Talk:Space Shuttle Endeavour and Castile (historical region): Difference between pages

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Revision as of 06:48, 6 June 2007

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Could we have a smaller version of this picture? It quite dwarfs the article. :) [[User:-- April|-- April]]

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[[Image:Región histórica de Castilla.png|right|thumb|250px|Unofficial map of what is traditionally considered to be the region of Castile, although the definition of which areas constitute Castile is disputed.]]

A former kingdom, '''Castile''' ({{lang-es|Castilla}}; usually pronounced Cast-EEL in [[English language|English]]; {{lang-ar|قشتالة}}), gradually merged with its neighbors to become the [[Kingdom of Spain]]. In modern-day [[Spain]], it comprises the regions of [[Castilla y León]] in the north-west, and [[Castilla-La Mancha]] in the center of the country. Modern Spanish monarchs are numbered according to the system of Castile.

:I couldn't find a better source for that same photo (cropping the nose off didn't strike me as photogenic!), so I replaced it with what I think is a prettier one. Note that there are ''gazillions'' of NASA-related photos at http://mediaarchive.ksc.nasa.gov/ . --[[User:Brion VIBBER|Brion]]

Castile's name means land or region of castles, in reference to the castles built in the area to consolidate the Christian re-conquest from the [[Moors]].

I noticed at the Houston Space Center a few months ago that several mission badges had Endeavour spelt Endeavor (for several missions in the 1990s). Anyone know the reasoning for this? You can confirm this by searching the term Endeavor on NASA sites. [[User:Csnewton|Simon]]

==History==

:Are you sure about this? ''Jenkins'' has a few pages of reproductions of the mission patches; the only one for Endeavour where the orbiter's named seems to be [[STS-49]], and it's spelt "Endeavour" on there. Searching on nasa.gov throws up random pages - although quite a few of them - but most seem to be in the context of a misspelling rather than an intentional use of a variant name. (If you're not aware it's spelt "strangely", you'll write it the way you're used to - and even if you are it'll often slip through). I'd bet simply on error. [[User:Shimgray|Shimgray]] 17:08, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

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Historically, the Castilian Kingdom and people were the architects of the Spanish State by a process of expansion to the South against the Muslims and of marriages, wars, assimilation, and annexation of their smaller Eastern and Western neighbours. From the advent of the Bourbon Monarchy following the [[War of the Spanish Succession]] until the arrival of parliamentary democracy in [[1977]], the Castilian language alone had an official status in the Spanish State.

Previously an eastern county of the [[kingdom of León]], Castile in the [[11th century]] became an independent realm with its capital at [[Burgos]] and later [[Valladolid]], and the leading force in the northern Christian states' 400-year [[Reconquista]] ("reconquest") of central and southern Spain from the Muslim rulers who had dominated the peninsula since the [[8th century]].

::In the Cafeteria they have mission plaques (sp?) for all the shuttle missions, and there is a period of several missions where the name is Endeavor. Is there a way to find pictures of the original mission badges? I think NASA may have gone through many of their pages correcting text; I noticed a lot of pages had Endeavor in the title bar and Endeavour in the article. I'm sure the wing has always had Endeavour on it. I will remove the trivial fact, until I can come up with more evidence. --[[User:Csnewton|Csnewton]] 02:29, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The capture of [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]] in [[1085]] added [[New Castile]] to the crown's territories, and the [[battle of Las Navas de Tolosa]] ([[1212]]) heralded the Muslim loss of most of the south. [[The kingdom of León]] was finally reunited with Castile in [[1230]], and the following decades saw the capture of [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]] ([[1236]]), [[Murcia]] ([[1243]]) and [[Seville]] ([[1248]]). By the [[Treaty of Alcaçovas]] with [[Portugal]] on [[March 6]], [[1460]], the ownership of the [[Canary Islands]] was transferred to Castile.

