, ugain, deg ar hugain, deugain, hanner cant, trigain, deg a thrigain, pedwar ugain, deg a phedwar ugain, cant''.
==See also==
* [[Language families and languages]]
* [[Celt]] (for the ancient Celts)
* [[Modern Celts]]
==External links==
*[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90047 Ethnologue report for Celtic languages]
*[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90017 Ethnologue report for Indo-European languages]
==References==
Gray, R. and Atkinson, Q.D. 2003. Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin. ''Nature''. 426:435-439.
[[Category:Celtic languages| ]]
[[az:Kelt qrupu]]
[[ca:Llengua celta]]
[[cs:Keltské jazyky]]
[[cy:Y Celtiaid]]
[[da:Keltiske sprog]]
[[de:Keltische Sprachen]]
[[eo:Kelta lingvaro]]
[[es:Idioma celta]]
[[fr:Langues celtiques]]
[[he:שפות קלטיות]]
[[no:Keltiske språk]]
[[ja:ケルト語派]]
[[kw:Keltek]]
[[nl:Keltische talen]]
[[pl:Języki celtyckie]]
[[ro:Limbile celtice]]
[[fi:Kelttiläiset kielet]]
[[sv:Keltiska språk]]
[[vi:Nhóm ngôn ngữ gốc Celt]]
[[wa:Gayel]]
[[zh:凯尔特语族]]
| 