|
[[Image:Ota Benga 1904.jpg|thumb|230px|right|Ota Benga in 1904.]]
{{otherpeople|John Kennedy}}
{{Infobox_President | name= John Fitzgerald Kennedy
| nationality=american
| image=JFKofficial.jpg
| order='''35th President'''
| term_start=[[January 20]], [[1961]]
| term_end=[[November 22]], [[1963]]
| predecessor=[[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]
| successor=[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]
| birth_date=[[May 29]], [[1917]]
| birth_place=[[Brookline, Massachusetts]]
| death_date=[[November 22]], [[1963]]
| death_place=[[Dallas, Texas|Dallas]], [[Texas]]
| spouse=[[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy Onassis]]
| party=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| vicepresident=[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]
| buried=[[Arlington National Cemetery]]
}}
'''Ota Benga''' (c. [[1884]] – [[March 20]], [[1916]]) was a [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congolese]] [[pygmy]] who was featured in a 1906 [[Racism#Scientific racism|human zoo]] exhibit at the [[Bronx Zoo]] alongside an [[orangutan]].
'''John Fitzgerald Kennedy ''' ([[May 29]], [[1917]] – [[November 22]], [[1963]]), often referred to as '''John F. Kennedy''', '''JFK''' or '''Jack Kennedy''', was the 35th [[President of the United States]]. He served from 1961 until [[John F. Kennedy assassination|his assassination]] in 1963. A member of the politically prominent [[Irish-American]] [[Kennedy family]], he is considered an icon of [[American liberalism]]. During [[World War II]], he was cited for exceptional bravery while rescuing fellow sailors in the South Pacific. Kennedy served his home state of [[Massachusetts]] in Congress during 1947-60, as both a member of the House of Representatives and as U.S. Senator. He was elected President in 1960, in one of the closest elections in history.
==Biography==
Major events during his presidency included the [[Bay of Pigs Invasion|Bay of Pigs invasion]], the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]], the building of the [[Berlin Wall]], the [[Space Race]], early events of the [[Vietnam War]], and the [[American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968)|American Civil Rights Movement]]. In [[Historical rankings of United States Presidents|rankings of U.S. presidents]], historians usually grade Kennedy above average, but among the general public he is often regarded as among the greatest presidents. Kennedy was assassinated on [[November 22]], [[1963]]. Official investigations later determined [[Lee Harvey Oswald]] to be the culprit. His assassination is considered to be a defining moment in U.S. history because of its traumatic impact on the nation, its impact on the political history of the ensuing decades, Kennedy's status as an icon for a new generation of Americans and American aspirations, and for the mystery and allegations of conspiracy that surround it.
Ota Benga
==Early life and education==
a member of the [[Batwa]] people,<ref>
Kennedy was born in [[Brookline, Massachusetts|Brookline]], [[Massachusetts]], the son of [[Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr.]] and [[Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy|Rose Fitzgerald]]. Their father´s motto was, "A Kennedy never comes in second place".
[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5787947 "From the Belgian Congo to the Bronx Zoo"], ''[[All Things Considered]]'', [[National Public Radio]]. [[September 8]], [[2006]].</ref>
Years later, it would be revealed that Kennedy had been diagnosed as a young man with [[Addison's disease|Addison's Disease]], a rare endocrine disorder. This and other medical disorders were kept from the press, and the public, throughout Kennedy's life.
and lived in equatorial forests near the [[Kasai River]] in what was then the [[Belgian Congo]]. Benga had survived the slaughter of much of his village by the [[Force Publique]],<ref name="nyt2006">
{{cite news
|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/06/nyregion/thecity/06zoo.html
|title=The Scandal at the Zoo
|date=August 6, 2006
|publisher=[[New York Times]]
|last = Keller | first=Mitch
}}
</ref> an army of King [[Leopold II of Belgium]].
American missionary Samuel Phillips Verner was sent to [[Africa]] in 1904 under contract from the [[St. Louis World's Fair]] to bring back pygmies for exhibition. Verner met Ota Benga in the Belgian Congo that year and negotiated with a tribal slave trader for the pygmies, returning to the United States with Ota Benga and eight others.
Kennedy attended [[Edward Devotion School]] for four years ([[Kindergarten]] in [[1922]] to Third Grade [http://www.jfklibrary.org/fa_edward_devotion_school.html]) and then [[Choate Rosemary Hall]] in [[Connecticut]], one of the country's most elite private boarding schools, from which he graduated in 1935. That fall, on September 25, 1935, he sailed from New York to London with his parents and his sister [[Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington|Kathleen]]. There he enrolled at the [[London School of Economics]] with the intention of studying for a year ([[political economy]] under the tutelage of Professor [[Harold Laski]]) but an illness hospitalized him shortly after his enrollment. His father insisted he return to the US. Jack sailed from London for New York on October 26, 1935. Later that fall of 1935, he enrolled in [[Princeton University]], but was forced to leave after contracting [[jaundice]]. The next fall, he began attending [[Harvard College]]. Kennedy traveled to [[Europe]] twice during his years at Harvard, visiting the [[United Kingdom]], while his father was serving as [[ambassador]] to the [[Court of St. James's]]. In 1937, Kennedy was prescribed [[steroid]]s to control his [[colitis]], which only increased his medical problems causing him to develop [[osteoporosis]] of the lower [[Lumbar vertebrae|lumbar spine]] [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1276266]. After graduating Harvard, he attended [[Stanford University]]’s business school for a few months and then traveled to South America.
In 1940, Kennedy wrote his honors thesis, entitled "[[Why England Slept]]" about the British dealings concerning the [[Munich Agreement]]. He initially intended for his thesis to be for college-use only, but his father encouraged him to publish it in a book. He graduated ''[[Latin honors|cum laude]]'' from Harvard with a degree in [[international affairs]] in June 1940. His thesis was published in 1940, [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=24144268] and became a [[bestseller]].
After several months of travel in the U.S., Verner took Ota Benga to the [[Bronx Zoo]] in [[New York City]] in 1906 to find him a place to live, at the suggestion of Hermon Bumpus. Bumpus was the director of the [[American Museum of Natural History]], and had provided a home for Verner's cargo including, briefly, Benga himself. At the zoo, Benga was allowed to roam the zoo grounds and help feed the animals. The events leading to his "exhibition" were gradual:<ref name="nyt2006"/> Benga spent some of his time in the "Monkey House" exhibit, and the zoo encouraged him to hang his [[hammock]] there, and to shoot his bow and arrow at a target. The first day of the "exhibit", [[September 8]], [[1906]], visitors found Benga in the Monkey House.<ref name="nyt2006"/> A sign on the exhibit soon read:
==Military service==
In the spring of 1941, Kennedy volunteered for the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]], but was rejected, mainly because of his troublesome back. However, the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] accepted him in September of that year with the influence of the director of the [[Office of Naval Intelligence]] (ONI), a former naval [[attaché]] to Ambassador Joseph Kennedy. As an [[Ensign (rank)|ensign]], he served in the office that supplied bulletins and briefing information for the [[United States Secretary of the Navy|Secretary of the Navy]]. It was during this assignment that the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] occurred. It was also during this time that he began a romantic relationship with [[Inga Arvad]], a suspected [[Nazi]] spy. The relationship ended, however, when Kennedy was transferred to the ONI field office in [[South Carolina]]. He attended the Naval Reserve Officers Training School and Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Training Center before being assigned for duty in [[Panama]] and eventually the [[Pacific theater]]. He participated in various commands in the Pacific theater and earned the rank of [[lieutenant]], commanding a [[patrol torpedo boat]] (''PT boat'').[http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq60-2.htm]
<blockquote><tt>
[[Image:JFKPT109.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Jack on his navy patrol boat, [[PT 109]].]]
