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{{MMAstatsbox|name=Quinton Jackson
{{totallydisputed}}
|[[image=Quinton Rampage Jackson-Cryogel.jpg]]
|nick=Rampage
|height=6 ft 1 in (185 cm)
|weight=205 lb (93 kg)
|birthdate={{birth date and age|year=1978|month=6|day=20}}
|died=
|nationality={{flagicon|USA}} American
|fightingfrom=[[Irvine, California]]
|hometown=[[Memphis, Tennessee]]
|fightstyle=[[Submission Wrestling]], [[Boxing]]
|wins=27
|losses=6
|draws=0
|nocontest=
|ko=12
|submissions=7
|}}
'''Quinton Ramone "Rampage" Jackson''' (born [[June 20]] [[1978]]) is an [[United States|American]] professional [[mixed martial arts]] fighter who rose to prominence with his fights in [[Japan]]'s [[PRIDE Fighting Championships]]. He is currently the [[Light Heavyweight (MMA)|light heavyweight]] champion of the [[Ultimate Fighting Championship]]. He has a professional record of 27 wins with 6 losses, and has often been seen with his trademark "Rumble Chain" around his neck ringside and before fights. MMAWeekly.com currently has Rampage as the number 2 ranked Light Heavyweight in the world. He is known for both his trademark slams and powerful overhand strikes, as well as for his colorful personality.<ref>In the commentary for [[UFC 71]], e.g., [[Joe Rogan]] agrees with commentators [[Mike Goldberg]] and [[Randy Couture]], stating of Jackson "He's the funniest guy in MMA."</ref>
 
==Mixed martial arts career==
[[Image:Plasma-universe-cosmology.jpg|thumb|300px|'''Plasma Universe and plasma cosmology.''' [[Hannes Alfvén]] urged the application of laboratory and magnetospheric data, and [[Anthony Peratt]] of large-scale particle-in-cell simulations, to non-''in-situ'' space regions. Together with direct observation of interstellar and intergalactic plasma phenomenon, this leads them to predict a ''knowledge expansion'' about the universe, and a ''backflow of information'' about laboratory plasmas. (Click image to enlarge)]]
===Amateur and early professional career===
Jackson had his first taste of combat sport as a wrestler for Raleigh Egypt High School where his successful career was punctuated by All-State honors, as Jackson finished 5th at the Tennessee State tournament at 189 lbs as a High School Senior. Originally, Jackson had intended on pursuing a career in professional wrestling upon finishing high school, but ultimately ended up extending his amateur career in junior college before discovering [[mixed martial arts]]. Impressed by the success of other wrestlers in MMA, Jackson decided to try his own hand at the budding sport. Jackson built up a record of 11 wins and 1 loss fighting for a variety of smaller scale American promotions, including [[King of the Cage]], Gladiator Challenge, and Dangerzone.
 
===PRIDE Fighting Championships===
'''Plasma cosmology''' is a [[physical cosmology|cosmological]] model which emphasizes the electromagnetic properties of [[astrophysical plasma]]s. Plasma cosmology includes explanations for the evolution of the universe &mdash; from the [[cosmic microwave background]], to [[galaxy]] formation, to [[large-scale structure of the cosmos|large scale structure]]. Fundamental to its explanations are interpretations of many astrophysical phenomena by [[plasma scaling|scaling]] results from laboratory experiments. Plasma cosmology is a [[non-standard cosmology]]. <ref>It is described as such by advocates and critics alike. In the February 1992 issue of ''Sky & Telescope'' ("Plasma Cosmology"), Anthony Peratt describes it as a "nonstandard picture". The open letter at [http://www.cosmologystatement.org/ www.cosmologystatement.org] &ndash; which has been signed by Peratt and Lerner &ndash; notes that "today, virtually all financial and experimental resources in cosmology are devoted to big bang studies". The [[Lambda-CDM model|ΛCDM model]] big bang picture is typically described as the "concordance model", "standard [[scientific model|model]]" or "standard [[scientific paradigm|paradigm]]" of cosmology [http://www.slac.stanford.edu/spires/find/hep/www?rawcmd=FIND+T+%22STANDARD+COSMOLOGICAL+MODEL%22 here], and [http://lanl.arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/9505066 here].</ref>
A [[Plasma (physics)|plasma]] is an [[Electrical conduction|electrically-conductive]] collection of [[charged particle]]s, possibly together with neutral particles or [[dusty plasma|dust]], that exhibits collective behavior and that responds as a whole to [[electromagnetic force]]s. The charged particles are usually [[ion]]s and [[electron]]s resulting from heating a gas. The [[star]]s and the [[interstellar medium|space between them]] are made up of plasma. Plasma physics is known to play an important role in many astrophysical phenomena.
 
It was not upon native soil, but rather in Japan's [[PRIDE Fighting Championships]] in which he rose to fame in the world of mixed martial arts. Coming into the Japanese promotion as a previously unknown fighter, Jackson was matched at [[PRIDE 15]] against fellow wrestler [[Kazushi Sakuraba]], who was at that time Pride's most prominent domestic fighter. Though taken down repeatedly by the smaller Sakuraba, once on the canvas Jackson refused to be controlled, using his wrestling ability and raw strength to fight off numerous joint-locks and choke attempts from Sakuraba. Repeatedly he elevated Sakuraba off the mat and slammed him down in order to break free from submission holds. An exhausted Jackson eventually succumbed to a [[rear naked choke]] from Sakuraba, but his performance opened the eyes of PRIDE's fan base and its executive office both.
==Overview==
 
After besting pro-wrestler [[Alexander Otsuka]] in a fight for the [[Battlarts]] promotion, he was invited back for [[PRIDE 17]] where Jackson scored a [[KO]] victory over Otsuka’s stable mate, [[Yuki Ishikawa]]. Jackson was then disqualified for an accidental low blow in his next PRIDE appearance against [[Daijiro Matsui]]. After this unfortunate result, Jackson rose to prominence as the possible number one contender to [[Wanderlei Silva]]'s PRIDE Middlweight Belt with consecutive wins over [[Masaaki Satake]], [[Igor Vovchanchyn]], [[Kevin Randleman]] and Mikhail Illoukhine. Tension between Jackson and Silva heightened after Jackson's KO of Randleman. Immediately following the referee stoppage, Jackson pointed at Silva, who was sitting ringside, and told the champion once on the microphone that he was after his belt. Wanderlei Silva then jumped into the ring and pushed Jackson, saying "it's my belt!", which caused a commotion in the ring, as referees and cornerman held back Jackson and Silva to prevent a brawl. In the opening round of the PRIDE 2003 Middleweigh Grand Prix, Jackson won a split decision over Murilo Bustamante in a lackluster performance. However, Jackson would once again return to dominate, this time at [[PRIDE Final Conflict 2003]], in the semi-finals with a win over [[UFC]] fighter [[Chuck Liddell]]. Liddell was coming off a KO win against [[Alistair Overeem]] in the opening round, but Rampage dominated Liddell standing, eventually making his corner throw in the towel after repeated ground and pound by Jackson. This took him all the way to the finals of the 2003 PRIDE Middleweight Grand Prix later that night.
Plasma cosmology is a distinct cosmology model, that is still under development and in places incomplete. Plasma cosmology uses plasma physics as the basis for its assumptions. made possible by the scalability of laboratory plasma phenomena to the largest observable scales.
 
