Streamline Moderno: differenze tra le versioni

Versione delle 16:24, 2 giu 2014

Versione attuale delle 21:47, 28 dic 2023

(28 versioni intermedie di 12 utenti non mostrate)

Riga 1:

{{sS|storia dell'architettura}}

[[File:San Juan, PR 05.jpg|thumb|Il Normandie Hotel a [[San Juan (Porto Rico)|San Juan]], ispirato all'[[Normandie (transatlantico)|omonimo transatlantico]]]]

[[File:Cleveland Greyhound.jpg|thumb|Terminale degli [[autobus]] Greyhound a [[Cleveland]]]]

[[File:Express Building Manchester.jpg|thumb|La sede del ''[[Daily Express]]'' a [[Manchester]] (1939)]]

Lo stile '''Streamline Moderno''' (dalla dizione [[lingua inglese|inglese]] '''Streamline Moderne''', anche chiamato '''Art Moderne''') fu [[movimento artistico|una derivazione]] dell'ultimo stile [[Artart Decòdecò|periodo decò]] che si sviluppò negli anni '30, rappresentandone una versione semplificata e meno pesante. Il suo [[stile architettonico]] enfatizza le forme curve, lunghe linee orizzontali ed alcuni elementi nautici.

Si afferma prevalentemente negli [[Stati Uniti]]: architetti e designer americani, dopo la [[Grande depressione|Grande Depressione]] del 1929, preferiscono funzionalità ed efficienza. La produzione di massa, rilanciata dal [[New Deal]] di [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Roosevelt]], permise la diffusione di nuovi prodotti di consumo, come gli elettrodomestici, il cui design fu ispirato dalle forme aerodinamiche di aerei, automobili, treni e navi<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.lagattasultettomilano.com/lo-streamline-tra-art-deco-e-razionalismo/|titolo=Lo Streamline, tra Art Déco e razionalismo|autore=Cinzia Corbetta|sito=La gatta sul tetto|data=7 novembre 2022|lingua=it|accesso=8 dicembre 2023}}</ref>.

Si affermò prevalentemente negli [[Stati Uniti d'America|Stati Uniti]].

== Ispirazione, nascita e diffusione ==

<!-- Da tradurre: == Background ==

Attorno al 1919 in Europa si diffonde una tendenza culturale e artistica che punta ad esprimere lo spirito del nuovo secolo attraverso il rinnovamento delle forme, nell’architettura e nelle arti applicate. Nel campo del design, il [[Razionalismo italiano|Razionalismo]] si distingue per la semplificazione morfologica delle linee e per l’uso di materiali come il tubolare d’acciaio, che identifica il lavoro dei principali esponenti del movimento [[Adolf Loos]], [[Le Corbusier]], [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe|Mies Van der Rohe]], [[Walter Gropius]].

[[File:Gdynia- Dom Żeglarza Polskiego (4).JPG|thumb|Gdynia Maritime University, Poland, 1937]]

[[File:Club Moderne, Anaconda, Montana.jpg|thumb|right|Club Moderne, [[Anaconda, Montana]]]]

[[Image:SFMaritimeMuseum.jpg|thumb|right|''Bathers' Building'', now the [[San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park#Maritime Museum|Maritime Museum]] (1937) in San Francisco's [[Aquatic Park Historic District|Aquatic Park]], evokes a streamlined double&ndash;ended [[ferry]]boat]]

[[Image:Tsim Sha Tsui Star Ferry Pier.jpg|thumb|right|Star Ferry Pier in TST, Hong Kong]]

[[Image:Clock Tower, Star Ferry Pier in Central.jpg|thumb|right|Former Star Ferry Pier in Hong Kong, now demolished]]

[[File:Knapps_Building.jpg|thumb|right|J.W. Knapp Company Building (1937), Lansing, MI]]

[[File:HamiltonHydroElectric.JPG|thumb|right|Hamilton Hydro-Electric System Building (1935), Hamilton, Ontario]]

As the [[Great Depression]] of the 1930s progressed, Americans saw a new aspect of [[Art Deco]]—i.e., streamlining, a concept first conceived by [[industrial design]]<nowiki/>ers who stripped [[Art Deco]] design of its ornament in favor of the aerodynamic pure-line concept of motion and speed developed from scientific thinking. Cylindrical forms and long horizontal windowing also may be influenced by [[constructivist architecture|constructivism]]. As a result an array of designers quickly ultra-modernized and streamlined the designs of everyday objects. Manufacturers of clocks, radios, telephones, cars, furniture, and many other household appliances embraced the concept.