The African Pigmy, "Ota Benga."<br/>
On [[August 2]], [[1943]], Kennedy's boat, the ''[[PT-109]]'', was taking part in a night-time military raid near [[New Georgia]] (near the [[Solomon Islands]]) when it was rammed by a [[Japan]]ese [[destroyer]]. Kennedy was thrown across the deck, injuring his already-troubled back. Still, Kennedy somehow towed a wounded man three miles in the ocean, arriving at an island where his crew was subsequently rescued. Kennedy said that he blacked-out for periods of time during the ordeal. For these actions, Kennedy received the [[Navy and Marine Corps Medal]] under the following citation:
Age, 23 years. Height, 4 feet 11 inches.<br/>
Weight, 103 pounds. Brought from the<br/>
Kasai River, Congo Free State, South Cen-<br/>
tral Africa, by Dr. Samuel P. Verner. Ex-<br/>
hibited each afternoon during September.
</tt><ref name="nyt1906">"Man and Monkey Show Disapproved by Clergy." ''[[New York Times]]'', [[September 10]], [[1906]], pg. 1.</ref>
</blockquote>
[[Image:Ota Benga at Bronx Zoo.jpg|thumb|230px|Ota Benga in 1906, purportedly at the Bronx Zoo.]]
:For heroism; the rescue of 3 men following the ramming and sinking of his motor torpedo boat while attempting a torpedo attack on a Japanese destroyer in the Solomon Islands area on the night of Aug 1-2, 1943. Lt. KENNEDY, Capt. of the boat, directed the rescue of the crew and personally rescued 3 men, one of whom was seriously injured. During the following 6 days, he succeeded in getting his crew ashore, and after swimming many hours attempting to secure aid and food, finally effected the rescue of the men. His courage, endurance and excellent leadership contributed to the saving of several lives and was in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.
Bronx Zoo director William Hornaday saw the exhibit as a valuable spectacle for his visitors, and was encouraged by [[Madison Grant]], a prominent [[scientific racism|scientific racist]] and [[eugenics|eugenicist]].
In response to immediate protests from [[African-American]] [[Baptist]] clergymen, Hornaday had Ota Benga removed from the exhibit. Public arguments were that the exhibit was [[racism|racist]]—"Our race, we think, is depressed enough, without exhibiting one of us with the apes," said clergyman James H. Gordon. Its apparent promotion of evolution was also a concern; Gordon stated, "The Darwinian theory is absolutely opposed to Christianity, and a public demonstration in its favor should not be permitted."<ref name="nyt2006"/> Benga was then allowed to roam the grounds of the zoo as a sort of interactive exhibit. In response to his general situation and to verbal and physical prods from the crowds, his behavior became at first mischievous and then somewhat violent.
Kennedy´s older brother - [[Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr.]] - was seriously affected by this. The Kennedys were a seriously competitive family - which was fuelled by Joe Sr. - and the idea that John was being hailed as a hero seriously rankled Joe Jr.
Toward the end of September 1906, Ota Benga again came under the guardianship of Gordon, who placed him in the Howard Colored Orphan Asylum (of which Gordon was the superintendent), a church-sponsored [[orphanage]]. In January 1910, Gordon arranged for Benga's relocation to [[Lynchburg, Virginia|Lynchburg]], [[Virginia]].
Kennedy's other decorations in the Second World War included the [[Purple Heart]], [[Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal]], and the [[World War II Victory Medal]]. He was honorably discharged in early 1945, just a few months before Japan surrendered.
While in Virginia, Ota Benga's teeth, which he had filed to points in the Congo,<ref name="nyt2006"/> were capped, and he was dressed in American-style clothes. He was tutored by Lynchburg poet [[Anne Spencer]] and briefly attended classes at the Virginia Theological Seminary and College. He was much more at home discarding his clothes and roaming the nearby woods with his bow and arrow.
In May of 2002, a [[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]] expedition found what is believed to be the wreckage of the ''[[PT-109]]'' in the Solomon Islands [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/07/0709_020710_kennedyPT109.html].
He discontinued his formal education and began working at a Lynchburg [[tobacco]] factory. Despite his small size, he proved a valuable employee because he could climb up the poles to get the [[tobacco]] leaves without having to use a ladder. His fellow workers called him "Bingo" and he would tell his life story in exchange for sandwiches and root beer.
==Early political career==
[[Image:JFKSENATE.jpg|thumb|left|200px|A young Senator Kennedy in 1953.]]
After World War II, Kennedy entered politics (partly to fill the void of his popular brother, [[Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr.]], on whom his family had pinned many of their hopes but who was killed in the war). In 1946, [[United States House of Representatives|Representative]] [[James Michael Curley]] vacated his seat in an overwhelmingly Democratic district to become mayor of [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] and Kennedy ran for that seat, beating his Republican opponent by a large margin. He was a congressman for 6 years, but had a mixed voting record, often diverging from President [[Harry S. Truman]] and the rest of the Democratic Party. In 1952, he ran for, and won, a senate seat for the state of Massachusetts.
Ota Benga was caught between two worlds, unable to return to Africa, and viewed mainly as a curiosity in the U.S. On [[March 20]], [[1916]], at the age of 32, he built a ceremonial fire, chipped off the caps on his teeth, performed a final tribal dance, and shot himself in the heart with a stolen pistol. The death certificate listed his name as "Otto Bingo."
<!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:jfkatbcin56.jpg|right|thumb|Kennedy gives his [[Jesuit Ivy]] address at the 1956 [[Boston College]] commencement.]] -->
He was buried in an unmarked grave, records show, in the black section of the Old City Cemetery, near his benefactor, Gregory Hayes. At some point, however, both went missing. Local oral history indicates that Hayes and Ota Benga were eventually moved from the Old Cemetery to White Rock Cemetery, a burial ground that fell into disrepair.
Kennedy married [[Jacqueline Lee Bouvier]] on [[September 12]], [[1953]]. He underwent several spinal operations in the two following years, nearly dying (receiving the Catholic faith's [[Anointing of the Sick|"last rites"]] four times during his life), and was often absent from the Senate. During this period, he published ''[[Profiles in Courage]]'', highlighting eight instances in which U.S. Senators risked their careers by standing by their personal beliefs. The book was awarded the 1957 [[Pulitzer Prize]] for Biography.