There, Jackson fought for the championship against Brazilian rival [[Wanderlei Silva]] in what was called fight of the year by various MMA media. However, after taking Silva down and bloodying him with in the ensuing [[ground and pound]] assault, a stand-up was called by the referee and Jackson was subsequently TKO'd with a series of knees to the head.
The basic assumptions of plasma cosmology are:
#Since the universe is nearly all plasma, [[electromagnetic force]]s are equal in importance with [[gravity|gravitation]] on all scales.<ref>H. Alfvén and C.-G. Falthammar, ''Cosmic electrodynamics'' (2nd Edition, Clarendon press, Oxford, 1963). "The basic reason why electromagnetic phenomena are so important in cosmical physics is that there exist celestial magnetic fields which affect the motion of charged particles in space. Under certain conditions electromagnetic forces are much stronger than gravitation. In order to illustrate this, let us suppose that a particle moves at the earth's solar distance ''R<sub>E</sub>'' ((the position vector being '''R<sub>E</sub>''') with the earth's orbital velocity '''v'''. If the particle is a neutral hydrogen atom, it is acted upon only by the solar gravitation (the effect of a magnetic field upon a possible atomic magnetic moment being negligible). If ''M'' is the solar and ''m'', the atomic mass, and ''γ'' is the constant of gravitation, this force is '''f''' = -''γMm'' '''R<sub>E</sub>'''/''R<sub>E</sub>''<sup>3</sup>. If the atom becomes singly ionized, the ion as well as the electron (charge ''e'' = ± 4.8 x 10<sup>-10</sup> e.s.u.) is subject to the force '''f'''<sub>m</sub> = e('''v'''/''c'') x '''B''' from an interplanetary magnetic field which near the earth's orbit is '''B'''. The strength of the interplanetary magnetic field is of the order of 10<sup>-4</sup> gauss, which gives f<sub>m</sub>/f ≈ 10<sup>7</sup>. This illustrates the enormous importance of interplanetary and interstellar magnetic fields, compared to gravitation, as long as the matter is ionized." (p.2-3)</ref>
#Since we never see effects without [[Causality|causes]], we have no reason to assume an origin in [[time]] for the universe — an effect without a cause.
#Since every part of the universe we observe is evolving, it assumes that the universe itself is evolving as well.
Plasma cosmology also differs from big bang cosmology [[Scientific method|methodologically]]. Its advocates emphasize the links between physical [[experiment|processes observable in laboratories]] on [[Earth]] and those that govern the cosmos. Plasma cosmology is explained as much as possible in terms of known physics <ref>H. Alfvén, ''Cosmic Plasma'' (Reidel, 1981) ISBN 9027711518. "... we explore the basic behavior of a plasma in the laboratory. Such experiments are important in building the theoretical foundation of plasma physics in general. They have ... once again demonstrated that science is basically empirical. Theory is of value only when developed in close contact with reality." (p.5)</ref>, using the theoretical and experimental results of laboratory [[plasma physics]] in cosmological applications. Proponents contrast this with the big bang theory which has over the course of its existence required the introduction of such features as [[cosmic inflation|inflation]], [[dark matter]] and [[dark energy]] that have not been detectable yet in laboratory experiments.
 
[[Image:Jackson slams Arona montage.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Jackson famously slamming [[Ricardo Arona]] for the KO in [[PRIDE Critical Countdown 2004]].]]
Plasma cosmology was first developed by Swedish physicist [[Hannes Alfvén]] together with [[Oskar Klein]], [[Per Carlqvist]] and [[Carl-Gunne Fälthammar]] beginning in 1962.<ref>H. Alfvén and C.-G. Falthammar, ''Cosmic electrodynamics'' (Clarendon press, Oxford, 1963). H. Alfvén, ''Worlds-antiworlds: antimatter in cosmology,'' (Freeman, 1966). O. Klein, "Arguments concerning relativity and cosmology," ''Science'' '''171''' (1971), 339.</ref> Alfvén, a recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]], is well-respected in the [[scientific community]] as the founder of modern plasma physics and the inventor of [[magnetohydrodynamics]]. While plasma cosmology has never had the support of most [[astronomers]] or [[physicists]], a small group of plasma physicists such as [[Anthony Peratt]] and [[Eric Lerner]] have continued to promote and develop the approach. These physicists have proposed theories and hypotheses which explain the basic features of the universe with models that rely on plasma physics. Although their theories are not accepted by the majority of cosmologists, proponents have argued that they explain observations more easily, without introducing the "new physics" seen in the big bang theory.<ref> (1) Peratt, A. L., "[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1983S%26T....66...19P&amp;db_key=AST&amp;data_type=HTML&amp;format=&amp;high=42ca922c9c31630 Are black holes necessary?]", ''Sky and Telescope'' vol. 66, July 1983, p. 19-22 (2) Browne, P. F., "[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1986ITPS...14..718B&amp;db_key=AST&amp;data_type=HTML&amp;format=&amp;high=42ca922c9c26722 Magnetic vortex tubes in astrophysics]" IEEE ''Transactions on Plasma Science'' (Special Issue on Space and Cosmic Plasma) vol. PS-14, Dec. 1986, p. 718-739. "The implications also change for galactic astrophysics. The source of power for compact synchrotron sources is magnetic field energy, which is dissipated as synchrotron emission in regions near to the sites of charge acceleration. Acceleration of charges is possible throughout large volumes of space, but not uniformly throughout such regions. The emission from giant radio jets and radio lobes also represents dissipation of magnetic field energy. The source of magnetic field energy is kinetic energy of differential rotation associated with vorticity on a hierarchy of scales. There is then no need to invoke black holes, or indeed new objects of any kind." (3) Snell, C. M.; Peratt, A. L., "[http://www.springerlink.com/(tunfisa4c3dzij2d05uccd45)/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parent&backto=issue,17,26;journal,152,584;linkingpublicationresults,1:100241,1 Rotation Velocity and Neutral Hydrogen Distribution Dependency on Magnetic Field Strength in Spiral Galaxies]", ''Astrophysics and Space Science'', v. 227, p. 167-173, "Agreement between simulation and observation is best when the simulation galaxy masses are identical to the observational masses of spiral galaxies. No dark matter is needed."</ref> The level of detail in the development of big bang cosmology is not rivalled by that seen in plasma cosmology, evidenced simply by the quantity of [[scientific papers]] published regarding either approach.
 
Jackson went on to defeat [[Ikuhisa Minowa]] and [[Ricardo Arona]], the latter being bout notable both for the fight-ending slam by which Jackson rendered Arona unconscious and some controversy preceding the finish, wherein Arona argued to the referee in-charge that he had rendered Jackson unconscious with up-kicks. The bout also served as an eliminator to determine the top challenger to Wanderlei Silva.
==Alfvén's model==
[[Image: Hannes-alfven.jpg|thumb|150px|'''Hannes Alfvén''' (1908-1995), made significant advances in the study of [[Plasma (physics)|plasmas]] and their application to physics and astronomy]]
Alfvén's model of plasma cosmology can be divided into three distinct areas.
 
Prior to rematching Silva, Jackson made some headlines with the public announcement of his conversion to [[born again Christianity]]. In the fight itself, Jackson floored Wanderlei in the opening round and later scored a takedown which led to a series of knees and elbows which seemed primed to usher in a referee stoppage when the bell signaled the end of the opening stanza. Jackson scored another takedown in the second, but Wanderlei escaped to his feet and proceeded to finish Jackson with knees for the second time. Jackson's next two bouts would be against stable mates of Wanderlei's, first posting a decision win over [[Murilo Rua]] then falling to his younger brother [[Mauricio "Shogun" Rua]] via TKO. Rampage bounced back with wins over [[Hirotaka Yokoi]] and world-class judoka [[Yoon Dong-Sik]] before leaving the organization amid turmoil with its upper management.
#The '''[[astrophysical plasmas|cosmic plasma]]''', an empirical description of the Universe based on the results from laboratory experiments on plasmas
#'''[[Birkeland current|Force free filaments]]''' (Birkeland currents), a proposed mechanism for the formation of [[Large-scale structure of the cosmos|large scale structure]] in the [[universe]].<ref>Alfven, H.; Carlqvist, P., "[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1978Ap%26SS..55..487A&amp;db_key=AST&amp;data_type=HTML&amp;format=&amp;high=42ca922c9c30728 Interstellar clouds and the formation of stars]" ''Astrophysics and Space Science'', vol. 55, no. 2, May 1978, p. 487-509. '''Lerner, Eric J.''', "[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1986ITPS...14..690L&amp;db_key=AST&amp;data_type=HTML&amp;format=&amp;high=42ca922c9c28064 Magnetic Vortex Filaments, Universal Scale Invariants, and the Fundamental Constants]", ''IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science'' (ISSN 0093-3813), vol. PS-14, Dec. 1986, p. 690-702. "Force-free magnetic vortex filaments are proposed to play a crucial role in the formation of superclusters, clusters, galaxies, and stars by initiating gravitational compression." (p.690).</ref>
#'''[[Ambiplasma|ambiplasma theory]]''', based on a hypothetical matter/antimatter plasma.
 
