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The '''mesomeric effect''' or '''resonance effect''' in [[chemistry]] is a property of [[substituent]]s or [[functional group]]s in a [[chemical compound]]. The effect is used in a qualitative way and describes the electron withdrawing or releasing properties of substituents based on relevant [[resonance structure]]s and is symbolized by the letter '''M'''. The mesomeric effect is negative ('''-M''') when the substituent is an electron-withdrawing group and the effect is positive ('''+M''') when based on resonance the substituent is an electron releasing group.
[[Image:Sawfiler.jpg|thumb|right|300px| Sawfiler benching a double cut saw]]
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*Examples of -M substituents: [[acetyl]] (UPAC ethanoyl) - [[nitrile]] - [[nitro]]
A '''sawfiler''' is a person who maintains and repairs saws in a saw mill. A sawfiler's work area in the mill is called the '''filing room'''.
*Examples of +M substituents: [[alcohol]] - [[amine]]
The net electron flow from or to the substituent is determined also by the [[inductive effect]]. It's important to note that the mesomeric effect as a result of p - orbital overlap (resonance) has absolutely no effect on this inductive effect, as the inductive effect is purely to do with the [[electronegativity]] of the atoms and their structural chemistry (which atoms are connected to which).
Saws used in timber mills are very large and expensive. They need careful maintenance for safe operation. Repair of damaged saws requires a high degree of skill. It takes many years of full time saw filing to become proficient in the trade.
The concepts of mesomeric effect, '''mesomerism''' and '''mesomer''' were introduced by [[Christopher Kelk Ingold|Ingold]] in 1938 as an alternative to the [[Linus Pauling|Pauling's]] synonymous concept of [[resonance effect|resonance]] <ref>''If It's Resonance, What Is Resonating?'' Kerber, Robert C. . J. Chem. Educ. '''2006''' 83 223. [http://www.jce.divched.org/Journal/Issues/2006/Feb/abs223.html Abstract]</ref>. Mesomerism is in this context is often encountered in German and French literature but in English literature the term resonance dominates.
==Band saw filing==
Band saws in timber mills range in size from about (4" x 22ga x 10') to (16" x 11ga x 62'). They are run for 4 to 24 hours then sent to the sawfiler for maintenance.
The sawfiler inspects the saw for needed repairs then gumms, fits and benches the saw as necessary.
* IUPAC [[Gold Book]] [http://www.iupac.org/goldbook/M03844.pdf definition]
'''Gumming''' involves grinding the gullets of the saw teeth to a particular shape. The sawfiler uses a semi-automatic grinding machine for this. Band saws operate under high stress and heat and in the presence of wood chips. Carbon migrates into the steel from the wood. Gumming prevents case hardening and fatigue cracking of the band saw gullets. Resaw Band saws (teeth on one side only) may be left or right handed, depending on which way the teeth are pointing and which way the plank falls from the log when cutting. Double cut saws (teeth on both sides) are always gummed right hand teeth first.
* [[List of publications in chemistry#Organic chemistry|Important publications in organic chemistry]]
== References ==
A precise tooth profile of the gullet must be maintained for proper saw operation and wood chip removal. Ease of cutting greatly depends on this. The shape is determined by the type of wood and cutting conditions. A sawfiler will maintain the gullet shape by manually shaping the grinding wheel with an abrasive brick, and the set-up of his grinding machine. Variations include face angle, face length, back angle, gullet width and depth, and a frost notch (if necessary). Typical band saw tooth dimensions are 1-3/4" tooth space x 3/4" gullet depth x 3/4" gullet width (grinding wheel width) x 30deg face angle x 16deg back angle.
<references />
[[Category:Chemical bonding]]
'''Fitting''' means tooth dressing and involves; swaging, grinding, shaping, grinding. The tip of the saw tooth is [[swaging|swaged]] to a flair, then the sides are compressed in slightly with a shaper tool to an exact [[kerf]]. Then a final grinding pass is made. The usual tolerance is +/- .005" in kerf, and < .003" side to side variation. The same grinding machinery used for gumming is used for fitting.
[[de:Mesomerer Effekt]]
The saw kerf is usually made this way from the base saw metal. Sometimes, however, the kerf is made with [[stellite]] or [[Tungsten_carbide|carbide]] tips, in which case swaging and shaping isn't needed, although gumming is still required. The kerf may also be 'set' with a punch and hammer, with the teeth bent left, right, left... Set teeth are rarely used.
'''Benching''' is the leveling and tensioning of the saw. When a band saw is run on a mill is it stretched with thousands of pounds of force. And the cutting edge heats up during operation. These forces and temperatures cause the saw to deform. Benching deforms an un-mounted saw in a way that counteracts the operating stresses, and allows the saw to pull flat and cut straight when in use. It takes months to learn benching.
Benching is done in a dark room with a stretcher-roller machine and flat anvil (see picture above). A single light at the benchman’s work station, along with ground gauges, allows the sawfiler to measure level and tension.
Leveling is done with a crossface hammer and stretcher-roller adjustments. Cross face hammers are available in left and right hand versions. Each filer has his own hammer which he carefully dresses.
Tensioning is done with the stretcher-roller. This machine has hardened rollers above and below the saw. They rotate slowly and pinch the saw when a lever is cranked, rolling a thin strip through the length of the saw, stretching the metal where it was rolled. Careful placement and force of the rolls deform the metal in a way that counteracts the forces the saw sees during operation. More rolls are placed in the mid-section of the saw. Resaws have the back pulled to counteract the uneven heating of the cutting edge. This is done by rolling the back (non cutting edge) of the saw. The back is measured with a three pin gauge, and is usually around .003" per three feet curved.
Benching involves the simultaneous solution of multiple deformations introduced to the saw to counteract the predicted stresses of the saw in operation. Benchman can easily recognize variations in steel batches. Its a very interesting job.
Other band saw duties include welding broken teeth, fixing cracks, and trouble shooting operating problems.
CNC equipment is starting to evolve to the point of being able to do some benching and fitting tasks.
==Circular saw benching==
Sawfilers have the same maintenance duties with circular saws as they do with band saws, with a few exceptions;
Tensioning and leveling is done mostly with hammer and anvil, although stretcher-roller machines are occasionally used.
Circular saws usually have insert or carbide teeth that don't need swaging.
Fatigue cracking of the tooth gullet is not as common as in band saws.
*[[Band saw]]
*[[Circular saw]]
*[[Saw mill]]
*[[Saw]]
*[[Portable sawmill]]
*[http://www.simondsinternational.com/wideband Benching manual, on line]
*[http://www.pacific-hoe.com/products/band/index.htm Pac/Hoe band saws]
*[http://www.simondsinternational.com/wood/wideband.html Simonds saws]
*[http://bcsawfilers.com/home2.htm BC Sawfilers]
*[http://bcsawfilers.com/Library/benching.pdf Saw Benching manual, pdf file]
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