==McCarthy and the Kennedy family==
After 1950, Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]] was the nation's most prominent [[Irish-American]] along with the [[Kennedy family]]. Even before becoming famous, McCarthy forged a close friendship with [[Joseph P. Kennedy]], who contributed thousands of dollars to McCarthy, and became one of his major supporters. Joseph Kennedy often invited him to Hyannis Port as a weekend house-guest in the late 1940s. McCarthy at one point dated Patricia Kennedy, JFK's sister. In the Senate race of 1952, Joseph allegedly worked a deal (including giving money to McCarthy´s campaign fund) so that McCarthy, a Republican, would not make campaign speeches for the GOP ticket in Massachusetts. In return, John F. Kennedy would not give any anti-McCarthy speeches that his liberal supporters wanted to hear. In 1953, after the Kennedy father's urging, McCarthy hired [[Robert Kennedy]] (age 27) as a senior staff member. In 1954, when the Senate was threatening to condemn McCarthy, Senator Kennedy faced a dilemma. "How could I demand that Joe McCarthy be censured for things he did when my own brother was on his staff?" asked Kennedy. By 1954, however, Robert Kennedy and McCarthy's chief aide, [[Roy Cohn]], had had a falling-out and Robert stopped working for McCarthy. John Kennedy had a speech drafted calling for the censure of McCarthy but he never delivered it. When the Senate voted to censure McCarthy on December 2, 1954, Senator Kennedy was in hospital and never indicated then or later how he would have voted.
==1960 presidential election==
{{main|United States presidential election, 1960}}
[[Image:Jfknixon.jpg|thumb|right|175px|Kennedy and Richard Nixon shake hands before one of the 1960 televised debates.]]
In 1960, Kennedy declared his intent to run for President of the United States. In the Democratic [[primary election]], he faced challenges from Senator [[Hubert H. Humphrey]] of [[Minnesota]], Senator [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] of [[Texas]], and [[Adlai Stevenson]], the Democratic nominee in 1952, and 1956, who was not officially running but was a favorite "write-in" candidate. Kennedy won key primaries like [[Wisconsin]] and [[West Virginia]]. In the latter state, Kennedy made a visit to a coal-mine, and talked to the mine workers to win their support, as most people in that [[conservative]], mostly [[Protestant]] state were deeply suspicious about Kennedy being a Catholic. Kennedy emerged as a universally acceptable candidate for the party after that victory.
On [[July 13]], [[1960]] the Democratic Party nominated Kennedy as its candidate for president. Kennedy asked Johnson to be his Vice-Presidential candidate, despite clashes between the two during the primary elections. He needed Johnson's strength in the South to win what was considered likely to be the closest election since 1916. Major issues included how to get the economy moving again, Kennedy's Catholicism, [[Cuba]], and whether or not both the Soviet space and missile programs had surpassed those of the U.S. To allay fears that his Roman Catholicism would impact his decision-making, he said in a famous speech in [[Houston, Texas]] (to the Greater Houston Ministerial Association), on [[September 12]], [[1960]], "I am not the Catholic candidate for President. I am the Democratic Party's candidate for President who also happens to be a Catholic. I do not speak for my Church on public matters - and the Church does not speak for me." [http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/johnfkennedyhoustonministerialspeech.html] {{seealso|Alfred E. Smith}}
In September and October, Kennedy debated Republican candidate Vice President [[Richard Nixon]] in the first televised [[U.S. presidential election debates|US presidential debates]]. During the debates, Nixon looked tense, sweaty, and unshaven compared to Kennedy's composure and handsomeness, leading many to deem Kennedy the winner, although historians consider the two evenly matched as orators. Interestingly, many who listened on radio thought Nixon more impressive in the debate. [http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/K/htmlK/kennedy-nixon/kennedy-nixon.htm] The debates are considered a political landmark: the point at which the medium of [[television]] played an important role in politics and looking presentable on camera became one of the important considerations for presidential and other political candidates.
Most people who saw the TV debates thought Kennedy was better, but those that heard it on radio thought Nixon was more commanding.
Nixon was suffering with a painful leg problem during the TV debate, and he looked uncomfortable. He also refused make-up of any kind, unlike Kennedy, who knew that image was paramount.
In the [[U.S. presidential election, 1960|election]] on [[November 8]], [[1960]], Kennedy beat Nixon in a very close race. There were serious allegations that vote fraud in [[Texas]] and [[Illinois]] had cost Nixon the presidency[http://www.leanleft.com/archives/cat_reviews.html]. There were unusually large margins in [[Richard J. Daley|Richard Daley]]'s Chicago — which were announced after the rest of the vote in Illinois. The only change after the official recount was a win for Kennedy in [[Hawaii]].
Nixon refused to contest the election, because he thought it would put the country in danger.
==Presidency==
[[Image:Jfkspeech.jpg|thumb|right|175px|Kennedy gives his memorable [[inauguration address]]]]
Kennedy was sworn in as the 35th [[President]] on [[January 20]], [[1961]]. In his [[inaugural address]] he spoke of the need for all Americans to be active citizens. "Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country", he said. He also asked the nations of the world to join together to fight what he called the "common enemies of man: [[tyranny]], [[poverty]], [[disease]], and [[war]] itself." [http://www.historyplace.com/speeches/jfk-inaug.htm]
===Foreign policies===
On [[April 17]], [[1961]], Kennedy gave orders allowing a previously-planned invasion of Cuba to proceed. With support from the [[CIA]], in what is known as the [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]], 1,500 U.S.-trained Cuban exiles, called "Brigade 2506" returned to the island in the hope of deposing [[Fidel Castro|Castro]], but the [[CIA]] had underestimated popular support for Castro and made several mistakes in devising and carrying out the plan. Also, the exiles did not rally the Cuban people as expected. By [[April 19]] Castro's government had killed or captured most of the invading exiles and Kennedy was forced to negotiate for the release of the 1,189 survivors. After 20 months, Cuba released the captured exiles in exchange for $53 million worth of food and medicine. The incident was a major embarrassment for Kennedy, but he took full personal responsibility for the debacle.
On [[August 13]], [[1961]], the [[East German]] government began construction of the [[Berlin Wall]] separating East Berlin from the Western sector of the city, due to the American military presence in [[West Berlin]]. Kennedy claimed this action was in violation of the "[[Four Powers]]" agreements. Kennedy initiated no action to have it dismantled, and did little to reverse or halt the eventual extension of this barrier to a length of 155 km.