===CosmicAfter plasmaPRIDE===
On [[May 16]] [[2006]], the [[World Fighting Alliance]] announced it had signed Jackson to a multi-fight deal. He defeated [[Matt Lindland]] by split decision at ''WFA: King of the Streets'' on [[July 22]], [[2006]]. "He is a good fighter," Rampage said. "I trained hard. He is an Olympic silver medalist. So much respect to him. I knew I had to bring it." The match turned out to be a tough one for the Memphis, Tenn., native who got caught in a choke hold twice. Rampage managed to get out both times and slammed Lindland a few times before cutting the bridge of his nose with ground and pound on his way to the win.
Following the work of [[Kristian Birkeland]], Alfvén's research on plasma led him to develop the field of [[magnetohydrodynamics]], a theory that [[mathematics|mathematically models]] plasma as magnetic [[fluid]], and for which he won the [[Nobel Prize for Physics]] in [[1970]]. However, Alfvén pointed out that magnetohydrodynamics is an approximation which is accurate only in dense plasmas, like that of stars, where particles [[collision|collide]] frequently. It is not valid in the much more dilute plasmas of the [[interstellar medium]] and [[intergalactic medium]], where [[electron]]s and [[ion]]s [[Guiding center#Gyration|circle]] around [[magnetic field]] lines. Alfvén devoted a large portion of his Nobel address to attacking this “pseudo plasma” error.
 
===UFC career===
Alfvén felt that many other characteristics of plasmas played a more significant role in cosmic plasmas. These include:
On [[December 11]] [[2006]], Zuffa, the parent company of the [[UFC]], announced it had acquired select assets from the World Fighting Alliance, which will cease operations as a part of their sale agreement. UFC President [[Dana White]] has told [[The Fight Network]] that Jackson's contract is one of the assets they have acquired.<ref>{{cite news
* [[Plasma scaling|Scalability of plasma]]
|first=Loretta
* [[Birkeland current]]s, electric currents that form electric circuits in space
|last=Hunt
* Plasma [[double layer]]s
|work=TheFightNetwork.com
* The cellular structure of plasma
|url=http://www.thefightnetwork.com/news_detail.php?nid=2832
|title=UFC ON A “RAMPAGE,” ACQUIRES WFA CONTRACTS, TRADEMARK ASSETS
|date=[[2006-12-11]]
|accessdate=2006-12-11
}}</ref> In an interview on the UFC show '''''Inside the UFC''''' Jackson said it was time for him to enter the UFC, and he hadn't before because of his friendship with [[Tito Ortiz]]. Jackson said that because Ortiz was the head fighter in the UFC, he didn't want to ruin that. Jackson made his UFC debut at ''[[UFC 67]]'', when he beat [[Marvin Eastman]] in a rematch.
 
[[Image:Jackson KOs Liddell UFC71.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Jackson lands a right hook that drops [[Chuck Liddell]] in [[UFC 71]], winning the Light-Heavyweight title.]]
Alfvén and his colleagues began to develop plasma cosmology in the 1960’s and 70’s as an extrapolation of their earlier highly successful theories of solar and solar-system phenomena.<ref>H. Alfvén, "On the cosmogony of the solar system", in ''Stockholms Observatoriums Annaler'' (1942) ([http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/StoAn/0014//0000042.000.html Part I], [http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1942StoAn..14....5A Part II], [http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1942StoAn..14....9A Part III]).</ref> They pointed out those extremely similar phenomena existed in plasmas at all scales because of inherent [[Plasma scaling|scaling laws]], ultimately derived from [[Maxwell's laws]]. One scale invariant in plasmas is [[velocity]], so that plasmas at scales from the laboratory up to [[supercluster|supercluster of galaxies]] exhibit similar phenomena in a range of velocities from tens to a thousand [[kilometer]]s per [[second]]. In turn this invariance means that the duration of plasma phenomena scales as their size, so that galaxies a hundred thousand [[light year]]s across with characteristic evolution times of billions of years scale to transient laboratory-scale phenomena lasting a microsecond.
At [[UFC 71]], May 26, 2007, Quinton "Rampage" Jackson once again defeated "Iceman" [[Chuck Liddell]] via TKO (Strikes) in Round 1 after one minute and fifty-three seconds to become [[UFC]] [[Light Heavyweight (MMA)|Light Heavyweight]] champion.
 
He will make his first title defense against [[Dan Henderson]], PRIDE Welterweight (183 pounds) and Middleweight (205 pounds) Champion.
While gravity becomes important at large scales, electromagnetic forces sometimes dominate cosmic processes. Magnetic forces are particularly important since even in neutral plasma (like almost all astrophysical plasmas) magnetic forces have infinite range, like gravity. For example, in the Local Supercluster of galaxies, the magnetic field is at least 0.3 microgauss over a volume 10 Mpc in radius centered on the Milky Way, so here the magnetic field energy density exceeds the gravitational energy density by at least an order of magnitude.<ref>Philipp Kronberg, "New Probes of Intergalactic Magnetic Fields by Radiometry and Faraday Rotation", J. Korean Astron. Soc., 37, 343 (2004).</ref>
 
===Kickboxing career===
Alfvén and his collaborators pointed to two plasma phenomena that have figured prominently in subsequent developments of plasma cosmology:
{{Unreferenced|date=June 2007}}
In 2002, when [[PRIDE Fighting Championships]] and [[K-1]] were exchanging talent, Jackson was sent to fight kickboxer [[Cyril Abidi]] under K-1 rules. The first kickboxing bout between Abidi and Jackson was on July 14, 2002. Many expected Jackson's wild style of striking would not translate into the K-1 ring, thinking he would be outclassed by such a schooled and disciplined striker as Abidi. Instead, Jackson overwhelmed Abidi from the opening bell, and knocked him down less than a minute into the bout. Jackson then scored a hard underhand right to the chin of Abidi, knocking him out only 1:55 into the very first round.
 
Later in the year, Abidi wanted to prove his loss to the undisciplined Jackson was nothing more than a fluke, and faced him on the New Year's Eve Inoki Bom-Ba-Ye card, again in a K-1 rules bout. Jackson laid a lot of criticism to rest by once again defeating Abidi, this time not by early knockout, but via a clear decision. It would be Jackson's last foray with K-1, as he returned to full-time MMA competition after his second win over Abidi.
# The formation of [[Birkeland current|force-free filaments]]. (See [[#Force free filaments|section below]])
# The exploding [[double layer]], where charge separation builds up in a current-carrying plasma, leading to the disruption of the current, the generation of high electric fields and the acceleration of energetic particles. This phenomenon, which was first observed in the laboratory, was suggested by Alfvén as a possible mechanism for the generation of [[cosmic rays]].
 