:::I do still think it's just a typo - a distressingly common one, mind you - rather than a variant name. NASA has press kits online somewhere, with mission patches, but these are all new - the pdfs note they were recreated in ~2001. However, there's also scans of the contemporary Media Resource Kits, one of which I have open in front of me right now, and the patch for STS-49 says "Endeavour"... It's quite possible that the plaques were made by someone who wasn't aware the name was spelt the "foreign" way, and they "corrected" it; I'll pass the query on, though, and see if I can find anything about it. [[User:Shimgray|Shimgray]] 17:22, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The dynastic union of Castile and [[Aragon]] in [[1469]], when [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]] wed [[Isabella of Castile]], would eventually lead to the formal creation of Spain as a single entity in [[1516]] when their grandson [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] assumed both thrones. See [[List of Spanish monarchs]] and [[Kings of Spain family tree]].

The sentence "The Space Shuttle wasn't designed to retrieve the satellite, however, which created many repair challenges." is a direct quote from http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/shuttleoperations/orbiters/endeavour-info.html. It should either be reworded, removed, or cited properly so as not to be plagiarism.

Nowadays many people consider that the territory traditionally regarded as Castile is now divided into the Spanish autonomous communities of [[Cantabria]], [[Castile and Leon]], [[Castile-La Mancha]], [[Community of Madrid|Madrid]] and [[La Rioja (autonomous community)|La Rioja]], although this territory was conquered by Castile's Crown and separated of Navarrese Kingdom, as the Basque Country. However, the territory of the Castilian Crown actually comprised all other autonomous communities within Spain with the exception of [[Aragon]], [[Balearic Islands]], [[Valencia (autonomous community)|Valencia]] and [[Catalonia]], which all belonged to the late Crown of Aragon, and [[Navarre]], heir of the older Kingdom of the same name.

==Language==

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The language of Castile emerged as the primary language of Spain — known to many of its speakers as ''castellano'' and in English as Castilian, but more often as [[Spanish language|Spanish]]. See [[Names given to the Spanish language]].

==Castilian identity and cultural expansion==

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Castilians are a defined as a community with a shared culture and history. Their origin is, as well as most of other parts of the Spain, a heterogeneous mixture of [[European]], [[Celtiberians|Celtiberian]], [[Ancient Rome|Roman]], [[Visigoths|Visigothic]], [[Berber people|Berber]], [[Arab]] and [[Jewish]] roots (see also [[Spanish people]]). Thus, it is not correct to establish a strict common origin, but a common [[cultural identity]]. Over time, most Castilians have mixed with other Spaniards due to their past political dominance, and present-day cultural dominance. Castilians and their cultural influence spread throughout the entire plateau of central Spain during the [[Reconquista]], carried out principally by the Kingdom of Toledo which was renamed "New Castile". Castilian "ethnicity" is the product of the conquest, by a small kingdom in northern Spain, of vast tracts of sparsely populated lands (the central [[Geography of Spain#Meseta Central|"mesetas"]]). These lands were populated, during the reconquest, by peoples from all over the peninsula (even from southern Spain (see exile of [[Mozarabe]]s from [[Al Andalus]] and even the dispersal of [[Morisco]]s from Granada in the [[16th century]]).

The Castilian language has been adopted as the language of Spain although it is still referred to as "Castilian" in Spain and frequently in Latin America. At present, Castilians are known as the inhabitants of those regions of Spain where there is no regional identity which conflicts with that of "Castilian". The Castilian regions roughly coincide with the plateaus of north-central Spain, historically sparsely populated highlands.

Castilian identity is now defined negatively rather than positively. The reason for this is that [[Castilian nationalism]] was the first to have been destroyed by the Spanish Crown during the revolt and war of the [[Castilian War of the Communities]] against the Spanish Monarchy, between [[1520]] and [[1521]].