[[Image:Zahir_shah_and_kenedy.gif|thumb|King of [[Afghanistan]] [[Zahir Shah]] (right) and US President John F. Kennedy (left)]]
The [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] began on [[October 14]], [[1962]] when American [[Lockheed U-2|U-2]] [[spy plane]]s took photographs of a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] intermediate-range ballistic missile site under construction in Cuba. Kennedy faced a dire dilemma: if the U.S. attacked the sites it might have led to [[nuclear war]] with the [[U.S.S.R.]] If the U.S. did nothing, it would endure the perpetual threat of nuclear weapons within its region, in such close proximity, that if launched pre-emptively, the U.S. may have been unable to retaliate. Another fear was that the U.S. would appear to the world as weak in its own hemisphere. Many military officials and cabinet members pressed for an air assault on the missile sites but Kennedy ordered a naval [[blockade]] in which the U.S. Navy inspected all ships. He began negotiations with the Soviets and, a week later, he and Soviet Premier [[Nikita Khrushchev]] reached an agreement. Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles while the U.S. publicly promised never to invade Cuba, and also secretly promised to remove U.S. ballistic missiles from [[Turkey]] within six months. Following this incident, which brought the world closer to nuclear war than at any point before or since, Kennedy was more cautious in confronting the Soviet Union.
[[Image:jk35_1.gif|thumb|left|Official White House potrait]]
Arguing that "those who make peaceful revolution impossible, make violent revolution inevitable", Kennedy sought to contain [[communism]] in [[Latin America]], by establishing the [[Alliance for Progress]], which sent aid to troubled countries in the region and sought greater [[human rights]] standards in the region. He worked closely with [[Puerto Rican]] [[Governor of Puerto Rico|Governor]] [[Luis Muñoz Marín]] for the development of the Alliance of Progress, as well as developments on the autonomy of the Commonwealth of [[Puerto Rico]].
Another example of Kennedy's belief in the ability of non-military power to improve the world was the creation of the [[Peace Corps]], one of his first acts as president. Through this program, which still exists today, Americans volunteered to help underdeveloped nations in areas such as [[education]], [[farming]], [[health care]], and [[construction]].
Kennedy also used limited military action to contain the spread of communism. Determined to stand firm against the spread of communism, Kennedy continued the previous administration's policy of political, economic, and military support for the unstable [[South Vietnam|South Vietnamese]] government, which included sending military advisors and U.S. Special Forces to the area. U.S. involvement in the area continually escalated until regular U.S. forces were directly fighting the [[Vietnam War]] in the next administration.
On [[June 26]], [[1963]] Kennedy visited [[West Berlin]] and gave a public speech criticizing communism. While Kennedy was speaking, some people on the other side of the wall in [[East Berlin]] were applauding Kennedy and showing their distaste for [[Soviet]] control. Kennedy used the construction of the [[Berlin Wall]] as an example of the failures of communism - "[[Freedom (political)|Freedom]] has many difficulties and [[democracy]] is not perfect, but we have never had to put a wall up to keep our people in." The speech is known for its famous phrase ''"[[Ich bin ein Berliner]]"''.
Troubled by the long-term dangers of [[radioactive contamination]] and [[Nuclear proliferation|nuclear weapons proliferation]], Kennedy also pushed for the adoption of a Limited or [[Partial Test Ban Treaty]], which prohibited atomic testing on the ground, in the atmosphere, or underwater, but did not prohibit testing underground. The United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union were the initial signatories to the Treaty. Kennedy signed the Treaty into law in August 1963, and believed it to be one of the greatest accomplishments of his administration.
On the occasion of his visit to [[Ireland]] in 1963, President Kennedy joined with Irish President [[Eamon de Valera]] to form The American Irish Foundation. The mission of this organization was to foster connections between Americans of Irish descent and the country of their ancestry. Kennedy furthered these connections of cultural solidarity by accepting a grant of [[armorial bearings]] from the [[Chief Herald of Ireland]]. {{see|The Ireland Funds}}
He also visited the original cottage where previous Kennedys had lived before emigrating to America, and said, "This is where it all began..."
===Domestic policies===
[[Image:JFKMLK.jpg|thumb|left|200px|JFK in the [[Oval Office]] with various civil rights activists including [[Martin Luther King Jr]]]]
Kennedy used the term [[New Frontier]] as a label for his domestic program. It ambitiously promised federal funding for [[education]], [[medical care]] for the [[elderly]], and government intervention to halt the [[recession]]. Kennedy also promised an end to [[racial discrimination]].
The turbulent end of state-sanctioned racial discrimination was one of the most pressing domestic issues of Kennedy's era. The [[U.S. Supreme Court]] had ruled in 1954 that [[racial segregation]] in public schools would no longer be permitted. However, there were many schools, especially in southern states, that did not obey this decision. There also remained the practice of segregation on buses, in restaurants, movie theaters, and other public places.
Kennedy started his fight for civil rights when he appealed to Black voters during his campaign in 1960.
In 1962 James Meredith tried to enroll at the University of Mississippi, but he was prevented by white students. Kennedy responded by sending some 400 federal marshals and 3,000 troops to ensure that Meredith could enroll in his first class.
Kennedy also assigned [[federal marshals]] to protect [[Freedom Riders]].
Thousands of Americans of all races and backgrounds joined Kennedy in protesting against racial discrimination. Kennedy supported [[racial integration]] and civil rights, and during the 1960 campaign he telephoned [[Coretta Scott King]]; wife of the jailed Rev. [[Martin Luther King Jr.]], which drew much black support to his candidacy. However, as president, Kennedy initially believed the grass-roots movement for civil rights would only anger many Southern whites and make it even more difficult to pass civil rights laws through Congress, which was dominated by Southern Democrats, and he distanced himself from it. As a result, many civil rights leaders viewed Kennedy as unsupportive of their efforts.
On [[June 11]], President Kennedy intervened when the Governor of Alabama, [[George Wallace]], blocked the doorway to the [[University of Alabama]] to stop two black students, [[Vivian Malone]] and James Hood, from enrolling. George Wallace moved aside after being confronted by [[federal marshals]], Deputy Attorney General [[Nicholas Katzenbach]], and the Alabama [[United States National Guard|National Guard]]. That evening Kennedy gave his famous Civil Rights Address on National television and radio. [http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/johnfkennedycivilrights.htm] Kennedy proposed what would become the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
[http://www.mass.gov/statehouse/statues/jfk_landing.htm]
[http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/democrac/39.htm]
Also on the domestic front, in 1963, Kennedy proposed a [[tax reform]] that included income [[tax cuts]], but this was not passed by the Congress until 1964; after his death. It is one of the largest tax cuts in modern U.S. history, even surpassing the [[Reagan]] tax cut of 1981.
===Support of space programs===
<!--[[Image:Aldrin Apollo 11.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Buzz Aldrin]] poses on the [[moon]] allowing [[Neil Armstrong]] to photograph both of them using the visor reflection. (NASA)]]-->
[[Image:JFKNASA.jpg|thumb|right|200px|JFK looks at the space craft [[Mercury Atlas 6|Friendship 7]], the spacecraft that made three earth orbits, piloted by astronaut [[John Glenn]].]]