In America il Razionalismo viene identificato con lo Streamline

The style was the first to incorporate electric light into architectural structure. In the first-class dining room of the [[SS Normandie|SS ''Normandie'']], fitted out 1933&ndash;35, twelve tall pillars of [[René Lalique|Lalique]] glass, and 38 columns lit from within illuminated the room. The [[Strand Palace Hotel]] foyer (1930), preserved from demolition by the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] during 1969, was one of the first uses of internally lit architectural glass, and coincidentally was the first Moderne interior preserved in a [[museum]].

Lo Streamline Moderne fu spinto durante l'Esposizione Universale di Chicago (1933-1934 Century of Progress Exposition) del 1933. Pensata come la vetrina di una nuova vita moderna, la fiera cercò di essere di stimolo per l'economia duramente colpita dalla Grande Depressione. Buona parte dei padiglioni espositivi furono disegnati da un gruppo di giovani architetti coerentemente all'estetica dell'Art Moderne: linee pulite, materiali sintetici, vibranti macchie di colore<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/1933-1934-century-of-progress-exposition/|titolo=1933-1934 Century of Progress Exposition|lingua=en|accesso=8 dicembre 2023}}</ref>.

The Streamline Moderne was both a reaction to Art Deco and a reflection of austere economic times; Sharp angles were replaced with simple, aerodynamic curves. Exotic woods and stone were replaced with [[cement]] and [[glass]].

Fu l'Esposizione Universale di New York del 1939 (1939 New York World's Fair) che contribuì alla diffusione dello Streamline Moderne. Il tema dell'esposizione è il futuro, "The World of Tomorrow", con il motto “Dawn of a New Day” (l’alba di un nuovo giorno), con l’obiettivo di mostrare ai visitatori il “mondo di domani”. Una delle aree più impattanti dell'esposizione era la "Transportation Zone", nella quale dominava il gigantesco padiglione della [[General Motors]] disegnato da [[Norman Bel Geddes]]. Denominato “Futurama”, il padiglione conteneva il modello in larga scala di una futuristica città americana degli anni 60, caratterizzata da grattacieli visionari, da complesse ed articolate autostrade e da piattaforme di atterraggio per gli elicotteri<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.milanoplatinum.com/1939-1940-new-york-worlds-fair.html|titolo=1939-1940: NEW YORK WORLD’S FAIR|autore=Claudia Scienza|sito=MilanoPlatinum.com|data=22 dicembre 2016|lingua=it|accesso=8 dicembre 2023}}</ref>.

Art Deco and Streamline Moderne were not necessarily opposites. Streamline Moderne buildings with a few Deco elements were not uncommon but the prime movers behind streamline design ([[Raymond Loewy]], [[Walter Dorwin Teague]], [[Gilbert Rohde]], [[Norman Bel Geddes]]) all disliked Art Deco, seeing it as effete and falsely modern—essentially a fraud. -->

== Caratteristiche ==

* OrientazioneSviluppo orizzontale.

* Angoli arrotondati.

* Finestre ad angolo.

Line 33 ⟶ 26:

* Onde o linee disegnate sulle pareti.

* Colori tenui: predominio di colori tipo terra, bianco opaco, o beige, come base e colori scuri o metallici nelle decorazioni per contrastare.

Le distintive pareti bianche, i tetti piatti, le finestre allungate derivano dallo stile sviluppato dalla [[Bauhaus]] e ispirato dalla [[Villa Savoye]] a [[Poissy]] disegnata da [[Le Corbusier]] nel 1930.

Le forme dello streamline moderne, snelle e arrotondate si abbinano inoltre con nuovi materiali: bachelite, nylon, pelle sintetica, insieme al compensato impiallacciato e soprattutto all’acciaio cromato.

<!-- The [[Normandie Hotel]], which opened during 1942, is built in the stylized shape of the ocean liner SS ''Normandie'', and it includes the ship's original sign. The [[Streamliner#Sterling Streamliner diners|Sterling Streamliner Diners]] were [[diner]]s designed like streamlined trains.

== I principali esponenti nel design ==

Although Streamline Moderne houses are less common than streamline commercial buildings, residences do exist. The [[Lydecker House]] in [[Los Angeles]], built by [[Lydecker brothers|Howard Lydecker]], is an example of Streamline Moderne design in residential architecture. In tract development, elements of the style were frequently used as a variation in postwar [[Terraced house|row housing]] in San Francisco's [[Sunset District, San Francisco|Sunset District]].