Castilian identity is thus excluded from the historical nationalities of Spain such as [[Catalonia]], [[Galicia]] and the [[Basque Country (historical territory)|Basque]] regions, but also other regions which due to historical reasons have their own identity, culture and dialects, such as the 8 million strong [[Andalusia]]n region, [[Asturies]], [[Aragon]] or the [[Canary Islands]]. Both Andalusia and the Canary Islands experienced an early Castilian colonisation and subsequent immigration, but the survival and absorption of (or by) local populations allowed for a culture particular to those regions. Certain regions are not considered Castilian, such as [[Community of Valencia|Valencia]] and the [[Balearic Islands]] because historically they belong to the [[Crown of Aragon]] and because their local languages are [[Catalan language|Catalan]] dialects. [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicians]] are not considered to be Castilian, although their region was annexed by the [[Crown of Castile]]. Their language, [[Galician language|Galician]], is akin to [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], and they possess a local culture and identity. [[Navarre]], a historical kingdom in its own right, is Basque in the north and more Castilian in the south whereas [[Extremadura]], a region in western Spain is considered to be Castilian in the north and Andalusian in the south. The list goes on with [[Murcia]]ns, [[León (province)|Leonese]], [[La Mancha|Manchego]]s etc, but establishing whether these people are to be considered "Castilian" is a more difficult matter.

==Castile in literature and poetry==

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Antonio Machado, perhaps one of Spain's greatest poets, and part of the auto-critical moment that was [[Generation of 98]], wrote several books of poems to Castile. He focused that pesimistic point of view in the place of Castile and Castilians in Spanish history with these verses:

''Castilla miserable, ayer dominadora,''

''envuelta en sus andrajos desprecia cuanto ignora.''

''¿Espera, duerme o sueña? ¿La sangre derramada''

''recuerda, cuando tuvo la fiebre de la espada? ''

''Todo se mueve, fluye, discurre, corre o gira; ''

''cambian la mar y el monte y el ojo que los mira.''

''¿Pasó? Sobre sus campos aún el fantasma yerra ''

''de un pueblo que ponía a Dios sobre la guerra.''

-Antonio Machado, 'A orillas del Duero'

(Miserable Castille, yesterday dominating,

wrapped in her rags despising as much as she ignores.

Wait, does she sleep or dream? The spilt blood does she

remember, when she had the fever of the sword?

Everything moves, flows, runs, or spins;

they change: the sea, the mountain and the eye that watches them.

Did it happen? On its fields still lingers the ghost

of a people who put God to war.)

But this critical opinion of Machado was in the internal contradiction of an Andalusian, not-Castilian, who loved and felt Castilla as his own homeland:

''—yo tuve patria donde corre el Duero''

''por entre grises peñas,''

''y fantasmas de viejos encinares,''

''allá en Castilla, mística y guerrera,''

''Castilla la gentil, humilde y brava,''

''Castilla del desdén y de la fuerza—''

-Antonio Machado

(I had my Fatherland where River Duero runs

beneath grey rocks,

and beneath the ghosts of the old holm oaks,

there, in Castile, mystic and warrior,

Gentile, humble and brave Castile,

Castile of disdain and strength.)

==See also==

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* [[Castile-La Mancha]]

* [[Castile-Leon|Castile and León]]

* [[Old Castile]]

* [[New Castile]]

* [[Crown of Castile]]

* Early history of the [[Kingdom of León]]

* Later [[history of Spain]]

* List of [[Kings of Castile|Castile Kings]]

* [[Castile soap]]

* [[Music of Castile, Madrid and Leon]]

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Two places in the [[United States|United States of America]] have been named after this kingdom: [[Castile (village), New York|Village of Castile]] and [[Castile (town), New York|Town of Castile]]. Both are located in the state of [[New York State|New York]].

[[Category:Former monarchies of Europe|Asturias, Kingdom of]]

[[Category:Castile| ]]

[[Category:Former countries in Europe]]

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[[es:Castilla]]

[[eo:Kastilio]]

[[eu:Gaztelako Erresuma]]

[[fr:Castille]]

[[gl:Castela]]

[[hr:Kastilija]]

[[ia:Castilia]]

[[it:Castiglia]]

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