Kennedy was eager for the United States to lead the way in the [[space race]]. Sergei Krushchev says JFK approached his father twice about a 'joint venture' in space exploration - in June 1961 and Autumn 1963. On the first occasion Russia was far ahead of America and Krushchev said 'nyet'. JFK later made a speech at [[Rice University]] in September 1962, in which he said, "No nation which expects to be the leader of other nations can expect to stay behind in this race for space" and, "We choose to go to the [[Moon]] in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard."[http://webcast.rice.edu/speeches/19620912kennedy.html]. On the second approach to Krushchev, the Russian was persuaded that cost-sharing was beneficial and American space technology was forging ahead (the US had launched a geo-stationary satellite and Kennedy had asked Congress to approve more than 22 billion dollars for [[Apollo Project]], which had the goal of landing an American man on the Moon before the end of the decade). Krushchev agreed to a joint venture in Autumn 1963, but JFK died in November before the agreement could be formalized.
In 1969, six years after Kennedy's death, the Project Apollo goal was finally realized when [[Neil Armstrong]] and [[Buzz Aldrin]] became the first men to land on the Moon.
===Cabinet===
[[Image:KennedyCabinet.jpg|thumb|right|Kennedy's Cabinet meets during the Cuban Missile Crisis]]
{| cellpadding="1" cellspacing="4" style="margin:3px; border:3px solid #000000;" align="left"
!bgcolor="#000000" colspan="3"|
|-
|align="left"|'''OFFICE'''||align="left"|'''NAME'''||align="left"|'''TERM'''
|-
!bgcolor="#000000" colspan="3"|
|-
|align="left"|[[President of the United States|President]]||align="left" |'''John F. Kennedy'''||align="left"|1961–1963
|-
|align="left"|[[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]]||align="left"|'''[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'''||align="left"|1961–1963
|-
!bgcolor="#000000" colspan="3"|
|-
|align="left"|[[United States Secretary of State|State]]||align="left"|'''[[Dean Rusk]]'''||align="left"|1961–1963
|-
|align="left"|[[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Treasury]]||align="left"|'''[[C. Douglas Dillon]]'''||align="left"|1961–1963
|-
|align="left"|[[United States Secretary of Defense|Defense]]||align="left"|'''[[Robert S. McNamara]]'''||align="left"|1961–1963
|-
|align="left"|[[Attorney General of the United States|Justice]]||align="left"|'''[[Robert F. Kennedy]]'''||align="left"|1961–1964
|-
|align="left"|[[Postmaster General of the United States|Postmaster General]]||align="left"|'''[[J. Edward Day]]'''||align="left"|1961–1963
|-
|align="left"| ||align="left"|'''[[John A. Gronouski]]'''||align="left"|1963
|-
|align="left"|[[United States Secretary of the Interior|Interior]]||align="left"|'''[[Stewart L. Udall]]'''||align="left"|1961–1963
|-
|align="left"|[[United States Secretary of Agriculture|Agriculture]]||align="left"|'''[[Orville L. Freeman]]'''||align="left"|1961–1963
|-
|align="left"|[[United States Secretary of Commerce|Commerce]]||align="left"|'''[[Luther H. Hodges]]'''||align="left"|1961–1963
|-
|align="left"|[[United States Secretary of Labor|Labor]]||align="left"|'''[[Arthur J. Goldberg]]'''||align="left"|1961–1962
|-
|align="left"| ||align="left"|'''[[W. Willard Wirtz]]'''||align="left"|1962–1963
|-
|align="left"|[[United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare|HEW]]||align="left"|'''[[Abraham A. Ribicoff]]'''||align="left"|1961–1962
|-
|align="left"| ||align="left"|'''[[Anthony J. Celebrezze]]'''||align="left"|1962–1963
|}
<br clear="all">
===Supreme Court Appointments===
Kennedy appointed the following Justices to the [[Supreme Court of the United States]]:
*'''[[Byron Raymond White]]''' – [[1962]]
*'''[[Arthur Joseph Goldberg]]''' – [[1962]]
==Image, social life and family==
{{see|Kennedy political family}}
Both Kennedy and his wife "Jackie" were very young in comparison to earlier presidents and first ladies, and were both extraordinarily popular in ways more common to [[pop singer]]s and [[movie star]]s than politicians, influencing fashion trends and becoming the subjects of numerous photo spreads in popular magazines.
[[Image:Kennedy bros.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Kennedy brothers during the 1960 campaign: John, Robert, and Edward (Ted)]]
The Kennedys brought new life and vigour to the atmosphere of the [[White House]]. They believed that the White House should be a place to celebrate American history, culture, and achievement, and invited artists, writers, scientists, poets, musicians, actors, [[Nobel Prize]] winners and athletes to visit. [[Jacqueline Kennedy]] also bought new [[art]] and [[furniture]] and eventually restored all the rooms in the White House.
The White House also seemed like a more fun, youthful place, because of the Kennedys' two young children, [[Caroline Kennedy|Caroline]] and [[John F. Kennedy Jr.|John Jr.]] (who came to be known in the popular press as "John-John" though years later Jacqueline Kennedy denied that the family called him by that name). Outside the White House Lawn, the Kennedys established a pre-school, swimming pool, and tree house.
Jackie did not like the children to be photographed too much, so when she was away, Kennedy asked a photographer to come and photograph the kids in the Oval Office. Apparently, he said, "Jackie´s not here, so you´d better come over right away." The resulting photos are probably the most famous of the children, and especially John Jr. in particular, after he was photographed playing underneath the President´s desk.
Never, before or since, has a President been so closely tied to popular culture. Things such as "Twisting at the White House" and "Camelot" (the popular Broadway play) were part of the JFK culture. Vaughn Meader's "First Family" comedy album - an album parodying the President, First Lady Jackie, their family and administration, was also the first, and only, comedy album to sell about 4 million copies.
Behind the glamorous facade, the Kennedys also suffered many personal tragedies. Jacqueline suffered a miscarriage in 1955, and gave birth to a still-born daughter in 1956. (Although the daughter was unnamed - and is buried at Arlington National Cemetery next to her parents with a marker reading "Baby Girl" Kennedy - later reports indicated that the Kennedys had intended to call her Arabella.) The death of their newborn son - [[Patrick Bouvier Kennedy]] - in August of 1963, was a great loss.
The charisma of Kennedy and his family led to the figurative designation of "[[Camelot (disambiguation)|Camelot]]" for his administration, credited by his widow to his affection for the contemporary Broadway musical of the same name. She gave an interview to [[William Manchester]], where she mentioned Camelot (the Musical) and Manchester later said that he had "found the Headline".
==Assassination and aftermath==
[[Image:JFKmotorcade.jpg|thumb|right|President Kennedy, Jackie, and Gov. [[John Connally]] in the Presidential limousine shortly before the assassination.]]
