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The '''mesomeric effect''' or '''resonance effect''' in [[chemistry]] is a property of [[substituent]]s or [[functional group]]s in a [[chemical compound]]. The effect is used in a qualitative way and describes the electron withdrawing or releasing properties of substituents based on relevant [[resonance structure]]s and is symbolized by the letter '''M'''. The mesomeric effect is negative ('''-M''') when the substituent is an electron-withdrawing group and the effect is positive ('''+M''') when based on resonance the substituent is an electron releasing group.
'''Corrado Gini''' ([[May 23]], [[1884]] - [[March 13]], [[1965]]) was an [[Italy|Italian]] [[statistician]], [[demography|demographer]] and [[sociology|sociologist]] who developed the [[Gini coefficient]], a measure of the [[income]] inequality in a [[society]]. Gini was also a leading [[fascist]] theorist and ideologue who wrote ''The Scientific Basis of Fascism'' in 1927.
*Examples of -M substituents: [[acetyl]] (UPAC ethanoyl) - [[nitrile]] - [[nitro]]
==Early career==
*Examples of +M substituents: [[alcohol]] - [[amine]]
Gini was born on 23 May I884 at Motta di Livenza, near [[Treviso]], into an old [[landed family]]. He entered the Faculty of Law at the University of [[Bologna]], where in addition to law he studied [[mathematics]], [[economics]], and [[biology]].
His subsequent scientific work ran in two directions, towards the social sciences, and towards statistics.
His interests ranged well beyond the formal aspects of statistics to the laws that govern biological and social phenomena.
The net electron flow from or to the substituent is determined also by the [[inductive effect]]. It's important to note that the mesomeric effect as a result of p - orbital overlap (resonance) has absolutely no effect on this inductive effect, as the inductive effect is purely to do with the [[electronegativity]] of the atoms and their structural chemistry (which atoms are connected to which).
His first published work was, ''Il sesso dal punto di vista statistico'' ([[1908]])
This work is a thorough review of the natal sex ratio looking at past theories and at how new hypothesis fit the statistical data.
The concepts of mesomeric effect, '''mesomerism''' and '''mesomer''' were introduced by [[Christopher Kelk Ingold|Ingold]] in 1938 as an alternative to the [[Linus Pauling|Pauling's]] synonymous concept of [[resonance effect|resonance]] <ref>''If It's Resonance, What Is Resonating?'' Kerber, Robert C. . J. Chem. Educ. '''2006''' 83 223. [http://www.jce.divched.org/Journal/Issues/2006/Feb/abs223.html Abstract]</ref>. Mesomerism is in this context is often encountered in German and French literature but in English literature the term resonance dominates.
In [[1910]] he acceded to the Chair of Statistics in the University of [[Cagliari]] and then at [[Padua]] in [[1913]].
He founded the statistical journal Metron in [[1920]] which he directed until his death and which never accepted articles that did not have practical applications.
* IUPAC [[Gold Book]] [http://www.iupac.org/goldbook/M03844.pdf definition]
He became a professor at the University of [[Rome]] in [[1925]]. At the University, he founded a lecture course on sociology, which he maintained until his retirement. He also set up the School of Statistics, in [[1928]], and, in [[1936]], the Faculty of Statistical, Demographic and Actuarial Sciences.
* [[List of publications in chemistry#Organic chemistry|Important publications in organic chemistry]]
== References ==
In [[1929]] Gini founded the Italian Committee for the Study of Population Problems (''Comitato italiano per lo studio dei problemi della popolazione) '' which, two years later, organised the first Population Congress in [[Rome]].
<references />
[[Category:Chemical bonding]]
In [[1926]] he was appointed President of the Central Institute of Statistics in Rome. This he organised as a single centre for Italian statistical services. He resigned in [[1932]] in protest at interference in his work by the fascist state.
[[de:Mesomerer Effekt]]
==Later career==
*In [[1933]] Gini was elected vicepresident of the International Sociological Institute,.
*In [[1934]] - president of the Italian [[Genetics]] and [[Eugenics]] Society.
*In [[1935]] - president of the International Federation of Eugenics Societies in Latin-language Countries.
*In [[1937]] - president of the Italian Sociological Society.
*In [[1941]] - president of the Italian Statistical Society.
*In [[1957]] he received the Gold Medal for outstanding service to the Italian School.
*In [[1962]] he was elected National Member of the [[Accademia dei Lincei]].
==Honours==
The following honorary degrees were conferred upon him
*Economics by the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart in Milan (1932),
*Sociology by the University of Geneva (1934),
*Sciences by Harvard University (1936),
*Social Sciences by the University of Cordoba, Argentine (1963).
Corrado Gini died in the early hours of 13 March [[1965]].
==Some publications==
* ''Il sesso dal punto di vista statistica: le leggi della produzione dei sessi'' ([[1908]])
* ''Sulla misura della concentrazione e della variabilità dei caratteri'' ([[1914]])
* ''Quelques considérations au sujet de la construction des nombres indices des prix et des questions analogues'' ([[1924]])
* ''Memorie di metodologia statistica. Vol.1: Variabilità e Concentrazione'' ([[1955]])
* ''Memorie di metodologia statistica. Vol.2: Transvariazione'' ([[1960]])
* [[Gini coefficient]] and [[Gini index]]
* [http://www.metronjournal.it/storia/ginibio.htm Biography Of Corrado Gini at the ''Metron'', the statistics journal he founded].
* [http://www.eh.net/XIIICongress/Papers/Favero.pdf Paper on "Corrado Gini and Italian Statistics under Fascism" by Giovanni Favero June 2002]
[[Category:1884 births|Gini, Corrado]]
[[Category:1965 deaths|Gini, Corrado]]
[[Category:Sociologists|Gini, Corrado]]
[[Category:Statisticians|Gini, Corrado]]
[[fr:Corrado Gini]]
[[it:Corrado Gini]]
[[ja:コッラド・ジニ]]
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