== MMA Record ==
===Force free filaments===
{{start box}}
When currents move through any plasma, they create magnetic fields which in turn divert currents in such a way that parallel currents attract each other (the [[Z-pinch|pinch effect]]). Plasma thus naturally becomes inhomogeneous, with currents and plasmas organizing themselves into force-free filaments, in which the currents move in the same direction as the magnetic field.
|-
|style="text-align: center" colspan=8|'''27 Wins''' (13 KO's, 7 submissions, 7 decisions), '''6 Losses''' (3 TKO, 1 submission, 1 decision)- '''0 Draws'''.
|-
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #f0f0f0"|'''Result'''
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background:#f0f0f0"|'''Opponent'''
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #f0f0f0"|'''Method'''
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #f0f0f0"|'''Event'''
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #f0f0f0"|'''Date''' -
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #f0f0f0"|'''Round''' -
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #f0f0f0"|'''Time'''
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #f0f0f0"|'''Notes'''
|-
|{{yes2}}Win|| [[Chuck Liddell]]|| TKO (Strikes) || [[UFC 71|UFC 71: Liddell vs. Jackson]] ||5/26/2007 || 1|| 1:53 || Won UFC Light Heavyweight Title
|-
|{{yes2}}Win|| [[Marvin Eastman]]|| TKO (Punches) || [[UFC 67|UFC 67: All or Nothing]] ||2/3/2007 || 2|| 3:49 ||
|-
|{{yes2}}Win|| [[Matt Lindland]]|| Decision (Split) || [[WFA King of the Streets]] ||7/22/2006 || 3|| 5:00 ||
|-
|{{yes2}}Win|| [[Dong Sik Yoon]]|| Decision|| [[PRIDE 31]]||2/26/2006|| 3|| 5:00 ||
|-
|{{yes2}}Win|| [[Hirotaka Yokoi]]|| TKO|| [[PRIDE 30]] ||10/23/2005|| 1|| 4:05 ||
|-
|{{no2}}Loss|| [[Mauricio Rua]]|| TKO || [[PRIDE Total Elimination 2005]]||4/23/2005|| 1|| 4:47 ||
|-
|{{yes2}}Win|| [[Murilo Rua]]|| Decision|| [[PRIDE 29]]-Fists of Fire 2005||2/20/2005|| 3|| 5:00 ||
|-
|{{no2}}Loss|| [[Wanderlei Silva]]|| KO|| [[PRIDE 28]]-High Octane||10/31/2004|| 2|| 3:26 ||Middleweight Title Match
|-
|{{yes2}}Win|| [[Ricardo Arona]]|| KO (Power Bomb) || [[PRIDE Critical Countdown 2004]]||6/20/2004|| 1|| 7:32||
|-
|{{yes2}}Win || [[Ikuhisa Minowa]]|| TKO|| [[PRIDE Shockwave 2003]]||12/31/2003|| 2|| 1:05 ||
|-
|{{no2}}Loss|| [[Wanderlei Silva]]|| TKO || [[PRIDE Final Conflict 2003]] ||11/9/2003 ||1 || 6:28 ||Middleweight Grand Prix Final
|-
|{{yes2}}Win|| [[Chuck Liddell]]|| TKO (Corner Stoppage)|| [[PRIDE Final Conflict 2003]]||11/9/2003|| 2|| 3:10||Middleweight Grand Prix Semifinal
|-
|{{yes2}}Win|| [[Murilo Bustamante]]|| Decision|| [[PRIDE Total Elimination 2003]] ||8/10/2003|| 3|| 5:00 ||Middleweight Grand Prix Quarterfinal
|-
|{{yes2}}Win|| [[Mikhail Illoukhine]]|| Submission (strikes)|| [[PRIDE 26]]-Body Blow||6/8/2003|| 1|| 6:26||
|-
|{{yes2}}Win|| [[Kevin Randleman]]|| TKO|| [[PRIDE 25]]-Body Blow||3/16/2003|| 1|| 6:58 ||
|-
|{{yes2}}Win|| [[Igor Vovchanchyn]]|| Submission (injury) || [[PRIDE 22]]-Beasts from the East 2||9/29/2002|| 1|| 7:17 || Middleweight Grand Prix Final
|-
|{{yes2}}Win|| [[Sean Grey]]|| TKO || [[KOTC 13]] Revolution ||5/17/2002|| 3|| 0:37 || Middleweight Grand Prix Semifinal
|-
|{{yes2}}Win|| [[Masaaki Satake]]|| TKO || [[PRIDE 20]]-Armed and Ready||4/28/2002|| 1|| 7:07 || Middleweight Grand Prix Quarterfinal
|-
|{{no2}}Loss|| [[Daijiro Matsui]]|| DQ || [[PRIDE 18]] - Cold Fury 2||12/23/2001|| 1 || 0:14
|-
|{{yes2}}Win|| [[Yuki Ishikawa]]|| KO (Strikes)|| [[PRIDE 17]] Championship Chaos||11/3/2001|| 1|| 1:52 ||
|-
|{{yes2}}Win|| [[Alexander Otsuka]]|| TKO || [[BattlArts]] ||10/14/2001|| 2|| 5:00 ||
|-
|{{no2}}Loss|| [[Kazushi Sakuraba]]|| Submission|| [[PRIDE 15]]-Raging Rumble||7/29/2001|| 1|| 4:51 ||
|-
|{{yes2}}Win|| [[Kenneth Williams]]|| Submission|| [[Gladiator Challenge]]||6/17/2001|| 1|| 4:40 ||
|-
|{{yes2}}Win|| [[Bryson Howvreck]]|| Submission || [[KOTC 8]] ||4/29/2001|| 1|| 1:48 ||
|-
|{{yes2}}Win|| [[Rocko Henderson]]|| Submission || [[Gladiator Challenge]] ||4/7/2001|| 2 || 1:15 ||
|-
|{{yes2}}Win|| [[Dave Taylor (mixed martial artist)|Dave Taylor]]|| TKO || [[Gladiator Challenge]] ||2/18/2001|| 1|| 5:00 ||
|-
|{{yes2}}Win|| [[Charlie West]] ||Decision || [[Gladiator Challenge]]|| 12/9/2000||3 ||5:00 ||
|-
|{{yes2}}Win|| [[Rob Smith]]|| Decision || [[KOTC 6]] ||11/29/2000|| 3|| 5:00 ||
|-
|{{yes2}}Win|| [[Warren Owsley]]|| Submission || [[Dangerzone]] || 10/28/2000|| 1|| 6:04 ||
|-
|{{yes2}}Win|| [[Ron Rumpf]]|| TKO || [[CFA]] 2 ||7/19/2000|| 1|| 1:18 ||
|-
|{{no2}}Loss|| [[Marvin Eastman]]|| Decision|| [[KOTC]]||6/24/2000|| 2|| 5:00 ||
|-
|{{yes2}}Win|| [[Marco Bermudaz]]|| Submission|| [[HBUP]]-HB Underground Pancrase||5/13/2000|| 2|| N/A ||
|-
|{{yes2}}Win|| [[Mike Pyle (fighter)|Mike Pyle]]|| Decision|| ISCF ||11/13/1999|| 3||N/A ||
{{end box}}
 
==Personal life==
Such filaments act to pinch matter together in turn leads (for large enough filaments) to gravitational [[instability|instabilities]] that cause clumps to form along the filaments like beads on a string. These gravitationally-bound clumps, spinning in the magnetic field of the filament, generate electric forces that create a new set of currents moving towards the center of the clump, as in a disk generator. This in turn creates a new set of spiral filaments that set the stage of the coalescence of smaller objects. A [[hierarchy]] of structure is thus formed.
Outside of the ring, Quinton Jackson enjoys playing [[video game]]s and listening to [[music]]; Quinton recorded some [[hip hop music|rap]] songs before his conversion to Christianity (see below), but he has since expressed interest in redoing the tracks before releasing them, as the original recordings have [[profanity|explicit language]] that Jackson no longer wishes to be associated with.
 