{{main|John F. Kennedy assassination}}
President Kennedy was assassinated in [[Dallas, Texas|Dallas]], [[Texas]] on Friday, [[November 22]], [[1963]] at 12:30 p.m. [[CST]] while on a political trip through Texas. [[Lee Harvey Oswald]] was charged at 7:00 p.m. for killing a Dallas policeman by "murder with malice", and also charged at 11:30 p.m. for the murder of the President (there being no charge for the "assassination" of a president at that time). Oswald was fatally shot less than two days later in a Dallas police station by [[Jack Ruby]]. Five days after Oswald was killed, the new President, [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], created the [[Warren Commission]] - chaired by Chief Justice [[Earl Warren]] - to investigate the assassination. It concluded that Oswald was the lone assassin. A later investigation in the 1970s, by the [[House Select Committee on Assassinations]] (HSCA) also concluded that Oswald was the assassin. However it added that it was likely that he was part of a [[conspiracy]] to kill the President, although the committee did not uncover sufficient evidence to identify any other members of the conspiracy.
Critics have proposed a number of [[Kennedy assassination theories]] which contradict the various theories on exactly how the assassination took place that have been proposed by the government's official reports. There is no consensus among government investigations, let alone amongst their critics, on the number of bullets fired at the president, the direction from which all the bullets were fired, and which of the bullets struck the president, and [[List of Governors of Texas|Governor]] [[John Connally]], who was also wounded in the attack.
Oswald denied shooting anyone, and claimed that he was being set up as a "[[patsy]]". He claimed the photograph of him holding the alleged murder weapon was a fabrication. However, because of his own murder (two days after Kennedy's death) by Jack Ruby, Oswald's guilt or innocence was never determined in a court of law. Some critics contend that Oswald was not involved at all and that he was framed.
Among the supposed conspirators in the assassination are the [[CIA]], the [[mafia]], the [[KGB]], [[Fidel Castro]], Vice-President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], and the [[military-industrial complex]]. These conspiracy theories were first brought to public attention when [[New Orleans]] District Attorney [[Jim Garrison]] began an investigation into the murder, and brought on the first and only trial about the murder of John Kennedy.
==Legacy and memorials==
[[Image:JFKCasketLeavesCapitolHill.JPG|thumb|left|200px|The world mourned the assassinated president]]
[[Television]] became the primary source by which people were kept informed of events surrounding John F. Kennedy's assassination, with newspapers - the following day - becoming kept as souvenirs rather than sources of updated information. U.S. networks switched to 24-hour news coverage for the first time ever. [[State funeral of John F. Kennedy|Kennedy’s state funeral procession]] and the murder of [[Lee Harvey Oswald]] were all broadcast live in America and in other places around the world. It was with this event that television matured as a news source which rivaled that of newspapers.
The assassination had a huge impact on every American (not only in the US, but also the world population) when first learning of the news that Kennedy was assassinated, vividly remember where they were at the time. U.N. Ambassador [[Adlai Stevenson]] said of the assassination that, "all of us...will bear the grief of his death until the day of ours."
[[Image:JFK grave.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Kennedy's grave at Arlington National Cemetery.]]
On [[March 14]], [[1967]] Kennedy's body was moved to a permanent burial place and memorial at [[Arlington National Cemetery]]. Kennedy is buried with his wife and their deceased children, and his brother Robert is also buried nearby. His grave is lit with an "[[John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame|Eternal Flame]]." Kennedy and [[William Howard Taft]] are the only two US Presidents buried at Arlington.
Many of Kennedy's speeches (and especially his inaugural address) are considered iconic, and despite his relatively short term in office, and a lack of major legislative changes during his term, Americans regularly vote him as one of the best presidents, in the same league as [[Abraham Lincoln]], [[George Washington]] and [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]. Some excerpts of Kennedy's inaugural address are engraved on a plaque at his grave at Arlington.
===Memorials===
Kennedy's legacy has been memorialized in various aspects of American culture. To name a few:
[[Image:wiki_kennedy.JPG|thumb|right|200px]]
*New York International Airport was renamed [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]] on [[December 24]], [[1963]]. Short forms of this, particularly "JFK", have replaced its former commonly used nickname "Idlewild".
*[[NASA]]'s Launch Operations Center at [[Cape Canaveral]] was renamed the [[John F. Kennedy Space Center]]. Cape Canaveral itself was likewise renamed Cape Kennedy, but reverted to its original name in 1973.
*The ''[[USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)|USS John F. Kennedy]]'' was awarded on [[April 30]], [[1964]], as a [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] [[aircraft carrier]].
*The [[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library]] opened in 1979 as Kennedy's official [[presidential library]].
*[[John F. Kennedy University]] opened in [[Pleasant Hill, California]], in 1964 as a school for adult education.
*[[John F. Kennedy National Historic Site]] preserves his home in [[Brookline, Massachusetts]].
*The [[John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts]] opened in 1971 in [[Washington, D.C.]], as a living memorial to him.
*A new, unnamed bridge spanning the [[Ohio River]] between [[Louisville, Kentucky]], and [[Jeffersonville, Indiana]], completed four days ahead of Kennedy's assassination, was afterwards quickly named the [[John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge]].
Hundreds of schools across the U.S were also renamed in his honor.
Posthumously awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] in 1963, Kennedy's portrait now appears on the [[United States half dollar coin]].
==Legacy==
Phillips Verner Bradford is the grandson of Samuel Phillips Verner, and authored a 1992 book on Ota Benga entitled ''Ota Benga: The Pygmy in the Zoo''.<ref>{{cite book
Kennedy's successes weren't fully recognized until the late 70's; years after his death. Up until his death, his Presidency oversaw a 50% tax cut (the largest tax cut in US history), a strong economy, Democrats fully in control of the political spectrum, and high approval ratings. Years after his death, in the late 70s, America had a weak economy, the war in Vietnam had escalated, MLK and RFK were dead, and Republicans controlled the political spectrum. That is when many Democrats and historians speculated about how different and better things could've been if JFK hadn't died. The esteem in which JFK was held in the late 70s still remains today.
| last = Phillips Verner
| first = Bradford
| coauthors = Blume, Harvey
| year = 1992
| title = Ota Benga: The Pygmy in the Zoo
| publisher = St. Martins Press
| ___location = New York
}}
</ref> During his research for the book, he visited the American Museum of Natural History in New York, which holds a life mask and body cast of Ota Benga. To this day, the display is still labeled "Pygmy", rather than indicating Benga's name, despite objections that began almost a century ago from Verner himself.<ref>{{cite news
| first = Darrel
| last = Laurent
| url = http://www.newsadvance.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=LNA%2FMGArticle%2FLNA_BasicArticle&c=MGArticle&cid=1031782991730&path=!news!archive
| title = Demeaned in Life, Forgotten in Death
| work =
| publisher = The Lynchburg News & Advance
| date = [[2005-05-29]]
| accessdate = 2006-04-03
}}
</ref>
Ota Benga became the subject of a short film directed by the Brazilian Alfeu França. França recovered and used original movies recorded by Verner himself in the early 20th century to create the 2002 documentary ''Ota Benga: A Pygmy in America''.<ref>{{cite video
==Criticism==
| title = Ota Benga:A Pygmy in America
[[Image:wanted for treason.jpg|thumb|230px|A famous handbill/poster circulated on November 21, 1963
| people = Alfeu França
In Dallas, Texas. One day before the [[assassination of John F. Kennedy]].]]
| date = 2002
| medium = film
Kennedy is among the most popular former presidents of the United States; however, a number of critics argue that his reputation is largely undeserved. Although he was young and charismatic, he had little chance to achieve much during his presidency. Under this reasoning, his immense popularity results from the fact that his short time in office was marked by the optimistic beginnings of many programs declared to be of great benefit to the United States, its people, and various global issues. Unlike the tenures of other U.S. presidents, Kennedy's time in office, generally speaking, thereby lacked the scandals and controversies seen in the terms of many other presidents who served longer. The [[Civil Rights Act of 1964|Civil Rights Act]] that he sent to Congress in June of 1963 was, at least in part, conceived by his brother and Attorney General [[Robert F. Kennedy]], and it was signed into law by his successor, Lyndon Johnson, in 1964.