[[Raymond Loewy]] (famoso per aver disegnato la bottiglia della [[Coca-Cola]]), Donald Deskey, [[Henry Dreyfuss]] che disegnò la famosa locomotiva J3a del "20th Century Limited" che collegava New York and Los Angeles nei tardi anni 30, [[Brooks Stevens|Brook Stevens]], [[Norman Bel Geddes]] e Walter Dorwin Teague.

== I principali esponenti nell'architettura ==

== Industrial design ==

William P. Kesling, Milton J. Black, S. Charles Lee, William Wurdeman e Welton Becket, Stanberry Balach, Stiles Clements, John Cooper, Robert V. Derrah, Marcus P. Miller e Jock Peters<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-02-11-re-632-story.html|titolo=The Graceful Lines of Streamline Moderne : The excitement over speed, as typified in the era's fast trains and ocean liners, was picked up by architects for their design of houses and commercial buildings.|autore=Leon Whiteson|sito=Los Angeles Times|data=11 febbraio 1990|lingua=en|accesso=8 dicembre 2023}}</ref>.

The style was applied to appliances such as electric clocks, sewing machines, small radio receivers and vacuum cleaners. Their manufacturing processes exploited developments in [[materials science]] including [[aluminium]] and [[bakelite]]. Compared to Europe, the United States in the 1930s had a stronger focus on design as a means to increase sales of consumer products. Streamlining was associated with prosperity and an exciting future. This hope resonated with the American middle class, the major market for consumer products. A wide range of goods from refrigerators to pencil sharpeners was produced in streamlined designs.

Streamlining became a widespread design practice for automobiles, [[streamliner|railroad cars]], buses, and other vehicles in the 1930s. Notable automobile examples include the 1934 [[Chrysler Airflow]], the 1950 [[Nash Ambassador]] "Airflyte" sedan with its distinctive low fender lines, as well as [[Hudson Motor Car Company|Hudson]]'s postwar cars, such as the [[Hudson Commodore| Commodore]], that "were distinctive streamliners—ponderous, massive automobiles with a style all their own".<ref>{{cite book|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=3zhSAAAAMAAJ&q=Nash+Airflyte+Ambassador+sedan+of+1950+is+a+good+example+of+postwar+streamlining+Hudson's+were+distinctive+streamliners+—+ponderous,+massive+automobiles+with+a+style+all+their+own |first=Robert Carroll |last=Reed |title=The streamline era |page=278 |publisher=Golden West Books |year=1975 |isbn= 9780870950537 |accessdate=7 July 2012 }}</ref>

Streamline style can be contrasted with [[Functionalism (architecture)|functionalism]], which was a leading design style in Europe at the same time. One reason for the simple designs in functionalism was to lower the production costs of the items, making them affordable to the large European working class.<ref>Kjetil Fallan, University of Oslo, in "Aluminium – en kulturhistorie" http://www.apollon.uio.no/vis/art/2010_2/artikler/aluminium</ref> Streamlining and functionalism represent two very different schools in modernistic [[industrial design]], but both reflecting the intended consumer. -->

== Esempi in Architettura ==

* 1926: [[Aeroporto di Long Beach Airport]] Main Terminal, [[Long Beach (California)|Long Beach]]

* 1930: [[Strand Palace Hotel]], [[Londra]]. Foyer progettato da [[Oliver Percy Bernard]]

* 1930–1934: [[Broadway Mansions]], [[Shanghai]], progettato da B. Flazer of Palmer and Turner

Line 59 ⟶ 50:

* 1933–1940: Interni del Museo delle Scienze di [[Chicago]], progettati da Alfred Shaw

* 1934: [[Hotel Shangri-La]], Santa Monica (California)

* 1935: [[Ford Building]], [[Balboa Park]], [[San Diego (California)|San Diego]]

* 1935: [[The De La Warr Pavilion]], [[Bexhill-on-Sea]], [[Regno Unito]]

* 1935: [[Pan-Pacific Auditorium|Pan Pacific Auditorium]], [[Los Angeles]]

* 1935: [[Edificio Internacional de Capitalización]], [[Città del Messico]], [[MexicoMessico]]

* 1935: Interni della [[Lansdowne House]], [[Londra]].

* 1936: [[Lasipalatsi]], a [[Helsinki]], [[Finlandia]].

* 1936: [[Florin Court]], [[Londra]], costruito da Guy Morgan and Partners.

* 1937: [[B and B Chemical Company]], [[Cambridge, (Massachusetts)]], costruito da Coolidge, Shepley, Bulfinch & Abbott.