[[Image:Quinton Jackson with kids (All Access).jpg|thumb|right|250px|Jackson with his two oldest children in an episode of UFC:All Access (2007).]]
The so-called [[eddy currents|magnetic braking]] in these filaments, as Alfvén and colleagues showed, may be important for the process of [[gravitational collapse]], because they serve as a mechanism to transfer [[angular momentum]] from the contracting clump. Without a process to transfer angular momentum, the formation of galaxies and stars would be impossible as [[centrifugal force]]s would prevent contraction. Plasma cosmology controversially asserts that such plasma processes can ultimately account for the [[Large-scale structure of the cosmos|large-scale structure]] of the universe and its filamentary organization of [[supercluster]]s, [[galaxy cluster|cluster]]s, [[galaxies]], [[star]]s and [[planet]]s. Subsequent to Alfvén’s work, highly magnetized filaments were discovered at several scales in the cosmos, from [[parsec]]-scales at the center of the galaxy to supercluster filaments that stretch across hundreds of [[megaparsec]]s.
Also well known is Quinton's change to [[born again|born-again Christianity]]. This apparently occurred sometime after his successful fight with [[Ricardo Arona]] (September, [[2004]]). An article written by [[Sherdog]]'s Josh Gross describes Jackson's experience: "In the middle of a late-summer night Jackson and his kindergarten-age son D’Angelo woke up to separate, though eerily similar dreams. Both were shaken, so much so that at 4 a.m. they had to get out of their apartment. To Jackson, it was a sign. 'You know how girls cry when they’re happy?' he said. 'That’s how I was. I think I felt Jesus' love. I don’t know. I automatically knew everything after I was born again.'"[http://www.sherdog.com/news/articles.asp?n_id=2448]
 
Jackson resides in [[Irvine, California|Irvine, CA]] with four children, Diangelo and Raja, and Elijah and Naname Nakia Jackson. All three boys have the middle name "Rampage" while Naname has just 'Page. Jackson's wife Yuki separated from him in 2006 after a blood test proved that he had fathered a child, Raja, with another woman in 2000.<ref>Lance Pugmire, "A UFC debut for 'Rampage' Jackson," LA Times, February 2, 2007. "Yuki separated from "Rampage" last year, he said, soon after an April blood test confirmed he had fathered a 6-year-old son with a woman in Kentucky."</ref>
===Ambiplasma===
{{main|Ambiplasma}}
 
==References and notes==
As [[scientific theory|theoretical considerations]] and [[experiment|experimental evidence]] from [[particle physics]] showed that [[matter]] and [[antimatter]] always come into existence in equal quantities, Alfvén and Klein in the early [[1960s]] developed a theory of cosmological evolution based on the development of an "[[ambiplasma]]" consisting of equal quantities of matter and antimatter. Alfvén theorized that if an ambiplasma was affected by both gravitational and magnetic fields, as could be expected in large-scale regions of space, matter and antimatter would naturally separate from each other. When small matter clouds collided with small antimatter clouds, the annihilation reactions on their border would cause them to repel each other, but matter clouds colliding with matter clouds would merge, leading to increasingly large regions of the universe consisting of almost exclusively matter or antimatter. Eventually the regions would become so vast that the [[gamma rays]] produced by [[annihilation]] reactions at their borders would be almost unobservable.
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://www.allrampage.com/ Official Site]
*[http://www.allrampage.com/FrontEnd/News/tabid/62/Default.aspx Quinton Rampage Jackson in the news]
*[http://www.myspace.com/rampagejackson Offical MySpace Page of Quinton "Rampage" Jackson]
*{{sherdog|id=348}}
*[http://www.ufc.com/index.cfm?fa=fighter.detail&PID=516 UFC.com Profile]
*[http://www.pridefc.com/pride2005/index.php?mainpage=fighters&fID=90 PRIDE Profile]
 
{{Championshiptitle|8th|[[Ultimate Fighting Championship|UFC]]|[[Light Heavyweight (MMA)|Light Heavyweight]]| Chuck Liddell| Current|[[May 26]], [[2007]] - Present}}
This explanation of the dominance of matter in the local universe contrasts sharply with that proposed by big bang cosmology, which requires an [[Baryogenesis|asymmetric production of matter and antimatter at high energy]]. (If matter and antimatter had been produced in equal quantities in the extremely dense big bang, annihilation would have reduced the universal density to only a few trillionths of that observed.) Such [[CP-symmetry|asymmetric matter-antimatter production]] has never been observed in nature.
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jackson, Quinton}}
Alfvén and Klein then went on to use their ambiplasma theory to explain the [[Hubble's law|Hubble relation]] between [[redshift]] and distance. They hypothesized that a very large region of the universe, consisting of parts alternately containing matter and antimatter, gravitationally collapsed until the matter and antimatter regions were forced together, liberating huge amounts of energy and leading to an explosion. At no point in this model, however, does the density of our part of the universe become very high. This explanation was appealing, because if we were at the center of the explosion we would observe the Doppler shifts from receding particles as redshifts, and the most distant particles would be the fastest moving, and hence have the largest redshift.
[[Category:American Christians]]
[[Category:American mixed martial artists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:UFC Light Heavyweight Champions]]
 
[[fr:Quinton Jackson]]
This explanation of the Hubble relationship did not withstand analysis, however. Carlqvist determined that there was no way that such a mechanism could lead to the very high redshifts, comparable to or greater than unity, that were observed. Moreover, it was difficult to see how the high degree of isotropy of the visible universe could be reproduced in this model. While Alfvén’s separation process was sound, it seems almost impossible for the process to reverse and lead to a re-mixing of matter and antimatter.
[[ja:クイントン・ジャクソン]]
 
==Features and problems==
In the past twenty-five years, plasma cosmology has expanded to develop models of the formation of large scale structure, [[quasar]]s, the origin of the light elements, the cosmic microwave background and the redshift-distance relationship.
 
===Formation of structure===
[[Image:Peratt-galaxy-formation-simulation.gif|thumb|256px|Peratt's galaxy formation simulation: Single frame stills of plasma in the simulation of two adjacent Birkeland filaments, that feature [[Galaxy rotation problem|flat rotation curves]] and no requirement for [[dark matter]]. The diagram pertains to the cross-sectional views of two plasma filaments .. of width ~35 kpc and separation about ~80 kpc. (The axial extent is determined either by the length of the "micro-pinch" within the filament (in comparison to the analogy of laboratory filaments) or to the width of the double layer formed in the Birkeland current; these are typically comparable to the filamental width. (Peratt, 1986) [http://public.lanl.gov/alp/plasma/anatomy.html#GalaxyList Animated version] ]]
 
In the early 1980’s [[Anthony Peratt|Peratt]], a former student of [[Hannes Alfvén|Alfvén’s]], used supercomputer facilities at Maxwell Laboratories and later at [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] to simulate Alfvén and Fälthammar’s concept of galaxies being formed by primordial clouds of plasma spinning in a magnetic filament. The simulation began with two spherical clouds of plasma trapped in parallel magnetic filaments, each carrying a current of around 10<sup>18</sup> [[amperes]]. In a video created from the simulation, the clouds begin to rotate around each other, spin on their own axes and distort their shape until a spiral shape emerges.<ref>[http://public.lanl.gov/alp/plasma/anatomy.html#GalaxyList Galaxy anatomy]</ref> Peratt compared the various stages in his simulation with observed galaxy shapes, concluding that they appeared highly similar. Additionally, Perrat's forms had [[galaxy rotation problem|flat rotation curves]] without invoking [[dark matter]].<ref>A. Peratt, Evolution of the Plasma Universe: II. The Formation of Systems of Galaxies, ''IEEE Trans. on Plasma Science'' (ISSN 0093-3813), '''PS-14''', 763&ndash;778 (1986). [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1986ITPS...14..763P&amp;db_key=AST&amp;data_type=HTML&amp;format=&amp;high=42ca922c9c02887 NASA ADS] [http://public.lanl.gov/alp/plasma/downloadsCosmo/Peratt86TPS-II.pdf Full text], PDF (1.7M)]</ref>
 
Peratt's simulation differs substantially from standard [[galaxy formation|galaxy formation models]] which rely on hierarchical structure formation of dark matter into the superclusters, clusters, and galaxies seen in the universe today. The size and nature of such forms are based on an initial condition from the primordial anisotropies seen in the [[power spectrum]] of the [[cosmic microwave background]].<ref>see ''e.g.'' P. J. E. Peebles, ''Large-scale structure of the universe'' (Princeton, 1980).</ref> Most astrophysicists accept dark matter as a real phenomenon and a vital ingredient in structure formation, which cannot be explained by appeal to electromagnetic processes. The mass estimates of [[galaxy cluster]]s using [[gravitational lensing]], which is a measurement independent of the rotation curves, also indicate that there is a large quantity of dark matter present independent of the measurements of galaxy rotation curves.<ref>See ''e.g.'' M. Bartelmann and P. Schneider, Weak gravitational lensing, ''Phys. Rept.'' '''340''' 291&ndash;472 (2001) {{arxiv|archive=astro-ph|id=9912508}}.</ref>
 