}}
</ref> In Brazil the film was shown at the festival É Tudo Verdade ("It's All True").
Kennedy's personal life has attracted the ire of critics, some of whom argue that "lapses in judgement" in his personal life impacted his professional life. Among the critics' charges are: the Kennedy family concealed from the public his serious, potentially life-threatening health issues (e.g., he suffered from [[Addison's disease]]) and his heavy medication regimen; that he had a long history of extra-marital affairs; and that he had alleged, circuitous links to [[organized crime]] figures. Seymour Hersh's ''The Dark Side of Camelot'' (1998) presents such a critical argument, stating of Kennedy that "He was probably one of the unhealthiest men ever to sit in the Oval Office", due to Addisons Disease (though neglecting to mention this was controlled by Cortisol), a 'bad back', a possible veneral disease, as well as recurring childhood illnesses & infections. Kennedy is also criticized for his numerous affairs, especially concerning Marilyn Monroe. Robert Dallek's ''An Unfinished Life'' (2003) is a more balanced biography, but contains a lot of detail about Kennedy's health issues. Another good research-text for Kennedy´s 'revisionism' is Thomas Reeves sharply negative, ''A Question of Character: A Life of John F. Kennedy''.
Another of Kennedy's critics is [[Noam Chomsky]], whose book ''Rethinking Camelot: JFK, the Vietnam War, and US Political Culture'' (1993) presents an image of the Kennedy administration opposite to the one that lingers in America's memory.
(Source:http://www.opinionjournal.com/columnists/rbartley/?id=85000640)
==Miscellanea==
*Kennedy was the only [[Roman Catholic]] ever to serve as president, and a Fourth Degree [[Knights of Columbus|Knight of Columbus]].
*Kennedy was the last President to [[John F. Kennedy assassination|die]] while still in office, the last [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] from the North to be elected, and the last to be elected while serving in the [[U.S. Senate]].
*He was the first [[20th century]]-born American president (Kennedy was the first person born in the 20th century to serve as U.S. president. LBJ was the first American president born in the 20th century (chronologically)).
*In 1963, [[Rangers FC]] fans, who are known for their anti-Catholic antics, jeered during a minute’s silence for assassinated U.S. President Kennedy, because he was a Roman Catholic.
*Kennedy and his assassination were both mentioned in [[Billy Joel]]'s history themed song "[[We Didn't Start the Fire]]" ("Kennedy" and "JFK, blown away").
*According to "America (The Calendar)," "John F. Kennedy actually got to meet the young Bill Clinton when Kennedy was 46 years old."
*One of JFK's favorite books was [[Ian Fleming|Ian Fleming's]] [[From Russia With Love|''From Russia With Love'']]
==Kennedy in the movies==
*''JFK'' by Oliver Stone- Assassination conspiracy
* ''[[PT 109 (film)|PT 109]]'' ([[1963]]): played by [[Cliff Robertson]]
* '' The Missiles of October '' ([[1974]], TV): played by [[William Devane]]
* ''The Private Files of J. Edgar Hoover'' ([[1977]]): played by William Jordan
* ''Johnny, We Hardly Knew Ye'' ([[1977]], TV): played by [[Paul Rudd]]
* ''Young Joe, the Forgotten Kennedy'' ([[1977]], TV): played by Sam Chew Jr.
* ''King '' ([[1978]], TV): played by William Jordan
* ''Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy'' ([[1981]], TV): played by [[James Franciscus]]
* ''Blood Feud '' ([[1983]], TV): played by Sam Groom
* ''Kennedy '' ([[1983]], TV): played by [[Martin Sheen]]
* ''Prince Jack'' ([[1985]]): played by Robert Hogan
* ''Robert Kennedy & His Times'' ([[1985]], TV): played by [[Cliff De Young]]
* ''J. Edgar Hoover'' ([[1987]], TV): played by Art Hindle
* ''LBJ: The Early Years'' ([[1987]], TV): played by [[Charles Frank]]
* ''Onassis: The Richest Man in the World'' ([[1988]], TV): played by David Gillum
* ''The Kennedys of Massachusetts'' ([[1990]], TV): played by [[Steven Weber (actor)|Steven Weber]]
* ''[[Malcolm X (film)|Malcolm X]]'' ([[1992]]): played by Steve Reed
* ''[[Ruby (film)|Ruby]]'' ([[1992]]): played by Gérard David and Kevin Wiggins
* ''Sinatra '' ([[1992]], TV): played by James F. Kelly
* ''J.F.K.: Reckless Youth'' ([[1993]], TV): played by [[Patrick Dempsey]]
* ''[[Forrest Gump]]'' ([[1994]]): played by Jed Gillin
* ''[[Norma Jean & Marilyn]]'' ([[1996]], TV): played by [[Perry Stephens]]
* ''The Rat Pack '' ([[1998]], TV): played by [[William L. Petersen]]
* '' Bonanno: A Godfather's Story '' ([[1999]], TV): played by Matt Norklun
* ''[[Thirteen Days]]'' ([[2000]]): played by [[Bruce Greenwood]]
* ''Jackie Bouvier Kennedy Onassis'' ([[2000]], TV): played by [[Tim Matheson]], who at the time was also playing a fictional vice-president on the series ''[[The West Wing (TV series)|The West Wing]]''.
* ''Jackie, Ethel, Joan: The Women of Camelot'' ([[2001]], TV): played by [[Daniel Hugh Kelly]]
* ''Power and Beauty'' ([[2002]], TV): played by [[Kevin Anderson (actor)|Kevin Anderson]]
* ''RFK '' ([[2002]], TV): played by [[Martin Donovan]]
* ''America's Prince: The John F. Kennedy Jr. Story'' ([[2003]], TV): played by Randy Triggs
==See also==
* [[John F. Kennedy assassination]]
* [[Kennedy assassination theories]]
* [[State funeral of John F. Kennedy]]
* [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis]]
* [[John F. Kennedy, Jr.]]