* 1937: Belgium Pavilion, per l'Exposition Internationale, [[Parigi]]

* 1937: TAV Studios (Brenemen's Restaurant), [[Hollywood]]

* 1937: [[Hecht Company Warehouse]], [[Washington, DC]]

* 1937: Minerva (or Metro) Theatre e Minerva Building, [[Potts Point, New South Wales]], [[Australia]]

* 1937: Bather's Building in the [[Aquatic Park Historic District]], now the [[San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park]] Maritime Museum.

* 1937: Barnum Hall (High School auditorium), Santa Monica (California)

* 1937: [[J.W. Knapp Company Building]] (department store) [[Lansing,|Lansing (Michigan)]]

* 1937: [[Wan Chai Market]], [[Wan Chai]], [[Hong Kong]]

* 1937: River Oaks Shopping Center, [[Houston]]

* 1938: [[Mark Keppel High School]], Alhambra, California

* 1938: Normandie building, [[Mar del Plata]]

* 1938: Edificio [[Fiat Tagliero]], [[Asmara]]

* 1939: [[Bartlesville High School]], [[Bartlesville]], Oklahoma

* 1938: Danum House, [[Doncaster]], Regno Unito.

* 1939: [[Coca-Cola Building]], [[Los Angeles]], [[California]]

* 1939: [[First Church of Deliverance]], [[Chicago,|Chicago (Illinois)]]

* 1939: [[Marine Air Terminal]], [[LaGuardia Airport]], [[New York]]

* 1939: [[Road Island Diner]], [[Oakley, (Utah)]]

* 1939: [[1939 New York World's Fair|New York World's Fair]]

* 1939: Cardozo Hotel, [[Ocean Drive (South Beach)|Ocean Drive]], [[South Beach]], [[Miami Beach,|Miami Beach (Florida)]]

* 1939 Royer Building Ephrata, PA

* 1940: Greyhound Bus Station, [[Ann Arbor]], [[Michigan]]

* 1940: [[Manila Jai Alai Building|Jai Alai Building]], Taft Avenue [[Manila]], [[Filippine]] (demolito)

* 1940: [[Hollywood Palladium]], Los Angeles, California

* 1940: Las Vegas Union Pacific Station, [[Las Vegas,|Las Vegas (Nevada)]]

* 1941: Avalon Hotel, [[Ocean Drive (South Beach)|Ocean Drive]], [[South Beach]], [[Miami Beach,|Miami Beach (Florida)]]

* 1942: [[Normandie Hotel]] a [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]]

* 1942: [[Mercantile National Bank Building]], [[Dallas]]

* 1944: [[Huntridge Theater]], [[Las Vegas,|Las Vegas (Nevada)]]

* 1946: [[Gerry Building]], [[Los Angeles]] (California)

* 1946: [[Broadway Theatre (Saskatoon)|Broadway Theatre]], [[Saskatoon]], [[Canada]]

Line 100 ⟶ 92:

* 1948: Greyhound Bus Station, [[Cleveland]]

* 1949: [[Sault Memorial Gardens]], [[Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario]]

* 1949: Varsity Theatre, [[Davis (California)|Davis]], [[California]]

* 1954: [[Ancien Théâtre Municipal de Poitiers|Teatro Municipal di Poitiers]]

==Note==

<references/>

== Bibliografia ==

* {{cita libro |lingua = en |autore = Robert Carroll Reed |titolo = The Streamline Era |url = https://archive.org/details/streamlineera0000reed |città = San Marino (California) |editore = Golden West Books |anno = 1975 |ISBN = 0-87095-053-3}}

* {{cita libro |lingua = en |autore = Richard Longstreth |autore2 = Frank E. Wrenick |curatore = Elaine V. Wrenick |titolo = The Streamline Era Greyhound Terminals: The Architecture of W. S. Arrasmith |edizione = 2 |città = Jefferson (Carolina del Nord) |editore = Mcfarland & Co Inc Pub |giorno = 8 |mese = aprile |anno = 2011 |ISBN = 0-7864-6445-3}}

* {{cita libro |lingua = EN |autore = William Kowalik |titolo = Streamline Moderne Design in Consumer Culture and Transportation Infrastructure: Design for the Twentieth Century |url=https://journals.psu.edu/ne/article/download/60475/60380/63629}}

== Voci correlate ==

* [[Streamline]]

* [[Futurismo]]

* [[Razionalismo italiano|Razionalismo]]

* [[Art Nouveau|Art Noveau]]

* [[Art déco|Art Deco]]

== Altri progetti ==

{{interprogetto|commons=Category:Streamline Moderne architecture}}

{{Storia dell'architettura}}

{{portale|architettura|arte|design|storia}}