In the mid-80’s Lerner used plasma filamentation to develop a general explanation of the large scale structure of the universe. Lerner concluded that plasma cosmology can easily produce large scale structures while he argued that big bang cosmology has difficulty accommodating the formation of very large structures (such as voids 100 Mpc or more across) in the limited amount of time available since the hypothesized origin of the universe.<ref>E. J. Lerner, "Magnetic Vortex Filaments, Universal Invariants and the Fundamental Constants," IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Special Issue on Cosmic Plasma, Vol. PS‑14, No. 6, Dec. 1986, pp. 690‑702. E. J. Lerner, "The Case Against the Big Bang", in Progress in New Cosmologies, H. C.Arp, C. R. Keys, Eds., Plenum Press, New York, 1993, pp.89&ndash;104.</ref> Recent simulations, however, show rough agreement between observations of [[galaxy survey]]s and ''N''-body cosmological simulations of the [[Lambda-CDM model|ΛCDM model]].<ref>See, for example, the [http://www.mpa-garching.mpg.de/galform/virgo/vls/index.shtml Virgo Consortium's] large-scale simulation of "universes in boxes" with the largest voids reaching such sizes. See also F. Hoyle and M. S. Vogeley, Voids in the 2dF galaxy redshift survey, ''Astrophys. J.'' '''607''', 751&ndash;764 (2004) {{arxiv|archive=astro-ph|id=0312533}}.</ref> Many astronomers believe that achieving detailed agreement between observations and simulations in the big bang model will require improved simulations of structure formation (with faster computers and higher resolution) and a better theoretical understanding of how to identify voids and infer the distribution of invisible dark matter from the distribution of luminous galaxies.<ref>see ''e.g.'' P. J. E. Peebles, The void phenomenon, {{arxiv|archive=astro-ph|id=0101127}}.</ref>
 
Lerner's theory allows the mass of condensed objects formed to be predicted as a function of density. Magnetically confined filaments initially compress plasma, which is then condensed gravitationally into a fractal distribution of matter. For this to happen, the plasma must be collisional--a particle must collide with at least one other in crossing the object. Otherwise, particles will just continue in orbits like the planets of the solar system.<ref>E.J. Lerner, "Magnetic Vortex Filaments, Universal Invariants and the Fundamental Constants," IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Special Issue on Cosmic Plasma, Vol. PS‑14, No. 6, Dec. 1986, pp. 690‑702.</ref> This condition leads to the prediction of a fractal scaling relation in which the structures are formed with density inversely proportional to their size. This fractal scaling relationship (with [[fractal dimension]] equal to two) is a key prediction of plasma cosmology. Fractal scaling has been borne out by some studies of the galaxy number counts.<ref>F. Sylos Labini, A. Gabrielli, M. Montuori and L. Pietronero, "Finite size effects on the galaxy number counts: evidence for fractal behavior up to the deepest scale", ''Physica'' '''A226''' 195&ndash;242 (1996). B. B. Mandelbrot, ''Fractals: form, chance and dimension'' (W. H. Freeman, 1977) has earlier references.</ref>
 
In the big bang model, by contrast, the [[cosmological principle]] suggests the universe is [[homogeneity|homogeneous]] on large scales, and structures form hierarchically: the smallest objects forming first followed by larger objects. Studies have long suggested that fractal scaling is true only on small scales, and that observations indicate that the universe is homogeneous on large scales without evidence of the very large scale structure required by the fractal universe.<ref>P. J. E. Peebles, ''Principles of Physical Cosmology'' (Princeton, 1993). P. J. E. Peebles, ''Large-scale structure of the universe'' (Princeton, 1980).</ref> The largest galaxy number count to date, the [[Sloan Digital Sky Survey]], confirms this picture.<ref>M. Tegmark ''et al.'' (SDSS collaboration), "The three-dimensional power spectrum of galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey", ''Astrophysical J.'' '''606''' 702&ndash;740 (2004). {{arxiv|archive=astro-ph|id=0310725}} The failure of the fractal model is clearly indicated by the deviation of the matter [[power spectrum]] from a [[power law]] at scales larger than 0.5 [[Hubble constant|''h'']] [[parsec|Mpc]]<sup>-1</sup> (visible [http://space.mit.edu/home/tegmark/sdss.html here]).The authors comment that their work has "thereby [driven] yet another nail into the coffin of the fractal universe hypothesis..."</ref>
 
===Quasars===
Lerner developed a plasma model of [[quasar]]s based on the [[dense plasma focus]] fusion device. In this device, converging filaments of current form a tight, magnetically confined ball of plasma on the axis of cylindrical electrodes. As the magnetic field of the ball, or [[plasmoid]], decays, it generates tremendous electric fields that accelerate a beam of ions in one direction and a beam of electrons in the other. In Lerner’s model, the electric currents generated by a galaxy spinning in an intergalactic magnetic field converge on the center, producing a giant plasmoid, or quasar. This metastable entity, confined by the magnetic field of the current flowing through it, generates both the beams and intense radiation observed with quasars and active galactic nuclei. Lerner compared in detail the predictions of this model with quasar observations.<ref>E.J. Lerner, "Magnetic Self‑Compression in Laboratory Plasma, Quasars and Radio Galaxies," Laser and Particle Beams, Vol. 4, Pt. 2, (1986), pp. 193‑222.</ref> This contradicts the standard model of quasars as distant [[active galaxy|active galactic nuclei]] (that is, [[supermassive black hole]]s which are illuminated by radiation from the luminous matter they are [[accretion theory|accreting]]).
 
===Light elements abundance===
The structure formation theory allowed Lerner to calculate the size of stars formed in the formation of a galaxy and thus the amounts of [[helium]] and other light elements that will be generated during galaxy formation.<ref>E. J. Lerner, "On the problem of big-bang nucleosynthesis", ''Astrophys. Space Sci.'' '''227''', 145-149 (1995). E.J. Lerner, "Galactic Model of Element Formation," IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Vol. 17, No. 3, April 1989, pp. 259‑263.</ref> This led to the predictions that large numbers of intermediate mass stars (from 4-12 solar masses) would be generated during the formations of galaxies. Standard stellar evolution theory indicates that these stars produce and emit to the environment large amounts of helium-4, but very little carbon, nitrogen and oxygen.
 
The plasma calculations, which contained no free variables, led to a broader range of predicted abundances than [[Big Bang nucleosynthesis|big bang nucleosynthesis]], because a process occurring in individual galaxies would be subject to individual variation.<ref>''ibid''</ref> The minimum predicted value is consistent with the minimum observed values of <sup>4</sup>He abundance.<ref>''ibid''</ref> In order to account for the observed amounts of [[deuterium]] and various isotopes of [[lithium]], Eric Lerner has posited that [[cosmic rays]] from the early stars could, by collisions with ambient hydrogen and other elements, produce the light elements unaccounted for in stellar nucleosynthesis.<ref>E. J. Lerner, "Two World Systems Revisited: A Comparison of Plasma Cosmology and the Big Bang", IEEE Trans. On Plasma Sci. 31, p.1268-1275.</ref>
 
===Microwave background===
It has long been noted<ref>R. H. Cuybert, "Primordial nucleosynthesis for the new cosmology: Determining uncertainties and examining concordance", ''Physical Review D'' '''70''', Issue 2, id. 023505 (2004) {{arxiv|archive=astro-ph|id=0401091}}.</ref> that the amount of energy released in producing the observed amount of helium-4 is the same as the amount of energy in the cosmic microwave background (CMB). Lerner and others contend that the heavy dust in such galaxies would thermalize the radiation and re-emit it as far-IR. In order for such a model to yield the near-perfect observed [[blackbody spectrum]], Lerner, and Peratt and Peter independently hypothesized that the energy is thermalized and isotropized by a thicket of dense, magnetically confined plasma filaments that pervade the intergalactic medium.<ref>E. J. Lerner, "Intergalactic radio absorption and the COBE data", ''Astrophys. Space Sci.'' '''227''', 61-81 (1995). A. L. Peratt, "Plasma and the universe: Large-scale dynamics, filamentation, and radiation", ''Astrophys. Space Sci.'' '''227''', 97-107 (1995) <!-- Peter reference --></ref>
 