* [[Robert F. Kennedy assassination]]
* [[Kennedy Compound]]
* [[John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts]]
* [[John Fitzgerald Kennedy Library]] in Boston, Massachusetts
* [[U.S. presidential election, 1960]]
* [[History of the United States (1945-1964)|History of the United States (1945–1964)]]
* [[Jesuit Ivy]]
* [[Peace Corps]]
* [[John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame]]
* [[Runnymede|John F. Kennedy Memorial]] at Runnymede, England
* [[Kennedy Memorial Trust]]
* [[Five cents John Kennedy]], postage stamp
* [[Whiz Kids]]
* [[Evelyn Lincoln]], personal secretary to the President
* [[Kennedy Doctrine]]
* [[Lincoln/Kennedy Coincidences]]
* [[Coincidence theory]]
* [[Kennedy curse]]
* "[[Senator, you are no Jack Kennedy]]"
* [[List of people on stamps of Ireland]]
==References==
<references />
===Secondary sources===
* Brauer, Carl. ''John F. Kennedy and the Second Reconstruction'' (1977)
* Burner, David. ''John F. Kennedy and a New Generation'' (1988)
*{{Cite book | last=Dallek | first=Robert | title=An Unfinished Life : John F. Kennedy, 1917 - 1963 | publisher=Brown, Little | year=2003 | id=ISBN 0316172383}}
*Freedman, Lawrence. ''Kennedy's Wars: Berlin, Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam (2000)
* Fursenko, Aleksandr and Timothy Naftali. ''One Hell of a Gamble: Khrushchev, Castro, and Kennedy, 1958-1964'' (1997)
* Giglio, James. ''The Presidency of John F. Kennedy'' (1991), standard scholarly overview of policies
* Harper, Paul, and Joann P. Krieg eds. ''John F. Kennedy: The Promise Revisited'' (1988) scholarly articles on presidency.
* Harris, Seymour E. ''The Economics of the Political Parties, with Special Attention to Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy'' (1962)
* Hersh, Seymour (1997) ''The Dark Side of Camelot'' Highly negative assessment
*Heath, Jim F. ''Decade of Disillusionment: The Kennedy-Johnson Years'' (1976) general survey of decade
*Kunz; Diane B. ''The Diplomacy of the Crucial Decade: American Foreign Relations during the 1960s'' (1994)
* O'Brien, Michael. ''John F. Kennedy: A Biography'' (2005), the most detailed biography
* Parmet, Herbert. ''JFK: The Presidency of John F. Kennedy'' (1983)
* Piper, Michael Collins. " Final Judgment" 2004 (sixth edition). American Free Press.
* Reeves, Richard. ''President Kennedy: Profile of Power'' (1993) balanced assessment of policies
* Reeves, Thomas. ''A Question of Character: A Life of John F. Kennedy'' (1991) hostile assessment of his character flaws
* Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr. ''A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House'' (1965) by a close advisor.
* Sorenson, Theodore. ''Kennedy'' (1966) by a close advisor.
* {{cite book
===Primary sources===
| last = Smith
*Goldzwig, Steven R. and George N. Dionisopoulos, eds. ''In a Perilous Hour: The Public Address of John F. Kennedy'', text and analysis of key speeches (1995)
| first = Ken
| year = 1998
| title = Raw deal : horrible and ironic stories of forgotten Americans
| publisher = Blast Books, Inc.
| ___location = New York
|
}} ISBN 0-922233-20-9.
==Media See also ==
*''[[Human zoo]]'': zoo exhibitions of human beings alongside apes and other animals at the end of the 19th century until the mid-20th century.
{{multi-video start}}
{{multi-video item |
filename = Kennedy inauguration footage.ogg |
title = Kennedy inauguration footage |
description = Newsreel footage of the inauguration ceremony and speeches. (18.7 [[Megabyte|MB]], [[ogg]]/[[Theora]] format). |
format = [[Theora]]
}}
{{multi-video end}}
==External links==
*[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5787947 September 8, 2006 NPR story]
{{wikisource author}}
*[http://www.otabenga.org Ota Benga Alliance]
{{wikiquote}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Benga, Ota}}
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.jfklibrary.org/ John F. Kennedy Library]
* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/jk35.html The White House Biography]
* [http://search.yale.edu:8765/query.html?col=ycsg&col=opa&col=yaleuniv&col=dynamic&qt=John+F.+Kennedy&charset=iso-8859-1&qp=%2Burl%3Awww.yale.edu%2Flawweb%2Favalon JFK at the Avalon Project]
* [http://www.whitehousetapes.org/pages/tapes_jfk.htm JFK's Secret White House Recordings @ University of Virginia's Miller Center of Public Affairs]
*[http://www.heraldrysociety.us/presidents/index.php?page=Kennedy Armigerous American Presidents Series]
*[http://www.popeducation.org/ The JFK Years And Popular Culture]
* [http://vvl.lib.msu.edu/showfindingaid.cfm?findaidid=KennedyJF Audio clips of Kennedy's speeches and other commentary]
* [http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKindex.htm Assassination of President Kennedy Encyclopaedia]
* [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/home.htm McAdams website about JFK]
* [http://www.csicop.org/si/2005-01/strange-world.html article: Facts and Fiction in the Kennedy Assassination]
* [http://www.rootdig.com/john_f_kennedy.html John F. Kennedy in United States Census Records]
* [http://www.doctorzebra.com/prez/g35.htm Medical and Health history of John F. Kennedy]
* {{gutenberg author| id=John+F.+Kennedy | name=John F. Kennedy}}
* [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/stjohn.htm St. John the Liberal?]
* [http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=K000107 Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress]
* [http://www.kcur.org/UTDarchive.html Gretchen Rubin radio interview]. [[November 4]], [[2005]] on ''Up To Date''.
* See [http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals_iv/sections/jfk_inaugural_address.html John F. Kennedy's inaugural address] from the National Archives.
*[http://www.americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=34] Presidents of the United States
* [http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%22John%20F.%20Kennedy%22 Archive.org collection of audio recordings.]
{{start box}}
{{U.S. Representative box |
state=Massachusetts |
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years=1947 – 1953
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{{U.S. Senator box|
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before=[[Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.]]|
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years=[[January 3]] [[1953]] – [[December 22]] [[1960]]|
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{{Persondata
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|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Brookline, Massachusetts]], [[United States of America]]
|DATE OF DEATH=[[November 22]], [[1963]]
|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Dallas, Texas]], [[United States of America]]
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[[ru:Кеннеди, Джон Фицджеральд]]
[[sq:John F. Kennedy]]
[[simple:John F. Kennedy]]
[[sk:John F. Kennedy]]
[[sl:John F. Kennedy]]
[[sr:Џон Фицџералд Кенеди]]
[[fi:John F. Kennedy]]
[[sv:John F. Kennedy]]
[[th:จอห์น เอฟ. เคนเนดี]]
[[vi:John F. Kennedy]]
[[tr:John F. Kennedy]]
[[uk:Кеннеді Джон Фітцджеральд]]
[[zh:约翰·肯尼迪]]
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