Since the hypothesized filaments would scatter radiation longer than 100 micrometres, the theory predicted that radiation longer than this from distant sources will be scattered, and thus will decrease more rapidly with distance than does radiation shorter than 100 micrometres. Lerner concluded that such absorption or scattering was demonstrated by comparing radio and far-infrared radiation from galaxies at various distances: the more distant, the greater the absorption effect.<ref>E.J. Lerner, "Radio Absorption by the Intergalactic Medium," The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 361, pp. 63‑68, Sept. 20, 1990. E.J. Lerner, "Confirmation of Radio Absorption by the Intergalactic Medium", Astrophysics and Space Science, Vol 207, p.17-26, 1993.</ref> Lerner also suggests this effect explains the well-known fact that the number of radio sources decreases with increasing redshift more rapidly than the number of optical sources.<ref>E. J. Lerner, "Two World Systems Revisited: A Comparison of Plasma Cosmology and the Big Bang", IEEE Trans. on Plasma Sci. 31, p.1268-1275.</ref>
 
Lerner further developed this model by matching the isotropic and homogeneous blackbody spectrum of the CMB using the high-galactic latitude fraction of the data set from [[COBE]].<ref>E. J. Lerner, "Intergalactic Radio Absorption and the COBE Data", Astrophysics and Space Science, Vol. 227, May 1995, p.61-81.</ref> Unlike in the big bang model, there have not been any calculations of an angular power spectrum for comparison to the [[WMAP]] data by supporters of plasma cosmology<ref>D. N. Spergel ''et al.'' (WMAP collaboration), "First year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) observations: Determination of cosmological parameters", ''Astrophys. J. Suppl.'' '''148''' (2003) 175.</ref> or any data that resolves the peak structure of the CMB anisotropy.
 
The plasma model of the CMB predicts that most of the observed radiation originates relatively close to us, in the “radio fog” of filaments, as opposed to the Big Bang view that the CMB originates at very high redshift and great distance. Possible support for this close origin of the CMB radation is presented by Lieu et al. <ref>R. Lieu, J. P. D. Mittaz and S.-N. Zhang "Detailed WMAP/X-ray comparison of 31 randomly selected nearby clusters of galaxies - incomplete Sunyaev-Zel'dovich silhouette" {{arxiv|archive=astro-ph|id=0510160}} </ref> in a study of the Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect of 31 clusters of galaxies. In this effect, CMB from behind the clusters is slightly "shadowed" by hot electrons in the clusters. Lieu showed that the effect for these clusters was at most one quarter of that predicted. Lieu concluded that, taken at face value, the data indicated that there was “no strong evidence for an emission origin of the CMB at locations beyond the average redshift of our cluster sample (''i.e.'' z ~ 0.1)." The study is quite new, and has not yet been published in a [[peer review|peer reviewed]] journal.
 
Additionally, certain analyses of the CMB indicate that the [[quadrupole]] [[spherical harmonics|moment]] is unexpectedly low and that the octupole moment is unexpectedly planar. Furthermore, there are various unexpectedly good alignments of the planes of the quadrupole and octupole moments with each other and with the ecliptic, with the direction of the cosmological dipole, with the equinoxes, and with the supergalactic plane.<ref>A. de Oliveira-Costa, M. Tegmark, M. Zaldarriga and A. Hamilton, "The significance of the largest scale CMB fluctuations in WMAP", ''Phys. Rev.'' '''D69''' (2004) 063516. D. J. Schwarz, G. D. Starkman, D. Huterer and C. J. Copi, "Is the low-''l'' microwave background cosmic?", ''Phys. Rev. Lett.'' '''93''' (2004) 221301.</ref> Eric Lerner has suggested that this corresponds to a model where the [[Virgo supercluster|Local Supercluster]] filament would shield us from more distant filament CMB radiation,<ref>E. J. Lerner, "Intergalactic Radio Absorption and the COBE Data", Astrophysics and Space Science, Vol. 227, May 1995, p.61-81</ref> although he has not offered a detailed model predicting this phenomenon. Since the low-''l'' multipoles are the ones with the most systematic errors, some researchers have argued that these effects disappear when the removal of the foreground from the CMB is carefully accounted for.<ref>A. Slosar and U. Seljak, "Assessing the effects of foregrounds and sky removal in WMAP", ''Phys. Rev.'' '''D70''', 083002 (2004). [http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0404567 astro-ph/0404567].</ref> (''See'' [[Cosmic microwave background radiation#Low multipoles]].)
 
===Redshifts===
[[Redshift|Cosmological redshifts]] are a ubiquitous phenomenon that is summarized by the [[Hubble Law]] in which more distant galaxies have greater redshifts. Adherents to plasma cosmology dispute the claim that this observation indicates an expanding universe.
 
In a 2005 paper, Lerner used recent data on high-redshift galaxies from the [[Hubble Ultra Deep Field]] in an attempt to test the predictions of the expanding-universe explanation of the Hubble relation.<ref>E. J. Lerner, "Evidence for a Non-Expanding Universe:Surface Brightness Data From HUDF" in Proceedings of the First Crisis in Cosmology Conference, AIP Proceedings Series Vol. 822 (2006).</ref> The big bang model predicts the apparent surface brightness (brightness per unit apparent area) of galaxies of the same [[absolute magnitude]] should decrease at increasing distance according to a specific power law due to [[Richard Chase Tolman|Tolman]]. Lerner concluded that observations show that the surface brightness of galaxies up to a redshift of six are constants predicted by a non-expanding universe and in sharp contradiction to the big bang. Lerner states that attempts to explain this discrepancy by changes in galaxy [[morphology]] lead to predictions of galaxies that are impossibly bright and dense. Standard models of galaxies suggest, however, galaxy morphology is very different at high redshifts.<ref>M. Moles, et al., "On the Use of Scaling Relations for the Tolman Test" ''Astrophysical Journal Letters'' '''495''', L31 (1998) {{arxiv|archive=astro-ph|id=9802131}}.</ref>
 
Lerner's result disagrees with the results of Lubin and Sandage,<ref>A. Sandage and L. L. Lubin, The Tolman surface brightness test for the reality of the expansion. I. Calibration of the necessary local parameters, ''Astronomical Journal'' '''121''', 2271&ndash;2288 (2001) {{arxiv|archive=astro-ph|id=0102213}}. &mdash;, &mdash; II. The effect of the point-spread function and galaxy ellipticity on the derived photometric parameters, ''Astronomical Journal'' '''121''', 2289&ndash;2300 (2001) {{arxiv|archive=astro-ph|id=0102214}}. &mdash;, &mdash; III. Hubble space telescope profile and surface brightness data for early-type galaxies in three high-redshift clusters, ''Astronomical Journal'' '''122''', 1071&ndash;1083 (2001) {{arxiv|archive=astro-ph|id=0106563}}. &mdash;, &mdash; IV. A measurement of the Tolman signal and the luminosity evolution of early-type galaxies, ''Astronomical Journal'' '''122''', 1084&ndash;1103 (2001) {{arxiv|archive=astro-ph|id=0106566}}. The authors state "We conclude that the Tolman surface brightness test is consistent with the reality of the expansion to within the combined errors of the observed [surface brightness] depression and the theoretical correction for luminosity evolution. We have also used the high-redshift HST data to test the 'tired light' speculation for a nonexpansion model for the redshift. The HST data rule out the tired light model at a significance level of better than 10 sigma."</ref> astronomers at [[Caltech]] and the [[Carnegie Institution of Washington|Carnegie observatories]], who performed similar tests on a high quality selection of well-calibrated lower-redshift (up to ''z'' of 0.92) galaxies and concluded they are consistent with an expanding universe. Another measure of the expansion of the universe, the [[time dilation]] of [[supernova]] light curves, is also cited as evidence that the universe is expanding.<ref>G. Goldhaber ''et al.'' (Supernova Cosmology Project), Timescale stretch parameterization of type Ia supernova B-band light curves, ''Astrophys. J.'' '''558''', 359&ndash;368 (2001) {{arxiv|archive=astro-ph|id=0104382}}.</ref> However, Lerner argues in the same paper that this is not the case.
 
Attempts to offer a plasma-based explanation of the Hubble relation have not been successful. While many plasma effects associated with [[scattering]] of [[photons]] and [[ions]] or [[electrons]] can give rise to frequency shifts, these effects tend to be too small and irregular to explain the Hubble relation, unless unrealistically high matter densities and isotropies of the plasma are assumed. Eric Lerner and his supporters now believe that the Hubble relation may well be a result of unknown physical phenomena, such as the [[tired light effect]].
 
Most cosmologists believe that an expanding universe is supported by the overwhelming preponderance of evidence in cosmology.
 
===General relativity and plasma cosmology===
It is sometimes argued that the finite age of the universe is a generic prediction of general relativity for realistic cosmologies. However, proofs of a universal singularity in the past all rely on additional hypotheses, which may or may not be true. For example, [[Stephen Hawking]] and [[George Ellis]] argued that generating the thermal, isotropic cosmic microwave background necessarily implies a [[gravitational singularity]] in our universe if the cosmological constant is zero. <ref>S. W. Hawking and G. F. R. Ellis, ''The large-scale structure of space-time'' (Cambridge, 1973) especially §10.1.</ref> Their calculation of the density of matter and thus their conclusion rested on the assumption that [[Thomson scattering]] is the most efficient process for thermalization. But in highly magnetized plasmas other processes such as inverse synchrotron absorption can be far more efficient, as Lerner points out in his theory of the microwave background. <ref>E. J. Lerner, Force-free magnetic filaments and the cosmic background radiation, ''IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci.'', '''20''', 935&ndash;8 (1992). For a comparison of Thomson and inverse synchrotron cross sections, see G. Ghisellini and R. Svensson, The synchrotron and cyclo-synchrotron absorption cross section, ''Mon. Not. R. astr. Soc.'' '''252''', 313&ndash;18 (1991) [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1991MNRAS.252..313G&amp;db_key=AST&amp;data_type=HTML&amp;format=&amp;high=40eb175ac513288 NASA ADS]</ref> With such efficient absorption and re-emission, the amount of plasma needed to thermalize the cosmic microwave background can be orders of magnitude less than that needed to produce a singularity. The implications of general relativity for plasma cosmology have not been studied in detail.
 
===Future===
Plasma cosmology is not a widely-accepted scientific theory, and even its advocates agree the explanations provided are less detailed than those of conventional cosmology. Its development has been hampered, as have that of other alternatives to big bang cosmology, by the exclusive allocation of government funding to research in conventional cosmology. Most conventional cosmologists argue that this bias is due to the large amount of detailed observational evidence that validates the simple, six parameter ΛCDM model of the big bang. However, hundreds of scientists, including dozens from leading astronomical institutions, have urged that research into alternative cosmologies be funded.<ref>E. Lerner, "Bucking the Big Bang," ''New Scientist'' May 22, 2004; [http://www.cosmologystatement.org/ www.cosmologystatement.org]</ref>
 
==Figures in plasma cosmology==
The following physicists and astronomers helped, either directly or indirectly, to develop this field:
 
* [[Hannes Alfvén]] - Along with Birkeland, fathered Plasma Cosmology and was a pioneer in laboratory based plasma physics. Received the only Nobel Prize ever awarded to a plasma physicist.
* [[Kristian Birkeland]] - First suggested that polar electric currents [or [[Polar aurora|aurora]]l [[electrojet]]s] are connected to a system of filaments (now called "Birkeland Currents") that flowed along geomagnetic field lines into and away from the polar region. Suggested that space is not a vacuum but is instead filled with plasma. Pioneered the technique of "laboratory astrophysics", which became directly responsible for our present understanding of the aurora.
* [[Eric Lerner]] - Claims that the intergalactic medium is a strong absorber of the [[cosmic microwave background radiation]] with the absorption occurring in narrow filaments. Postulates that [[quasar]]s are not related to [[black hole]]s but are rather produced by a [[magnetic]] self-compression process similar to that occurring in the [[plasma focus]].
* [[Anthony Peratt]] - Developed computer simulations of galaxy formation using Birkeland currents along with gravity. Along with Alfvén, organized international conferences on Plasma Cosmology.
* [[Gerrit Verschuur|Gerrit L. Verschuur]] - Radio astronomer, writer of "''Interstellar matters : essays on curiosity and astronomical discovery''" and "''Cosmic catastrophes''".
 
==Footnotes==
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==See also==
* '''[[Cosmology]]''' : [[Non-standard cosmology]], [[Intrinsic redshift]]s, [[Tired light]], [[Quasars, Redshifts and Controversies]], [[Static universe]]
* '''[[Astrophysics]]''' : [[Theoretical astrophysics]], [[Plasma physics]], [[Astrophysical plasma]], [[Magnetohydrodynamics]],
* '''Other''': [[Pathological science]]
* The [[ambiplasma]] model, or the Alfvén-Klein model, is the original model of plasma cosmology.
* '''[[Electric Universe (concept)|Electric Universe]]''', a concept that includes elements of plasma cosmology but is much farther outside the mainstream.
 
==Links and references==
* Alfvén, H. "''[http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1984SSRv...39...65A Cosmogony as an extrapolation of magnetospheric research]''" (1984)
* Alfvén, H. "''[http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1983Ap%26SS..89..313A On hierarchical cosmology]''" (1983)
* Wright, E. L. "''[http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/lerner_errors.html Errors in "The Big Bang Never Happened"]''".
* Lerner, E. J. "''[http://photoman.bizland.com/bbnh/p25.htm Dr. Wright is Wrong]''". Lerner's reply to the above.
* Peratt, Anthony, "''[http://public.lanl.gov/alp/plasma/universe.html Plasma Universe]''". ([http://public.lanl.gov/alp/plasma/cosmology.html Related Papers])
* Wurden, Glen, "''[http://plasma.lanl.gov The Plasma Universe]''". Los Alamos National Laboratory. University of California (U.S. Department of Energy). (General Plasma Research)
* Marmet, Paul, "''[http://www.newtonphysics.on.ca/BIGBANG/Bigbang.html Big Bang Cosmology Meets an Astronomical Death]''". 21st Century, Science and Technology, Washington, D.C.
* Eastman, Timothy E., "''[http://www.plasmas.org/space-astrophys.htm Plasma Astrophysics]''". Plasmas International. (References, Parameters, and Research Centers links.)
* Goodman, J., "''[http://www.geocities.com/kingvegeta80/cosmology.html The Cosmological Debate]''".
*Heikkila, Walter J. "''[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1988Ap%26SS.144...85H&amp;db_key=AST&amp;data_type=HTML&amp;format=&amp;high=42ca922c9c21187 Elementary ideas behind plasma physics]''", from a ''[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-abs_connect?db_key=ALL&bibstem=Astrophysics+and+Space+Science&year=1988&volume=144 Special Issue of Astrophysics and Space Science]''" Dedicated to Hannes Alfvén on 80th Birthday
* IEEE Xplore, ''[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=27 IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science]'', '''18''' issue 1 (1990), Special Issue on Plasma Cosmology including A. L. Peratt, "Plasma cosmology", ''IEEE T. Plasma Sci.'' '''18''', 1-4 (1990).
 
===Books===
* H. Alfvén, ''Worlds-antiworlds: antimatter in cosmology,'' (Freeman, 1966).
* H. Alfvén, ''Cosmic Plasma'' (Reidel, 1981) ISBN 9027711518
* E. J. Lerner, ''The Big Bang Never Happened'', (Vintage, 1992) ISBN 067974049X
* A. L. Peratt, ''Physics of the Plasma Universe'', (Springer, 1992) ISBN 0387975756
 
[[Category:Cosmology]]
[[Category:Protoscience]]
[[Category:Space plasmas]]
 
[[ja:プラズマ宇宙論]]
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